Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences: Table of Contents
<i> American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (AJBLS)</i> provides a forum for sharing timely and up-to-date publication of scientific research and review articles. The journal publishes original laboratory methods, industrial design, related technical tools, and methods-oriented review articles on all aspects of biomedical and life sciences. AJBLS is dedicated to working with leading medical, clinical and life sciences research organisations to develop new technologies to support breakthrough biomedical and clinical research.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajbls Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences: Table of Contents
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American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
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Antidiabetic Potential of Turmeric with/without Fermented Milk Enriched with Probiotics in Diabetic Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.11
Purpose: To investigate the effect of turmeric supplement (T), fermented milk with Probiotic strain Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 (P), a combination of (T+P) on glycemia, lipidemia, and oxidative status in streptozotocin–induced diabetic rats.Materials and methods: Thirty male albino diabetic rats were fed a normal diet and divided to groups (n=6/group) according to the following treatments for 45 days: Turmeric (T) (225mg/kg/d), fermented milk Probiotics (P) (0.5ml/kg/d), Turmeric-Probiotics combination (T+ P) (225mg/kg/d + 0.5ml/kg/d), Oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) (0.5 ml of glibenclamide; 450 µg/kg/day), and non-treated (DM). Blood glucose and glycayted hemoglobin were determined after diabetes induction and at the end of experiment. Serum insulin, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TOAC) biomarker of oxidative stress were determined at the end of experiment. Results: All treatments resulted in a decrease in glucose and HbA1C compared to pretreatment. No difference in insulin concentration was observed. Serum TC was reduced by (T), while LDL-C decreased with (T) and (T+P) treatments. HDL-C was elevated with all treatments compared to control and (OHA) groups. MDA decreased with all treatments. TOAC was elevated with (T) and (T+P) but not with (P) treatment. Conclusion: Administration of Turmeric, Probiotics, and T+P combination were capable in attenuating hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress initiated by STZ. However, (T) and (T+P) exerted a more potent hypolipidemic, and antioxidative effect compared to (P) alone.
Purpose: To investigate the effect of turmeric supplement (T), fermented milk with Probiotic strain Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 (P), a combination of (T+P) on glycemia, lipidemia, and oxidative status in streptozotocin–induced diabetic rats.Materials and methods: Thirty male albino diabetic rats were fed a normal diet and divided to groups (n=6/group) according to the following treatments for 45 days: Turmeric (T) (225mg/kg/d), fermented milk Probiotics (P) (0.5ml/kg/d), Turmeric-Probiotics combination (T+ P) (225mg/kg/d + 0.5ml/kg/d), Oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) (0.5 ml of glibenclamide; 450 µg/kg/day), and non-treated (DM). Blood glucose and glycayted hemoglobin were determined after diabetes induction and at the end of experiment. Serum insulin, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TOAC) biomarker of oxidative stress were determined at the end of experiment. Results: All treatments resulted in a decrease in glucose and HbA1C compared to pretreatment. No difference in insulin concentration was observed. Serum TC was reduced by (T), while LDL-C decreased with (T) and (T+P) treatments. HDL-C was elevated with all treatments compared to control and (OHA) groups. MDA decreased with all treatments. TOAC was elevated with (T) and (T+P) but not with (P) treatment. Conclusion: Administration of Turmeric, Probiotics, and T+P combination were capable in attenuating hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress initiated by STZ. However, (T) and (T+P) exerted a more potent hypolipidemic, and antioxidative effect compared to (P) alone.
Antidiabetic Potential of Turmeric with/without Fermented Milk Enriched with Probiotics in Diabetic Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Badkook Maha
Antidiabetic Potential of Turmeric with/without Fermented Milk Enriched with Probiotics in Diabetic Rats
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Binding of Heavy Metals with C-Phycocyanin: A Comparison between Equilibrium Dialysis, Fluorescence and Absorption Titration
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The energetic of interaction of metal ions with C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) Spirulina platensis were investigated using optical and thermodynamic methods. Comparison of the binding constants of heavy metals with C-PC by the instrumentality of difference methods shown, that binding affinities of toxic and heavy metal ions for C-PC strongly depend upon the metal. The efficiency of interaction for different metals is arranged in the same sequence for the absorption titration as it is for fluorescence. Obtained results using equilibrium dialysis are in good agreement with results using fluorescence spectroscopy in the case Ag+, but difference is observed for Ni2+ and Cr3+ ions.
The energetic of interaction of metal ions with C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) Spirulina platensis were investigated using optical and thermodynamic methods. Comparison of the binding constants of heavy metals with C-PC by the instrumentality of difference methods shown, that binding affinities of toxic and heavy metal ions for C-PC strongly depend upon the metal. The efficiency of interaction for different metals is arranged in the same sequence for the absorption titration as it is for fluorescence. Obtained results using equilibrium dialysis are in good agreement with results using fluorescence spectroscopy in the case Ag+, but difference is observed for Ni2+ and Cr3+ ions.
Binding of Heavy Metals with C-Phycocyanin: A Comparison between Equilibrium Dialysis, Fluorescence and Absorption Titration
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Eteri Gelagutashvili
Binding of Heavy Metals with C-Phycocyanin: A Comparison between Equilibrium Dialysis, Fluorescence and Absorption Titration
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© Science Publishing Group
Estimation of Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Plant Feed Ingredients (Soybean and Sunflower Meal) for Labeo Rohita
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The present study was carried out to estimate the apparent nutrient digestibility of soybean meal and sunflower meal for Labeo rohita. Prior to being fed with test diets, the fish were acclimatized on reference diet for about one week. Test diet-1 (soybean meal) and test diet-2 (sunflower meal) was prepared by mixing reference diet and test feed ingredients (soybean meal and sunflower meal) in a 70:30 ratio. Representative samples of feed and feces of fish were analyzed for the dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and gross energy following AOAC (1990) to determine the apparent digestibility of soybean and sunflower meal for Labeo rohita. The outcomes showed that the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter was highest (64.50%±3.5) for reference diet followed by soybean meal (34.5%±2.50) and sunflower meal (23.5%±1.50). In case of crude protein, ADC was highest for sunflower meal (77%±3.0) followed by soybean meal (63.5%±2.50) and reference diet (37.5%±0.50) while the apparent crude fat digestibility coefficient was highest for soybean meal (71.50%±3.50) followed by sunflower meal (70.50%±0.50) and reference diet (61.00%±3.0). Percentage value of apparent digestibility for crude fiber was maximum for test diet 2 (31.50%±3.50) followed by test diet 1 (11.50%±0.50) and reference diet (9.50%±0.50). In case of ash, ADC was highest for reference diet (46.50%±2.5) followed by test diet 2 (27.50%±2.5) and test diet 1 (15.50%±1.5). Values for gross energy were (43%±2.0), (42.5%±0.5) and (26.5%±7.5) for test diet 2, test diet 1 and reference diet, respectively. These findings can be sum up as soybean meal and sunflower meal proved as a promising fish feed ingredient being more efficiently utilized and digested in Labeo rohita, thus fish meal can be efficiently replaced with plant ingredients in rohu diets.
The present study was carried out to estimate the apparent nutrient digestibility of soybean meal and sunflower meal for Labeo rohita. Prior to being fed with test diets, the fish were acclimatized on reference diet for about one week. Test diet-1 (soybean meal) and test diet-2 (sunflower meal) was prepared by mixing reference diet and test feed ingredients (soybean meal and sunflower meal) in a 70:30 ratio. Representative samples of feed and feces of fish were analyzed for the dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and gross energy following AOAC (1990) to determine the apparent digestibility of soybean and sunflower meal for Labeo rohita. The outcomes showed that the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter was highest (64.50%±3.5) for reference diet followed by soybean meal (34.5%±2.50) and sunflower meal (23.5%±1.50). In case of crude protein, ADC was highest for sunflower meal (77%±3.0) followed by soybean meal (63.5%±2.50) and reference diet (37.5%±0.50) while the apparent crude fat digestibility coefficient was highest for soybean meal (71.50%±3.50) followed by sunflower meal (70.50%±0.50) and reference diet (61.00%±3.0). Percentage value of apparent digestibility for crude fiber was maximum for test diet 2 (31.50%±3.50) followed by test diet 1 (11.50%±0.50) and reference diet (9.50%±0.50). In case of ash, ADC was highest for reference diet (46.50%±2.5) followed by test diet 2 (27.50%±2.5) and test diet 1 (15.50%±1.5). Values for gross energy were (43%±2.0), (42.5%±0.5) and (26.5%±7.5) for test diet 2, test diet 1 and reference diet, respectively. These findings can be sum up as soybean meal and sunflower meal proved as a promising fish feed ingredient being more efficiently utilized and digested in Labeo rohita, thus fish meal can be efficiently replaced with plant ingredients in rohu diets.
Estimation of Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Plant Feed Ingredients (Soybean and Sunflower Meal) for Labeo Rohita
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Farkhanda Asad
Tooba Rehman
Noureen Aziz Qureshi
Nimra Tahir
Estimation of Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Plant Feed Ingredients (Soybean and Sunflower Meal) for Labeo Rohita
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© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of the Prophylactic Efficacy of a Crude Aqueous Extract of Morinda Lucida Leaves on Plasmodium Falciparum Infection of Albino Rats
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A study on the prophylactic efficacy of a crude aqueous extract of the leaves of Morinda lucida on plasmodium falciparum was carried out using sixteen albino rats grouped into curative, suppressive, prophylactic and control ;A,B,C and D respectively. The rats were inoculated with the parasites and allowed for 21days before 2mls of the extract was administered to each of the rats in group A twice daily for 3days, and for group B, 2mls was administered just once, 3hours before scarifying them, while for group C, 2mls was given twice daily for 3days before inoculation with the parasites, but group D were not given the extract. The results showed that the extract cleared the parasites in group A rats and did not allow its growth in group C rats, but did not suppress it in group B rats, while the control showed the ability of the parasites surviving in the rats. There was a significant at (P< 0.05) weight loss by the rats in all the groups, following the inoculation of the parasite. It can be inferred therefore, that a crude aqueous extract of Morinda lucida has a prophylactic efficacy in addition to its curative activity against plasmodium parasites and could be used to mitigate the impact of plasmodium parasites.
A study on the prophylactic efficacy of a crude aqueous extract of the leaves of Morinda lucida on plasmodium falciparum was carried out using sixteen albino rats grouped into curative, suppressive, prophylactic and control ;A,B,C and D respectively. The rats were inoculated with the parasites and allowed for 21days before 2mls of the extract was administered to each of the rats in group A twice daily for 3days, and for group B, 2mls was administered just once, 3hours before scarifying them, while for group C, 2mls was given twice daily for 3days before inoculation with the parasites, but group D were not given the extract. The results showed that the extract cleared the parasites in group A rats and did not allow its growth in group C rats, but did not suppress it in group B rats, while the control showed the ability of the parasites surviving in the rats. There was a significant at (P< 0.05) weight loss by the rats in all the groups, following the inoculation of the parasite. It can be inferred therefore, that a crude aqueous extract of Morinda lucida has a prophylactic efficacy in addition to its curative activity against plasmodium parasites and could be used to mitigate the impact of plasmodium parasites.
Assessment of the Prophylactic Efficacy of a Crude Aqueous Extract of Morinda Lucida Leaves on Plasmodium Falciparum Infection of Albino Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Oko Augustine Okpani
Nweke Friday Nwalo
Ugwu Okechukwu Ogbonnia
Ehihia Loveth Ude.
Assessment of the Prophylactic Efficacy of a Crude Aqueous Extract of Morinda Lucida Leaves on Plasmodium Falciparum Infection of Albino Rats
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© Science Publishing Group
The Use of Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum Comosum with Experimental Toxic Liver Damage in Rats
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Investigation of the influence of the enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosumthe first on the liver of rats at its toxic damage showed that the substrate has expressed a pronounced hepatoprotective effect. Under its influence in the rat liver morphological changes induced by CCl4 are much less pronounced than in the controls. There are also less significant deviations from normal levels of ALT, AST and bilirubin. Information analysis of the state of the organ indicates that the level of adaptation and regeneration opportunities of the liver of rats treated with an enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum is significantly higher than that of the liver of rats with experimental toxic liver damage without the use of tested substrate.
Investigation of the influence of the enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosumthe first on the liver of rats at its toxic damage showed that the substrate has expressed a pronounced hepatoprotective effect. Under its influence in the rat liver morphological changes induced by CCl4 are much less pronounced than in the controls. There are also less significant deviations from normal levels of ALT, AST and bilirubin. Information analysis of the state of the organ indicates that the level of adaptation and regeneration opportunities of the liver of rats treated with an enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum is significantly higher than that of the liver of rats with experimental toxic liver damage without the use of tested substrate.
The Use of Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum Comosum with Experimental Toxic Liver Damage in Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.16
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Areshidze David
Timchenko Luydmila
Кozlova Maria
The Use of Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum Comosum with Experimental Toxic Liver Damage in Rats
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© Science Publishing Group
Biological activities of collagen peptides obtained by enzymic Hydrolysis from Far-Eastern holothurians
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.14
The certain sea cucumbers are the marine animals which are important as human delicacy food source. In addition a number of unique biological and pharmacological active compounds have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. In current work the collagen peptides (CPs) from the bodies of the far-eastern holothurians (sea cucumber) Apostichopus japonicus and Cucumaria japonica by treated with a complex of proteolytic enzymes from Kamchatka crab Paralithodes camtschaticus were obtained, and the antitumor, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties these CPs were estimated. The element and amino acid analysis of CPs from trepang and cucumaria are suggested that it’s could be regarded as a typical collagen fragments containing 6% sulfated carbohydrate and/or amino acid residues. CPs inhibited growth and progression solid Erlich tumor, but not in alike degree. Our results clearly showed, that these CPs possessed the moderate anticoagulant activity, and are preferential inhibitors of the initial link of the blood coagulation system. We also determined that the CPs revealed significant wound healing effect in regarding to thermal wounds and have high anti-inflammatory activity by used carrageenane model of acute inflammatory. Apparently, that the degree of biological activity depend on characteristics of amino acid composition and concentration of CPs. Taken together, these results indicate that CPs from sea cucumbers have similar to biological activities with other collagen peptides (components of the extracellular matrix, endostatin and others) and sulfated polysaccharides. We proposed that the obtained CPs may be applied as components functional food and nontoxic remedies of supplementary therapy for prevention and treatment of various diseases.
The certain sea cucumbers are the marine animals which are important as human delicacy food source. In addition a number of unique biological and pharmacological active compounds have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. In current work the collagen peptides (CPs) from the bodies of the far-eastern holothurians (sea cucumber) Apostichopus japonicus and Cucumaria japonica by treated with a complex of proteolytic enzymes from Kamchatka crab Paralithodes camtschaticus were obtained, and the antitumor, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties these CPs were estimated. The element and amino acid analysis of CPs from trepang and cucumaria are suggested that it’s could be regarded as a typical collagen fragments containing 6% sulfated carbohydrate and/or amino acid residues. CPs inhibited growth and progression solid Erlich tumor, but not in alike degree. Our results clearly showed, that these CPs possessed the moderate anticoagulant activity, and are preferential inhibitors of the initial link of the blood coagulation system. We also determined that the CPs revealed significant wound healing effect in regarding to thermal wounds and have high anti-inflammatory activity by used carrageenane model of acute inflammatory. Apparently, that the degree of biological activity depend on characteristics of amino acid composition and concentration of CPs. Taken together, these results indicate that CPs from sea cucumbers have similar to biological activities with other collagen peptides (components of the extracellular matrix, endostatin and others) and sulfated polysaccharides. We proposed that the obtained CPs may be applied as components functional food and nontoxic remedies of supplementary therapy for prevention and treatment of various diseases.
Biological activities of collagen peptides obtained by enzymic Hydrolysis from Far-Eastern holothurians
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130101.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Popov A.
Popov A.
Artyukov A.
Krivoshapko O.
Kozlovskaya E.
Biological activities of collagen peptides obtained by enzymic Hydrolysis from Far-Eastern holothurians
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© Science Publishing Group
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Icacina Trichantha
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Ethanol and water extracts of Icacina trichantha leaves were screened for their phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus spp, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumonia. The result indicated that alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenols were present in the plant part. Both the ethanol extract and the water extract were active against all the microorganisms. The ethanol extract was more active than the water extract. This attest to the fact that Icacina trichantha leaves contains bioactive compounds of potentially therapeutic significance and thus could be a promissory candidate for drug development and validates folkloric claim by the traditional healers.
Ethanol and water extracts of Icacina trichantha leaves were screened for their phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus spp, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumonia. The result indicated that alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenols were present in the plant part. Both the ethanol extract and the water extract were active against all the microorganisms. The ethanol extract was more active than the water extract. This attest to the fact that Icacina trichantha leaves contains bioactive compounds of potentially therapeutic significance and thus could be a promissory candidate for drug development and validates folkloric claim by the traditional healers.
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Icacina Trichantha
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130102.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Hassan Shagal
Dimas Kubmarawa
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Icacina Trichantha
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© Science Publishing Group
Conventional and Rapid Methods for Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Specimens
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Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive coccal bacterium whose incidence ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. The purpose of this study was to identify Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens using routine conventional and rapid tests. Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test, DNase test, haemolysis on blood agar and Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit tests were carried out. A total of 125 Gram positive cocci were tested. The Gram staining technique yielded 100 (80.00%) Staphylococcus spp (Gram positive cocci in clusters). 89(71.20%) isolates were positive to haemolysis on blood agar. Mannitol Salt Agar, DNase agar and Catalase test correctly identified 69 (55.2%) of the Gram positive cocci to be S. aureus as was confirmed by the Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit test. Coagulase test yielded 66 (52.8%) positive results. The Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit test identified three non-coagulase Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit test was the most reliable of the tests, with accuracy comparable to any other rapid test. However, it is the most expensive of the tests. This study established that conventional tests can be used for direct identification of S. aureus to species level if the battery of tests is increased.
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive coccal bacterium whose incidence ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. The purpose of this study was to identify Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens using routine conventional and rapid tests. Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test, DNase test, haemolysis on blood agar and Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit tests were carried out. A total of 125 Gram positive cocci were tested. The Gram staining technique yielded 100 (80.00%) Staphylococcus spp (Gram positive cocci in clusters). 89(71.20%) isolates were positive to haemolysis on blood agar. Mannitol Salt Agar, DNase agar and Catalase test correctly identified 69 (55.2%) of the Gram positive cocci to be S. aureus as was confirmed by the Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit test. Coagulase test yielded 66 (52.8%) positive results. The Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit test identified three non-coagulase Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The Microgen™ STAPH-ID kit test was the most reliable of the tests, with accuracy comparable to any other rapid test. However, it is the most expensive of the tests. This study established that conventional tests can be used for direct identification of S. aureus to species level if the battery of tests is increased.
Conventional and Rapid Methods for Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Specimens
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nneoma Confidence JeanStephanie Anyanwu
Walter Chinaka John
Conventional and Rapid Methods for Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Specimens
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© Science Publishing Group
The Etiology of Febrile Illnesses among Febrile Patients Attending Felegeselam Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia
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The causes of acute febrile illness remain undifferentiated in many parts of the world and their burden is still challenging particularly in resource poor countries. The problem is significance especially in malaria endemic areas of tropical and sub-tropical regions. A cross sectional study was conducted during December 2011 in Northwest Ethiopia to determine the etiological agents of febrile illnesses among 398 acute febrile patients. Vein blood was collected to determine the etiological agents of febrile illnesses. The analysis of generated data revealed that the prevalence of malaria, typhoid, typhus and relapsing fever were 51.5%, 10.3%, 5% and 0%, respectively. Malaria prevalence found to be the highest among other febrile illnesses followed by typhoid and typhus. Of the malaria infections Plasmodium falciparum prevalence accounts the highest 49.75% followed by Plasmodium vivax 1.75% (n= 398). Awareness of the community about the sign and symptom of febrile illnesses were less. In addition, Proper bed net utilization was lower in rural than urban. Therefore, it is important to perform parasitological examination and serological tests simultaneously to encourage proper diagnosis and treatment of acute febrile cases especially in malaria endemic areas.
The causes of acute febrile illness remain undifferentiated in many parts of the world and their burden is still challenging particularly in resource poor countries. The problem is significance especially in malaria endemic areas of tropical and sub-tropical regions. A cross sectional study was conducted during December 2011 in Northwest Ethiopia to determine the etiological agents of febrile illnesses among 398 acute febrile patients. Vein blood was collected to determine the etiological agents of febrile illnesses. The analysis of generated data revealed that the prevalence of malaria, typhoid, typhus and relapsing fever were 51.5%, 10.3%, 5% and 0%, respectively. Malaria prevalence found to be the highest among other febrile illnesses followed by typhoid and typhus. Of the malaria infections Plasmodium falciparum prevalence accounts the highest 49.75% followed by Plasmodium vivax 1.75% (n= 398). Awareness of the community about the sign and symptom of febrile illnesses were less. In addition, Proper bed net utilization was lower in rural than urban. Therefore, it is important to perform parasitological examination and serological tests simultaneously to encourage proper diagnosis and treatment of acute febrile cases especially in malaria endemic areas.
The Etiology of Febrile Illnesses among Febrile Patients Attending Felegeselam Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hailu Tadesse
Kebede Tadesse
The Etiology of Febrile Illnesses among Febrile Patients Attending Felegeselam Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia
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© Science Publishing Group
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Respiratory Pathogens among Pneumonia Affected Children
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.13
Molecular diagnostic methods offer a rapid and more sensitive strategy with high selectivity compared to the traditional immunoassays and culture techniques. Present study attempted to employ the molecular approach for the diagnosis of respiratory viral- and bacterial infections among the pneumonia infected children in Dhaka Metropolis. Samples were aseptically collected, processed and analyzed by using Multiplex Real Time PCR technique to detect respiratory pathogens within a time frame of February 2013-June 2013. Influenza viruses, human meta-pneumo viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses and other potential infective viruses were diagnosed. Among the infective bacterial population, presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella species, Salmonella species were detected. Among the nasopharyngeal and orpharyngeal (NPOP) samples, Influenza B and Streptococcus pneumoniae were found to be dominating (34.8% and 30.4%, respectively) whereas the induced sputum (IS) samples were 100% positive for S. pneumoniae followed by around 50% prevalence with equine arteritis virus, para influenza virus and the respiratory syncytial viruses A and B. Considering the spatial identification of an array of microorganisms, results of the current study sufficiently may endorse such molecular method of diagnosis for the betterment of public health.
Molecular diagnostic methods offer a rapid and more sensitive strategy with high selectivity compared to the traditional immunoassays and culture techniques. Present study attempted to employ the molecular approach for the diagnosis of respiratory viral- and bacterial infections among the pneumonia infected children in Dhaka Metropolis. Samples were aseptically collected, processed and analyzed by using Multiplex Real Time PCR technique to detect respiratory pathogens within a time frame of February 2013-June 2013. Influenza viruses, human meta-pneumo viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses and other potential infective viruses were diagnosed. Among the infective bacterial population, presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella species, Salmonella species were detected. Among the nasopharyngeal and orpharyngeal (NPOP) samples, Influenza B and Streptococcus pneumoniae were found to be dominating (34.8% and 30.4%, respectively) whereas the induced sputum (IS) samples were 100% positive for S. pneumoniae followed by around 50% prevalence with equine arteritis virus, para influenza virus and the respiratory syncytial viruses A and B. Considering the spatial identification of an array of microorganisms, results of the current study sufficiently may endorse such molecular method of diagnosis for the betterment of public health.
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Respiratory Pathogens among Pneumonia Affected Children
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Kohinoor Akter Raton
Md. Asif Hossain
Rashed Noor
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Respiratory Pathogens among Pneumonia Affected Children
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© Science Publishing Group
Estimating False Rates-Based Relative Risk as Measure of Association in Diagnostic Screening Test
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.15
This paper proposes false-rates-based relative risk-type measure of the strength of association between state of nature or condition in a population and test results in diagnostic screening tests. The adopted method provides an estimate for the proposed relative risk that depends only on the estimated sensitivity and specificity of the test in the event that the prevalence rate is not known. The proposed method unlike the traditional odds ratio provides estimates of not only the proposed false rates based relative risk-type measure of association, but also alternative sample estimates of its associated standard deviation and test statistic for significance that intrinsically and structurally partials out, that is, does not include in its formulation the number of subjects in the sample known or believed to actually have the condition in nature but test negative or actually do not have the condition in nature but test positive to the condition in the screening test. The proposed method given that the prevalence rate of the condition in the population is known, provides sample estimates of the false positive rate, false negative rate and their odds as well as the proportion of the population expected to test positive to the condition in the screening test which are additional useful information to guide policy formulation and implementation over and above the traditional odds ratio method. Modified estimates of the standard deviation and test statistic for the proposed measure that adjust for the fact that some sample observations in a screening test are not known and cannot therefore validly be used in traditional relative risk estimation method are provided. The proposed method which is shown to provide more information and to be at least as efficient as the traditional relative risk method is illustrated with some sample data.
This paper proposes false-rates-based relative risk-type measure of the strength of association between state of nature or condition in a population and test results in diagnostic screening tests. The adopted method provides an estimate for the proposed relative risk that depends only on the estimated sensitivity and specificity of the test in the event that the prevalence rate is not known. The proposed method unlike the traditional odds ratio provides estimates of not only the proposed false rates based relative risk-type measure of association, but also alternative sample estimates of its associated standard deviation and test statistic for significance that intrinsically and structurally partials out, that is, does not include in its formulation the number of subjects in the sample known or believed to actually have the condition in nature but test negative or actually do not have the condition in nature but test positive to the condition in the screening test. The proposed method given that the prevalence rate of the condition in the population is known, provides sample estimates of the false positive rate, false negative rate and their odds as well as the proportion of the population expected to test positive to the condition in the screening test which are additional useful information to guide policy formulation and implementation over and above the traditional odds ratio method. Modified estimates of the standard deviation and test statistic for the proposed measure that adjust for the fact that some sample observations in a screening test are not known and cannot therefore validly be used in traditional relative risk estimation method are provided. The proposed method which is shown to provide more information and to be at least as efficient as the traditional relative risk method is illustrated with some sample data.
Estimating False Rates-Based Relative Risk as Measure of Association in Diagnostic Screening Test
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Oyeka Ikewelugo Cyprian Anaene
Okeh Uchechukwu Marius
Igwebuike Victor Onyiaorah
Adaora Amaoge Onyiaorah
Chilota Chibuife Efobi
Estimating False Rates-Based Relative Risk as Measure of Association in Diagnostic Screening Test
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.15
© Science Publishing Group
Glucose Transport in Human Red Blood Cells
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.12
The penetration of D-[14C] glucose into human red blood cells (RBCs) features kinetic parameters which are readily distinguishable from passive permeation. It would be expected to require activation energy above 80 kJ/mol for permeation of glucose with five hydroxyls capable of forming hydrogen bonds, but the measured activation energy is approximately 16 kJ/mol. As a consequence, glucose permeates RBC membrane about five orders of magnitude faster than would be expected for passive permeation. Glucose transporter protein 1, or GLUT1 and SGLT1, present in all human tissues, but especially in RBCs. It is also anchored in the protective sheet of flat cells that line up the blood vessels of the brain. GLUT1 has a strong affinity for glucose and it ensures that both RBCs and the brain receive appropriate levels of glucose that they need to be able to function. The brain consumes ~120g of glucose per day; the blood glucose level in a typical person 80mg/100ml. The binding site of glucose faces intracellular and extracellular of the membrane alternately when it is loaded by a glucose. The transport is accomplished by conformational changes within GLUT1 , and not by rotation of the whole single long polypeptide chain (55kD, ~500 residues) with the presence of 12 trans membrane α-helices segments. The super family of related GLUT sugar transporters comprises 14 identified isoforms in the human genome, all adopting a 12-membrane–spanning domain structure that delineate 6 extracellular loops .The erythrocyte glucose transporter GLUT1 has an ~10-fold-lower affinity for D-glucose, Km ≈ 10–15 mM, at the inside face for net export than on the outside (Km = 1–2 mM) for net import of glucose (zero-trans net flux) at 24°C , pertaining a liganded consequential asymmetric transporter.
The penetration of D-[14C] glucose into human red blood cells (RBCs) features kinetic parameters which are readily distinguishable from passive permeation. It would be expected to require activation energy above 80 kJ/mol for permeation of glucose with five hydroxyls capable of forming hydrogen bonds, but the measured activation energy is approximately 16 kJ/mol. As a consequence, glucose permeates RBC membrane about five orders of magnitude faster than would be expected for passive permeation. Glucose transporter protein 1, or GLUT1 and SGLT1, present in all human tissues, but especially in RBCs. It is also anchored in the protective sheet of flat cells that line up the blood vessels of the brain. GLUT1 has a strong affinity for glucose and it ensures that both RBCs and the brain receive appropriate levels of glucose that they need to be able to function. The brain consumes ~120g of glucose per day; the blood glucose level in a typical person 80mg/100ml. The binding site of glucose faces intracellular and extracellular of the membrane alternately when it is loaded by a glucose. The transport is accomplished by conformational changes within GLUT1 , and not by rotation of the whole single long polypeptide chain (55kD, ~500 residues) with the presence of 12 trans membrane α-helices segments. The super family of related GLUT sugar transporters comprises 14 identified isoforms in the human genome, all adopting a 12-membrane–spanning domain structure that delineate 6 extracellular loops .The erythrocyte glucose transporter GLUT1 has an ~10-fold-lower affinity for D-glucose, Km ≈ 10–15 mM, at the inside face for net export than on the outside (Km = 1–2 mM) for net import of glucose (zero-trans net flux) at 24°C , pertaining a liganded consequential asymmetric transporter.
Glucose Transport in Human Red Blood Cells
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Omar S. Hajjawi
Glucose Transport in Human Red Blood Cells
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130103.12
© Science Publishing Group
Hepatoprotective Effect of Parkia Biglobosa Stem Bark Methanolic Extract on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.12
This study was designed to investigate the effect of the methanolic extract of parkia biglobosa stem bark on a single daily dose of oral administration of 500 mg/kg BW of paracetamol (acetaminophen, PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. The rats were divided into (5 groups. The rats in group I served as control and received distilled water, group II were given orally a single daily dose of 500 mg/kg BW of paracetamol for 7 days. Group III, IV, and V received a single daily dose of 500 mg/kg BW of paracetamol and then treated orally with 140 mg/kg BW acetylcysteine, 100 mg/kg BW low dose and 200 mg/kg BW high dose of parkia biglobosa respectively for 21 days. The activities of liver function marker enzymes were determined in the serum of the rat liver homogenate. Paracetamol caused liver damage as evident by significant increased (p≤0.05) (49.63±1.99; 39.41±1.99; 78.58±1.72) in the serum levels of Alkaline phosphatase (AP), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) respectively. Low dose 100mg/kg BW of Parkia biglobosa significantly increased (p≤0.05) serum AP levels (65.42±1.6) but significantly reduced serum levels of ALT and AST (43.80±2.4; 36.77±1.58) respectively. High dose 200 mg/kg BW of Parkia biglobosa significantly reduced (p≤0.05) serum levels of AP, ALT and AST (26.58±0.34; 33.68±2.02; 31.08±0.34) respectively. Acetylcysteine (standard reference drug) significantly reduced (p≤0.05) ALT and AST levels (43.46±1.67; 30.10±1.01) respectively, but the reduction in AP level (46.64±1.01) was not significant. The activity of parkia biglobosa is comparable with acetylcysteine, a known hepatoprotective drug. Thus, Parkia biglobosa exhibits hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol toxicity.
This study was designed to investigate the effect of the methanolic extract of parkia biglobosa stem bark on a single daily dose of oral administration of 500 mg/kg BW of paracetamol (acetaminophen, PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. The rats were divided into (5 groups. The rats in group I served as control and received distilled water, group II were given orally a single daily dose of 500 mg/kg BW of paracetamol for 7 days. Group III, IV, and V received a single daily dose of 500 mg/kg BW of paracetamol and then treated orally with 140 mg/kg BW acetylcysteine, 100 mg/kg BW low dose and 200 mg/kg BW high dose of parkia biglobosa respectively for 21 days. The activities of liver function marker enzymes were determined in the serum of the rat liver homogenate. Paracetamol caused liver damage as evident by significant increased (p≤0.05) (49.63±1.99; 39.41±1.99; 78.58±1.72) in the serum levels of Alkaline phosphatase (AP), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) respectively. Low dose 100mg/kg BW of Parkia biglobosa significantly increased (p≤0.05) serum AP levels (65.42±1.6) but significantly reduced serum levels of ALT and AST (43.80±2.4; 36.77±1.58) respectively. High dose 200 mg/kg BW of Parkia biglobosa significantly reduced (p≤0.05) serum levels of AP, ALT and AST (26.58±0.34; 33.68±2.02; 31.08±0.34) respectively. Acetylcysteine (standard reference drug) significantly reduced (p≤0.05) ALT and AST levels (43.46±1.67; 30.10±1.01) respectively, but the reduction in AP level (46.64±1.01) was not significant. The activity of parkia biglobosa is comparable with acetylcysteine, a known hepatoprotective drug. Thus, Parkia biglobosa exhibits hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol toxicity.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Parkia Biglobosa Stem Bark Methanolic Extract on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Meraiyebu Ajibola
Olaniyan Olugbemi
Abutu Stephanie
Dare Joseph
Atsukwei Denen
Hepatoprotective Effect of Parkia Biglobosa Stem Bark Methanolic Extract on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Rats
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© Science Publishing Group
A Study of Airborne Fungal Spores of Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.11
Airborne fungal spores of Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria during the months of March – December, 2012 were trapped,acetolysed and analysedpalynologically to determine the genera of airborne fungal spores and/or particles present in the atmosphere. A total of 9491 fungal spores were counted. The predominant spore types include those of Botryodiplodia, Curvularia, Gliomastix, Drechslera/Helminthosporium, Neurospora, Nigrospora, Pithomyces, Teliospore andStemphylum. The presence of fungal spores in the atmosphere affirms the great influence of anthropogenic activities on the local vegetation. Analysis of variance for the various airborne fungal spores showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the various groups. This study would provide a good template thatcould be used to monitor the frequency and intensity of fungal allergies and various disease conditions of plants, animals and man in the surrounding Savanna environment, and provide adequate restoration and conservation measures for safety health and environmental sustainability.
Airborne fungal spores of Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria during the months of March – December, 2012 were trapped,acetolysed and analysedpalynologically to determine the genera of airborne fungal spores and/or particles present in the atmosphere. A total of 9491 fungal spores were counted. The predominant spore types include those of Botryodiplodia, Curvularia, Gliomastix, Drechslera/Helminthosporium, Neurospora, Nigrospora, Pithomyces, Teliospore andStemphylum. The presence of fungal spores in the atmosphere affirms the great influence of anthropogenic activities on the local vegetation. Analysis of variance for the various airborne fungal spores showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the various groups. This study would provide a good template thatcould be used to monitor the frequency and intensity of fungal allergies and various disease conditions of plants, animals and man in the surrounding Savanna environment, and provide adequate restoration and conservation measures for safety health and environmental sustainability.
A Study of Airborne Fungal Spores of Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Essien, Benjamin Christopher
Taiga, Akpovughaye
Suleiman, Mohammed Nasirudeen
Idachaba, Stehen Onojo
Aniama, Salome Ojone
Edegbo, Emmanuel
A Study of Airborne Fungal Spores of Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.11
© Science Publishing Group
A Review of the Occurrence of Non-Alkaloid Constituents in Uncaria Species and Their Structure-Activity Relationships
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.13
A good understanding of a medicinal plant is based on fundamental knowledge of its chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects. The non-alkaloids constituents isolated from Uncaria species have been increasingly investigated recently. The anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties have been studied in many non-alkaloids constituents isolated from Uncaria species. This paper emphasizes the phytochemical and chemotaxonomic analyses of non-alkaloid constituents isolated from fifteen Uncaria species. Their structural activity-relationships have also been discussed.
A good understanding of a medicinal plant is based on fundamental knowledge of its chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects. The non-alkaloids constituents isolated from Uncaria species have been increasingly investigated recently. The anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties have been studied in many non-alkaloids constituents isolated from Uncaria species. This paper emphasizes the phytochemical and chemotaxonomic analyses of non-alkaloid constituents isolated from fifteen Uncaria species. Their structural activity-relationships have also been discussed.
A Review of the Occurrence of Non-Alkaloid Constituents in Uncaria Species and Their Structure-Activity Relationships
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ndagijimana Andre
Xiaoming Wang
Yongzhi He
Guixiang Pan
Agyemang Kojo
Ying Liu
A Review of the Occurrence of Non-Alkaloid Constituents in Uncaria Species and Their Structure-Activity Relationships
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.13
© Science Publishing Group
Association between Haptoglobin Genotype Polymorphism and Type Two (2) Diabetes in Accra, Ghana
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.15
Polymorphism of the haptoglobin (Hp) gene, characterized by alleles Hp1 and Hp2, gives rise to structurally and functionally distinct Hp protein phenotypes: Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2. The corresponding proteins have structural and functional differences that have influence on a particular disease. For example, Hp genotype is an independent risk factor for diabetic complications. In urban Ghana, type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects at least 6% of adults. The aim of this study was to assess the association between Hp genotype polymorphism in T2DM patients in Accra. The study was a case control one. A total of 100 participants, 50 T2DM patients attending the Diabetes Clinic (Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital) and 50 healthy non-diabetic controls, were involved. Plasma glucose concentration was measured by the glucose-oxidase method. Fasting blood glucose was performed on all subjects except for the individuals with a history of T2DM. Hp genotype was determined by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR produced Hp genotype-specific bands for the Hp1F, Hp1S, and Hp2 alleles. Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference in the Hp genotype distribution between diabetics and non-diabetics (2 = 7.84, df = 2, p = 0.0198). Hp1-1 was the most frequent genotype among non-diabetics (58%) whilst Hp2-2 (38%) was most frequent genotype among diabetics. Majority of the diabetics were found in the Hp1S-1F and Hp2-2 genotype groups for diastolic BP (mmHg), systolic BP (mmHg) and FBG (mM). There was a strong association between DM and Hp2-2 genotype, followed by Hp2-1 (Hp1F-2 > Hp1S- 2) with the least being Hp1-1 (Hp1F-1F, Hp1S-1F, Hp1S-1S). The risk of developing diabetes among people with Hp2-2 and Hp1F-2 genotypes was high. They can therefore be used as markers for an individual developing DM.
Polymorphism of the haptoglobin (Hp) gene, characterized by alleles Hp1 and Hp2, gives rise to structurally and functionally distinct Hp protein phenotypes: Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2. The corresponding proteins have structural and functional differences that have influence on a particular disease. For example, Hp genotype is an independent risk factor for diabetic complications. In urban Ghana, type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects at least 6% of adults. The aim of this study was to assess the association between Hp genotype polymorphism in T2DM patients in Accra. The study was a case control one. A total of 100 participants, 50 T2DM patients attending the Diabetes Clinic (Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital) and 50 healthy non-diabetic controls, were involved. Plasma glucose concentration was measured by the glucose-oxidase method. Fasting blood glucose was performed on all subjects except for the individuals with a history of T2DM. Hp genotype was determined by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR produced Hp genotype-specific bands for the Hp1F, Hp1S, and Hp2 alleles. Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference in the Hp genotype distribution between diabetics and non-diabetics (2 = 7.84, df = 2, p = 0.0198). Hp1-1 was the most frequent genotype among non-diabetics (58%) whilst Hp2-2 (38%) was most frequent genotype among diabetics. Majority of the diabetics were found in the Hp1S-1F and Hp2-2 genotype groups for diastolic BP (mmHg), systolic BP (mmHg) and FBG (mM). There was a strong association between DM and Hp2-2 genotype, followed by Hp2-1 (Hp1F-2 > Hp1S- 2) with the least being Hp1-1 (Hp1F-1F, Hp1S-1F, Hp1S-1S). The risk of developing diabetes among people with Hp2-2 and Hp1F-2 genotypes was high. They can therefore be used as markers for an individual developing DM.
Association between Haptoglobin Genotype Polymorphism and Type Two (2) Diabetes in Accra, Ghana
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Charles Brown
Benedicta Awisi
Harry Asmah
Batholomew Dzudzor
Anita Ghansah
Association between Haptoglobin Genotype Polymorphism and Type Two (2) Diabetes in Accra, Ghana
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.15
© Science Publishing Group
Plasma Membrane-Derived Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Possible Indicator of the Continuous Endothelial Stimulation and/or Injury to Blood Cells
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.14
Plasma membrane-derived vesicles (PMVs) are released into circulation in response to normal and stress/pathogenic conditions. They are of tremendous significance for the prediction, diagnosis, and observation of the therapeutic success of many diseases. Knowledge of their functional properties would contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to various diseases in which their levels are raised. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the levels of PMVs in sickle cell disease patients (Hb SS and Hb SC) with non-sickle cell (Hb AA) subjects. The comparison will help us research and understand the processes that lead to their constitutive release in sickle cell disease patients than in their normal counterparts. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) sickle cell disease patients (study group) and blood donors (control group) that consented to partake in the study were recruited. There were 82 males and 68 females. Fifty (50) each of Hb SS, Hb SC and Hb AA samples were obtained. Sodium metabisulphite (sickling) test, Haemoglobin electrophoresis and quantification of PMVs were carried out on all the samples. The sickle cell disease patients had elevated levels; SS (38.89 ± 0.73 × 104/ml; p= 0.01) and SC (32.62 ± 1.18 × 104/ml; p = 0.01) as against the control subjects (Hb AA) who had average PMVs of 11.28 ± 0.29 × 104/ml PFP (mean ± SEM). It was concluded that both SS and SC (study) samples showed an increased count of PMVs as compared to the AA (control) samples, suggesting persistent endothelial stimulation and/or injury of blood cells leading to continuous shedding of PMVs in sickle cell disease patients.
Plasma membrane-derived vesicles (PMVs) are released into circulation in response to normal and stress/pathogenic conditions. They are of tremendous significance for the prediction, diagnosis, and observation of the therapeutic success of many diseases. Knowledge of their functional properties would contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to various diseases in which their levels are raised. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the levels of PMVs in sickle cell disease patients (Hb SS and Hb SC) with non-sickle cell (Hb AA) subjects. The comparison will help us research and understand the processes that lead to their constitutive release in sickle cell disease patients than in their normal counterparts. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) sickle cell disease patients (study group) and blood donors (control group) that consented to partake in the study were recruited. There were 82 males and 68 females. Fifty (50) each of Hb SS, Hb SC and Hb AA samples were obtained. Sodium metabisulphite (sickling) test, Haemoglobin electrophoresis and quantification of PMVs were carried out on all the samples. The sickle cell disease patients had elevated levels; SS (38.89 ± 0.73 × 104/ml; p= 0.01) and SC (32.62 ± 1.18 × 104/ml; p = 0.01) as against the control subjects (Hb AA) who had average PMVs of 11.28 ± 0.29 × 104/ml PFP (mean ± SEM). It was concluded that both SS and SC (study) samples showed an increased count of PMVs as compared to the AA (control) samples, suggesting persistent endothelial stimulation and/or injury of blood cells leading to continuous shedding of PMVs in sickle cell disease patients.
Plasma Membrane-Derived Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Possible Indicator of the Continuous Endothelial Stimulation and/or Injury to Blood Cells
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20130104.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Samuel Antwi-Baffour
Abena Nyarkoah Wiredu
Ransford Kyeremeh
Seidu Abdulai Mahmood
Plasma Membrane-Derived Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Possible Indicator of the Continuous Endothelial Stimulation and/or Injury to Blood Cells
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© Science Publishing Group
Study of Risk Factors Related to HBsAg Reactivity among Outdoor Patients in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.13
Current investigation attempted to uncover common risk factors associated with HBsAg positivity among the suspected patients of Hepatitis B viral infection. Blood specimens were collected from patients prescribed to undergo HBsAg positivity test and tested for the detection of HBsAg through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBsAg positivity was analyzed in relation to age, family history of HBV infection, unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, blood transfusions, frequency of needle pricks, intravenous drug addiction, dental surgery and other surgical operations of the patients. Out of 50 patients, 23 were found to be HBsAg positive. After statistical analysis of all the factors it was deduced that patients who had unprotected sex and whose families (especially the mother of the patient) had a history of HBV infection were mostly found to be HBsAg positive. Detection of HBsAg positive cases with multiple associated risk factors revealed that the general people in Bangladesh need to be more conscious on the possible infection aware of getting infected with HBV as they are being frequently exposed subjected to the risk factors.
Current investigation attempted to uncover common risk factors associated with HBsAg positivity among the suspected patients of Hepatitis B viral infection. Blood specimens were collected from patients prescribed to undergo HBsAg positivity test and tested for the detection of HBsAg through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBsAg positivity was analyzed in relation to age, family history of HBV infection, unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, blood transfusions, frequency of needle pricks, intravenous drug addiction, dental surgery and other surgical operations of the patients. Out of 50 patients, 23 were found to be HBsAg positive. After statistical analysis of all the factors it was deduced that patients who had unprotected sex and whose families (especially the mother of the patient) had a history of HBV infection were mostly found to be HBsAg positive. Detection of HBsAg positive cases with multiple associated risk factors revealed that the general people in Bangladesh need to be more conscious on the possible infection aware of getting infected with HBV as they are being frequently exposed subjected to the risk factors.
Study of Risk Factors Related to HBsAg Reactivity among Outdoor Patients in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ashfaq Imtiaz Uddin
Monira Pervin
Md. Sakil Munna
Rashed Noor
Study of Risk Factors Related to HBsAg Reactivity among Outdoor Patients in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Phytochemical Screening, and in-Vitro Antioxidant Activities in Different Solvent Extracts of Vitex Doniana Leaves, Stem Bark and Root Bark
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.14
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities in different solvent extracts of Vitex doniana leaves, stem bark and root bark was carried out. The extracts were subjected to various chemical test for phytochemical constituents, total phenolic contents were evaluated using Folin Ciocalteu method and their antioxidant activity was assayed through in- vitro radical scavenging activity using DPPH• assay, phytochemical screening of this study indicate the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponnins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. The average total phenol content of leaves methanol and leaves ethanol extracts were significantly (P<0.05) higher when compared with the total polyphenol contents in the acetone and aqueous solvent extracts. In order of effectiveness (IC50) of the plant extracts the potent inhibitors was leaves ethanol extract (0.227mg/ml), follow by stem bark ethanol extract (0.236mg/ml), the least was the root ethanol extract (0.567mg/ml).This shows that Vitex doniana solvent extracts especially the ethanolic leaves extracts may be a potent source of natural antioxidant and it use in the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress is justify.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities in different solvent extracts of Vitex doniana leaves, stem bark and root bark was carried out. The extracts were subjected to various chemical test for phytochemical constituents, total phenolic contents were evaluated using Folin Ciocalteu method and their antioxidant activity was assayed through in- vitro radical scavenging activity using DPPH• assay, phytochemical screening of this study indicate the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponnins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. The average total phenol content of leaves methanol and leaves ethanol extracts were significantly (P<0.05) higher when compared with the total polyphenol contents in the acetone and aqueous solvent extracts. In order of effectiveness (IC50) of the plant extracts the potent inhibitors was leaves ethanol extract (0.227mg/ml), follow by stem bark ethanol extract (0.236mg/ml), the least was the root ethanol extract (0.567mg/ml).This shows that Vitex doniana solvent extracts especially the ethanolic leaves extracts may be a potent source of natural antioxidant and it use in the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress is justify.
Phytochemical Screening, and in-Vitro Antioxidant Activities in Different Solvent Extracts of Vitex Doniana Leaves, Stem Bark and Root Bark
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
James, Dorcas Bolanle
Sheneni, Victor Duniya
Kadejo, Olubukola Adetoro
Yatai, Kenneth Bobai
Phytochemical Screening, and in-Vitro Antioxidant Activities in Different Solvent Extracts of Vitex Doniana Leaves, Stem Bark and Root Bark
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.14
© Science Publishing Group
Studies on Lipid Profile Levels in Hypertensive and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.15
Studies on the effect of non-hypertensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes on lipid profile was performed to determine whether these biochemical parameters were affected in individuals associated with these disease conditions. A total of one hundred and thirty-three (133) individuals were used for these studies. Of these thirty-five (35) were established hypertensive diabetics and thirty (30) are established non-hypertensive diabetics. The established hypertensive non-diabetics were thirty-three (33) while thirty-five (35) were normal healthy individuals. The results showed that there was no significant differences (P>0.05) in the mean concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and glucose between hypertensive diabetics and non-hypertensive diabetics studied. The study also showed that there were no significance differences (P>0.05) in the mean levels of all the parameters measured between hypertensive diabetics and hypertensive non-diabetics subjects studied, except for serum glucose that significantly higher (P<0.05) in hypertensive diabetics. It was observed that mean concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDC-cholesterol, as well as systolic blood pressure were significantly higher (P<0.05) in hypertensive diabetics compared with normal healthy individuals. The results also show that the mean HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower (P>0.05) in hypertensive diabetics compared with normal healthy individuals. It was also observed that the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher (P>0.05) in hypertensive non diabetics individuals compared with normal healthy individuals studied. However, the glucose and pulse rate mean levels showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between hypertensive non-diabetics and normal healthy individuals.
Studies on the effect of non-hypertensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes on lipid profile was performed to determine whether these biochemical parameters were affected in individuals associated with these disease conditions. A total of one hundred and thirty-three (133) individuals were used for these studies. Of these thirty-five (35) were established hypertensive diabetics and thirty (30) are established non-hypertensive diabetics. The established hypertensive non-diabetics were thirty-three (33) while thirty-five (35) were normal healthy individuals. The results showed that there was no significant differences (P>0.05) in the mean concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and glucose between hypertensive diabetics and non-hypertensive diabetics studied. The study also showed that there were no significance differences (P>0.05) in the mean levels of all the parameters measured between hypertensive diabetics and hypertensive non-diabetics subjects studied, except for serum glucose that significantly higher (P<0.05) in hypertensive diabetics. It was observed that mean concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDC-cholesterol, as well as systolic blood pressure were significantly higher (P<0.05) in hypertensive diabetics compared with normal healthy individuals. The results also show that the mean HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower (P>0.05) in hypertensive diabetics compared with normal healthy individuals. It was also observed that the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher (P>0.05) in hypertensive non diabetics individuals compared with normal healthy individuals studied. However, the glucose and pulse rate mean levels showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between hypertensive non-diabetics and normal healthy individuals.
Studies on Lipid Profile Levels in Hypertensive and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ajuru, Gospel
Okolonkwo, Benjamin
Okeke, Chukwubike
Studies on Lipid Profile Levels in Hypertensive and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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33
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.15
© Science Publishing Group
Proportion of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Human Immune Deficiency Virus Co- Infection among Clinically Confirmed Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at the Endemic Foci of the Amhara National Regional State, North-West Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.11
In East Africa, especially in Ethiopia, the proportion of VL patients with HIV co-infection has increased, despite a decline in the numbers of co-infected patients in Europe. The Metema and Humera lowland areas in the north-west are particularly associated with high HIV co-infection rates, ranging from 18% to 31% of the cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the proportion of VL/HIV co- infection among clinically confirmed VL patients in the endemic foci of the Amhara Region. Institutional based cross- sectional study was conducted from February to July, 2013 on the proportion of VL/HIV co- infection among clinically confirmed VL patients. For the study, a total of 409 participants who were clinically confirmed VL patients were participated in four selected endemic foci (Libokemkem, Belessa, Metema and west Armachiho). Proportionate allocation was used to determine the number of patients involved in each selected endemic foci. Of the 409 clinically confirmed VL patients, the overall proportion of VL/ HIV co-infection was 74 (18.1%). Among the VL endemic foci, proportion of VL/ HIV co- infection was highest in Abdrafi 69 (93.2%) followed by Metema 5 (6.8 %.). However, in Addis Zemen and Belessa showed nil (0 %). Among the study participants, males were more VL/HIV co-infected 74 (19.4%) than females (0%) (P < 0.012) and the age groups from 21-35 were the highest infected group 68 (16.6%) (P<0. 001). Moreover, those patients who came from rural areas were more VL/ HIV co-infected 46 (35.1%) than urban dwellers 28 (23.1%) (P< 0. 001). Furthermore, daily labourers were the highest infected group 60 (57.1%) (P < 0.001) and those who had no formal education had more VL/HIV co-infected 62 (24.6%) (P < 0.001) than those who had formal education. The overall proportion of VL/ HIV co-infection was still high and among the VL endemic foci, proportion of VL/ HIV co- infection was highest in Abdrafi followed by Metema. However, in Addis Zemen and Belessa showed nil. Therefore, face to face health education is mandatory to create awareness about VL, HIV and VL/HIV co –infection and its consequence at the Kebele level.
In East Africa, especially in Ethiopia, the proportion of VL patients with HIV co-infection has increased, despite a decline in the numbers of co-infected patients in Europe. The Metema and Humera lowland areas in the north-west are particularly associated with high HIV co-infection rates, ranging from 18% to 31% of the cases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the proportion of VL/HIV co- infection among clinically confirmed VL patients in the endemic foci of the Amhara Region. Institutional based cross- sectional study was conducted from February to July, 2013 on the proportion of VL/HIV co- infection among clinically confirmed VL patients. For the study, a total of 409 participants who were clinically confirmed VL patients were participated in four selected endemic foci (Libokemkem, Belessa, Metema and west Armachiho). Proportionate allocation was used to determine the number of patients involved in each selected endemic foci. Of the 409 clinically confirmed VL patients, the overall proportion of VL/ HIV co-infection was 74 (18.1%). Among the VL endemic foci, proportion of VL/ HIV co- infection was highest in Abdrafi 69 (93.2%) followed by Metema 5 (6.8 %.). However, in Addis Zemen and Belessa showed nil (0 %). Among the study participants, males were more VL/HIV co-infected 74 (19.4%) than females (0%) (P < 0.012) and the age groups from 21-35 were the highest infected group 68 (16.6%) (P<0. 001). Moreover, those patients who came from rural areas were more VL/ HIV co-infected 46 (35.1%) than urban dwellers 28 (23.1%) (P< 0. 001). Furthermore, daily labourers were the highest infected group 60 (57.1%) (P < 0.001) and those who had no formal education had more VL/HIV co-infected 62 (24.6%) (P < 0.001) than those who had formal education. The overall proportion of VL/ HIV co-infection was still high and among the VL endemic foci, proportion of VL/ HIV co- infection was highest in Abdrafi followed by Metema. However, in Addis Zemen and Belessa showed nil. Therefore, face to face health education is mandatory to create awareness about VL, HIV and VL/HIV co –infection and its consequence at the Kebele level.
Proportion of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Human Immune Deficiency Virus Co- Infection among Clinically Confirmed Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at the Endemic Foci of the Amhara National Regional State, North-West Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mulat Yimer
Bayeh Abera
Wondemagegn Mulu
Yohannes Zenebe
Belay Bezabih
Proportion of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Human Immune Deficiency Virus Co- Infection among Clinically Confirmed Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients at the Endemic Foci of the Amhara National Regional State, North-West Ethiopia
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7
7
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Cell-Block Study of Various Breast Lumps
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.12
Aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of the combined use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell-block in the diagnosis of different breast lesions. Patient and methods: This study was a prospective study of 310 cases (301 females and 9 males) with breast swelling, coming to cytopathology unit, faculty of medicine, Zagazig University. FNAC and cell-block were performed. Cytological findings of smears and cell-blocks were correlated to histopathological results. Results: Most of cases were diagnosed as benign lesions or normal findings. The majority of FNAC samples was diagnosed as fibrocystic disease (160 cases, 51.6%), followed by fibroadenoma in 54 cases (17.4%). Positive cases for malignancy, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and false negative cases were encountered in 50 cases (16.1%). Studying the histopathological results showed that true positive cases by FNAC and cell-block were 47 in number (15.16%) and true negative ones were 247 cases (82.90%). False positive cases were 3 in number (0.96%) and false negative ones were also 3 cases (0.96%). Sensitivity was 94% and specificity was 98%. Positive predictive and negative predictive values were 94% and 98%, respectively. False positive and false negative rates were 1.15% and 6% respectively. Total accuracy was 98%. Conclusion: It is advised to perform cell-blocks for each case of breast FNAC to decrease the pitfalls and to improve the diagnosis and management of breast lumps.
Aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of the combined use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell-block in the diagnosis of different breast lesions. Patient and methods: This study was a prospective study of 310 cases (301 females and 9 males) with breast swelling, coming to cytopathology unit, faculty of medicine, Zagazig University. FNAC and cell-block were performed. Cytological findings of smears and cell-blocks were correlated to histopathological results. Results: Most of cases were diagnosed as benign lesions or normal findings. The majority of FNAC samples was diagnosed as fibrocystic disease (160 cases, 51.6%), followed by fibroadenoma in 54 cases (17.4%). Positive cases for malignancy, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and false negative cases were encountered in 50 cases (16.1%). Studying the histopathological results showed that true positive cases by FNAC and cell-block were 47 in number (15.16%) and true negative ones were 247 cases (82.90%). False positive cases were 3 in number (0.96%) and false negative ones were also 3 cases (0.96%). Sensitivity was 94% and specificity was 98%. Positive predictive and negative predictive values were 94% and 98%, respectively. False positive and false negative rates were 1.15% and 6% respectively. Total accuracy was 98%. Conclusion: It is advised to perform cell-blocks for each case of breast FNAC to decrease the pitfalls and to improve the diagnosis and management of breast lumps.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Cell-Block Study of Various Breast Lumps
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Raafat Awad Hegazy
Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy
Fathy Ahmed Fetouh
Samir Ibrahim
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Cell-Block Study of Various Breast Lumps
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Serological Screening of TORCH Agents as an Etiology of Spontaneous Abortion in Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.11
The role of TORCH infections as a cause of spontaneous abortions is still debatable with conflicting results where geographical variation may play a significant role. This study was undertaken to discover the association of TORCH infections in women with spontaneous abortions by serological testing. The descriptive case control study was conducted from January to December, 2012. A serological evaluation was carried out to determine the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, using commercial diagnostic kits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Mean age of the study and control subjects were 24.8+/-6.4 and 23.8+/-3.8 years respectively where 72.8% of the study subjects were of the age between 20 to 35 years and 23% of the women with spontaneous abortion were below 20 years. Most of the cases were of incomplete abortions (43%) followed by complete abortions (26%). Only 1.3% of both IgG and IgM seropositivity against TORCH agents were noted among the study subjects whereas highest IgG seropositivity was detected with Rubella (86.8%) followed by HSV-I (72.8%). An infection susceptibility rate of 77.9% to Toxoplasma gondii, 11.7% to Rubella, 51.9% to CMV, 36.4% to HSV-I and 84.4% to HSV-II was noted. No significant difference in relation to age and type of abortion was found in seropositivity between the study and the control subjects. This study, probably the first of its kind from Nepal, suggests that current infection with TORCH agents might not be the possible etiology of spontaneous abortion. Serological TORCH screening may not be conclusive.
The role of TORCH infections as a cause of spontaneous abortions is still debatable with conflicting results where geographical variation may play a significant role. This study was undertaken to discover the association of TORCH infections in women with spontaneous abortions by serological testing. The descriptive case control study was conducted from January to December, 2012. A serological evaluation was carried out to determine the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, using commercial diagnostic kits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Mean age of the study and control subjects were 24.8+/-6.4 and 23.8+/-3.8 years respectively where 72.8% of the study subjects were of the age between 20 to 35 years and 23% of the women with spontaneous abortion were below 20 years. Most of the cases were of incomplete abortions (43%) followed by complete abortions (26%). Only 1.3% of both IgG and IgM seropositivity against TORCH agents were noted among the study subjects whereas highest IgG seropositivity was detected with Rubella (86.8%) followed by HSV-I (72.8%). An infection susceptibility rate of 77.9% to Toxoplasma gondii, 11.7% to Rubella, 51.9% to CMV, 36.4% to HSV-I and 84.4% to HSV-II was noted. No significant difference in relation to age and type of abortion was found in seropositivity between the study and the control subjects. This study, probably the first of its kind from Nepal, suggests that current infection with TORCH agents might not be the possible etiology of spontaneous abortion. Serological TORCH screening may not be conclusive.
Serological Screening of TORCH Agents as an Etiology of Spontaneous Abortion in Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-04-09
© Science Publishing Group
Dhruba Acharya
Abha Shrestha
Bikash Bogati
Kishor Khanal
Shrinkhala Shrestha
Prabin Gyawali
Serological Screening of TORCH Agents as an Etiology of Spontaneous Abortion in Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal
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2014-04-09
2014-04-09
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Disinfectants Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Clinical and Environmental Samples in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.12
P. aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogen that causes nosocomial infections often acquired from hospital environment and contaminated medical devices. The infections caused by this bacterium are particularly problematic because it is inherently resistant to several unrelated antimicrobial agents and antiseptics. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine drug resistance and disinfectants susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples and hospital environments. A laboratory based cross sectional study was conducted from May to September, 2012 on a total of 81 P. aeruginosa isolates. A standard bacteriological technique (conventional biochemical tests and pigment production) was used to identify the bacterium. Drug resistance and disinfectant susceptibility tests were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion and through the classic method of successive dilutions respectively. In this study a total of 305 (160 clinical and 145 environmental) samples were investigated for P. aeruginosa and 81 isolates were obtained. This gives an overall P. aeruginosa isolation rate of 26.5% (81/305). About 47.5% of the clinical and 34.2% environmental isolates were detected from wounds and ward sinks respectively. Of these P. aeruginosa isolates, 95.1% were resistance to Trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole, 62% to Gentamicin, and 58% to Ceftriaxone. But, only 4.9% of isolates were resistance to Amikacin. Moreover, disinfectant susceptibility test revealed that hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite had a higher (92.6% & 91.4%) bactericidal activity compared to ethanol and savlon at the recommended user dilution. In general, our results indicated that P. aeruginosa was significantly resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs, a situation that demands a more rational and appropriate use of antibiotics. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite were relatively more effective when used in recommended dilution. However, all tested disinfectants or antiseptics showed reduced bactericidal activities in higher dilutions. Therefore, strict adherence to the recommended dilution is important for better activity. The correct use of them also has to be considered appropriately as part of infection control practices.
P. aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogen that causes nosocomial infections often acquired from hospital environment and contaminated medical devices. The infections caused by this bacterium are particularly problematic because it is inherently resistant to several unrelated antimicrobial agents and antiseptics. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine drug resistance and disinfectants susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples and hospital environments. A laboratory based cross sectional study was conducted from May to September, 2012 on a total of 81 P. aeruginosa isolates. A standard bacteriological technique (conventional biochemical tests and pigment production) was used to identify the bacterium. Drug resistance and disinfectant susceptibility tests were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion and through the classic method of successive dilutions respectively. In this study a total of 305 (160 clinical and 145 environmental) samples were investigated for P. aeruginosa and 81 isolates were obtained. This gives an overall P. aeruginosa isolation rate of 26.5% (81/305). About 47.5% of the clinical and 34.2% environmental isolates were detected from wounds and ward sinks respectively. Of these P. aeruginosa isolates, 95.1% were resistance to Trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole, 62% to Gentamicin, and 58% to Ceftriaxone. But, only 4.9% of isolates were resistance to Amikacin. Moreover, disinfectant susceptibility test revealed that hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite had a higher (92.6% & 91.4%) bactericidal activity compared to ethanol and savlon at the recommended user dilution. In general, our results indicated that P. aeruginosa was significantly resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs, a situation that demands a more rational and appropriate use of antibiotics. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite were relatively more effective when used in recommended dilution. However, all tested disinfectants or antiseptics showed reduced bactericidal activities in higher dilutions. Therefore, strict adherence to the recommended dilution is important for better activity. The correct use of them also has to be considered appropriately as part of infection control practices.
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Disinfectants Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Clinical and Environmental Samples in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-05-08
© Science Publishing Group
Meseret Mitiku
Solomon Ali
Gebre Kibru
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Disinfectants Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Clinical and Environmental Samples in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia
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2014-05-08
2014-05-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Cytogenetic Investigation in Prenatal Specimecimens for Effective Prognosis of Pregnancy Related Complications
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.13
Background: Alterations in chromosomal content of mother and infant are central characteristics of various complications related to pregnancy and early childhood. About 60% of the pregnancy losses, 2-3% of all the neonates and 50% of childhood deafness, blindness, mental retardation and 1 to 10 % of all the malignancies are directly due to genetic factors. Hence cytogenetic testing of pre and post natal samples can prove to be useful for discovery of non-invasive markers for prevention of such conditions beforehand. Aim of the study: The present study was carried out to detect numerical and structural abnormalities in 56 subjects with repeated miscarriages, bad obstetric history and sub fertility by analysing peripheral blood, products of conception (POC) material, and recovered cell lines from prenatal samples. Methods: Conventional cytogenetics: Peripheral blood culture (PBC) supplemented with mitogen Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), metaphase chromosomes was harvested after 72 hours for chromosome analysis. Tissue cytogenetics: Culture of solid tissue was used as a source for mitotic cells from products of conception (POC) from first trimester spontaneous abortions for aneuploidy detection; and Prenatal chromosome analysis was performed by either chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniotic fluid and cord blood after culture. Image acquisition and analysis was performed by using automated karyotyping (IKAROS) software based on G, C and R banding. Results: Chromosomal abnormalities were located in all types of specimens but were predominantly observed in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and product of conception (POC) samples. Aberrations observed were mainly translocations, satellites, additions in RPL cases like 46,XX with instances of (D/D,D/G,G/Gassociations);45,XX,rob(13;14);46,XXt(4;21);46,XX,(9qh+);46,XX,(14ps+);46,XX, t(5;6) and ploidy involving 67,XX+;64,XXX+;69,XXX;63,XXX;58,XX+ in the POC cases. Conclusion: Cytogenetic screening could provide to be a useful method for monitoring patients with abnormal pregnancies. The cytogenetic result is an independent prognostic indicator, with certain karyotypes associated with a good prognosis for the better treatment.
Background: Alterations in chromosomal content of mother and infant are central characteristics of various complications related to pregnancy and early childhood. About 60% of the pregnancy losses, 2-3% of all the neonates and 50% of childhood deafness, blindness, mental retardation and 1 to 10 % of all the malignancies are directly due to genetic factors. Hence cytogenetic testing of pre and post natal samples can prove to be useful for discovery of non-invasive markers for prevention of such conditions beforehand. Aim of the study: The present study was carried out to detect numerical and structural abnormalities in 56 subjects with repeated miscarriages, bad obstetric history and sub fertility by analysing peripheral blood, products of conception (POC) material, and recovered cell lines from prenatal samples. Methods: Conventional cytogenetics: Peripheral blood culture (PBC) supplemented with mitogen Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), metaphase chromosomes was harvested after 72 hours for chromosome analysis. Tissue cytogenetics: Culture of solid tissue was used as a source for mitotic cells from products of conception (POC) from first trimester spontaneous abortions for aneuploidy detection; and Prenatal chromosome analysis was performed by either chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniotic fluid and cord blood after culture. Image acquisition and analysis was performed by using automated karyotyping (IKAROS) software based on G, C and R banding. Results: Chromosomal abnormalities were located in all types of specimens but were predominantly observed in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and product of conception (POC) samples. Aberrations observed were mainly translocations, satellites, additions in RPL cases like 46,XX with instances of (D/D,D/G,G/Gassociations);45,XX,rob(13;14);46,XXt(4;21);46,XX,(9qh+);46,XX,(14ps+);46,XX, t(5;6) and ploidy involving 67,XX+;64,XXX+;69,XXX;63,XXX;58,XX+ in the POC cases. Conclusion: Cytogenetic screening could provide to be a useful method for monitoring patients with abnormal pregnancies. The cytogenetic result is an independent prognostic indicator, with certain karyotypes associated with a good prognosis for the better treatment.
Cytogenetic Investigation in Prenatal Specimecimens for Effective Prognosis of Pregnancy Related Complications
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Binay Kumar Raut
Lakshman Kumar Balasubramanian
Mukesh Kumar Jha
Shyam Sundar Malla
Moka Rajasekhar
Cytogenetic Investigation in Prenatal Specimecimens for Effective Prognosis of Pregnancy Related Complications
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2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140202.13
© Science Publishing Group
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Essential oil of Pinus Patula Growing in Rwanda
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.11
Essential oils and their components are increasingly spreading as naturally occurring antimicrobial agents. In this work the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of Pinus patula essential oils, a wild Pinaceae, which grows in several regions of Rwanda, were characterized and assessed. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation and the chemical composition was determined using GC/MS. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was studied against two Gram-negative bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenis, Pseudomonas solanacearum) and one Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Pycularia oryzae, Colletotrichum coffeanum) using a broth macrodilution method and by agar diffusion method. During the chemical composition analysis, seventy-four components making up 99.11% of the oil were detected while only fifty components making up 95.70% of the oil were characterized, β-phellandrene (18.98%), α-pinene (15.91%), bornyl acetate (7.89%), β-caryophyllene (7.41%), limonene (5.67%) being the major constituents. The results of the in vitro antimicrobial assay showed that essential oil extracted from the rwandese Pinus patula has a strong activity against all tested bacteria and fungi, exception done to Colletotrichum coffeanum fungi.
Essential oils and their components are increasingly spreading as naturally occurring antimicrobial agents. In this work the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of Pinus patula essential oils, a wild Pinaceae, which grows in several regions of Rwanda, were characterized and assessed. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation and the chemical composition was determined using GC/MS. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was studied against two Gram-negative bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenis, Pseudomonas solanacearum) and one Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Pycularia oryzae, Colletotrichum coffeanum) using a broth macrodilution method and by agar diffusion method. During the chemical composition analysis, seventy-four components making up 99.11% of the oil were detected while only fifty components making up 95.70% of the oil were characterized, β-phellandrene (18.98%), α-pinene (15.91%), bornyl acetate (7.89%), β-caryophyllene (7.41%), limonene (5.67%) being the major constituents. The results of the in vitro antimicrobial assay showed that essential oil extracted from the rwandese Pinus patula has a strong activity against all tested bacteria and fungi, exception done to Colletotrichum coffeanum fungi.
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Essential oil of Pinus Patula Growing in Rwanda
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Tomani Jean Claude
Murangwa Christine
Bajyana Songa
Mukazayire Marie Jeanne
Ingabire Mukazi Goretti
Chalchat Jean Claude
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Essential oil of Pinus Patula Growing in Rwanda
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2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Antiplasmodial Activity of Aqueous leaf Extract of Cymbopogon citratus against Plasmodium falciparum Infected Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.12
In Nigeria, malaria is a major public health problem and there are high cost of the effective antimalarial drugs, poor quality drugs and increased emergence of Plasmodial resistance. Thus, there is a need for alternative source of medicine in malaria treatment and prevention. The antimalarial potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus was investigated in this present study. Twenty five Swiss albino rats with average weight of 30.80g were distributed into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) with five mice per group. Group B was infected with 0.2 ml O+ human parasitized blood of Plasmodium falciparum and 0.1ml Chloroquine (Bini Laboratories Pvt Ltd). Group C, D, and E were infected with 0.2 ml O+ human parasitized blood of Plasmodium falciparum treated with 40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg of Cymbopogon citratus extracts respectively for three days. The mice infected with 0.2 ml O+ human parasitized blood of Plasmodium falciparum were observed for 72 hours for general symptoms of malaria. The mice tail was punctured, blood was examined under light microscope (x10) resolution) and several malaria parasites were found. Significant decrease of parasitemia levels was observed in 120 mg/kg body weight treated group compared to 0.1 ml Chloroquine the positive control. The result showed that Cymbopogon citratus possessed a good antimalarial property and can be use for prophylactic and chemotherapeutic purposes.
In Nigeria, malaria is a major public health problem and there are high cost of the effective antimalarial drugs, poor quality drugs and increased emergence of Plasmodial resistance. Thus, there is a need for alternative source of medicine in malaria treatment and prevention. The antimalarial potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus was investigated in this present study. Twenty five Swiss albino rats with average weight of 30.80g were distributed into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) with five mice per group. Group B was infected with 0.2 ml O+ human parasitized blood of Plasmodium falciparum and 0.1ml Chloroquine (Bini Laboratories Pvt Ltd). Group C, D, and E were infected with 0.2 ml O+ human parasitized blood of Plasmodium falciparum treated with 40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg of Cymbopogon citratus extracts respectively for three days. The mice infected with 0.2 ml O+ human parasitized blood of Plasmodium falciparum were observed for 72 hours for general symptoms of malaria. The mice tail was punctured, blood was examined under light microscope (x10) resolution) and several malaria parasites were found. Significant decrease of parasitemia levels was observed in 120 mg/kg body weight treated group compared to 0.1 ml Chloroquine the positive control. The result showed that Cymbopogon citratus possessed a good antimalarial property and can be use for prophylactic and chemotherapeutic purposes.
Antiplasmodial Activity of Aqueous leaf Extract of Cymbopogon citratus against Plasmodium falciparum Infected Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-07-07
© Science Publishing Group
Shekins Osheke Okere
Janet Olayemi Sangodele
Eunice Ogunwole
Moses Dele Adams
Mercy Omoye Shafe
Antiplasmodial Activity of Aqueous leaf Extract of Cymbopogon citratus against Plasmodium falciparum Infected Rats
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64
64
2014-07-07
2014-07-07
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Immunohistochemical Study on lipid Catabolism in Adult Onchocerca Volvulus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.11
Onchocerca volvulus is a parasite responsible for the disease, Onchocerciasis otherwise known as river blindness. Current treatment and control strategies are not entirely successful. This means there is a need for further studies to better understand the biology of this worm. Studies on metabolic pathways in the worm can provide valuable information to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of survival of the worm. Lipid catabolism for the provision of energy in this worm still remains to be elucidated. Knowledge of lipids composition and synthesis in this parasite has been mostly drawn from studies on filarial species other than O. volvulus itself. This is owed to the limited availability of parasite material due largely to problems with parasite cultivation and ethical demands on obtaining materials since it has a strict preference for the human host. To explore lipid catabolism in the worm itself, we performed immunohistochemical localisation of three major enzymes (A/B hydrolase, SDH and ME1) involved in lipid metabolism on paraffin processed archival O. volvulus nodules. We observed that up to 58.6% of worms in the paraffin processed nodules had detectable A/B/HD4, 51.6% had SDH and 63.3% had ME 1, most of which were stored in the muscles of the adult worm. These observations suggest that the adult O. volvulus can operate the B-oxidative pathway, The TCA cycle, and undergo anaplerotic transformation of malic acid to pyruvate to maximise energy production from lipid metabolism. This also suggests that O. volvulus has the capacity to catabolise lipids for energy even though it appears to be dependent on carbohydrate metabolism.
Onchocerca volvulus is a parasite responsible for the disease, Onchocerciasis otherwise known as river blindness. Current treatment and control strategies are not entirely successful. This means there is a need for further studies to better understand the biology of this worm. Studies on metabolic pathways in the worm can provide valuable information to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of survival of the worm. Lipid catabolism for the provision of energy in this worm still remains to be elucidated. Knowledge of lipids composition and synthesis in this parasite has been mostly drawn from studies on filarial species other than O. volvulus itself. This is owed to the limited availability of parasite material due largely to problems with parasite cultivation and ethical demands on obtaining materials since it has a strict preference for the human host. To explore lipid catabolism in the worm itself, we performed immunohistochemical localisation of three major enzymes (A/B hydrolase, SDH and ME1) involved in lipid metabolism on paraffin processed archival O. volvulus nodules. We observed that up to 58.6% of worms in the paraffin processed nodules had detectable A/B/HD4, 51.6% had SDH and 63.3% had ME 1, most of which were stored in the muscles of the adult worm. These observations suggest that the adult O. volvulus can operate the B-oxidative pathway, The TCA cycle, and undergo anaplerotic transformation of malic acid to pyruvate to maximise energy production from lipid metabolism. This also suggests that O. volvulus has the capacity to catabolise lipids for energy even though it appears to be dependent on carbohydrate metabolism.
Immunohistochemical Study on lipid Catabolism in Adult Onchocerca Volvulus
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-07-22
© Science Publishing Group
Seidu Mahmood Abdulai
Adams Abdul Rashid
Gyasi Kwame Richard
Tettey Yao
Nkansah Obenewaa Dinah
Adunyame Lois
Wiredu Kwame Edwin
Immunohistochemical Study on lipid Catabolism in Adult Onchocerca Volvulus
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69
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2014-07-22
2014-07-22
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Sedative-Hypnotic Like Effect of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Myrtus Communis on Mice
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.12
Myrtus communis has been recommended for relief of insomnia in Ethiopian traditional medicine and aromatherapy. However, no pharmacological studies have yet evaluated its sedative-hypnotic like effect. The aim of this study was to determine if the essential oil of Myrtus communis has sedative-hypnotic like activity. The essential oil of Myrtus communis (500,600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg) were administered orally to Swiss albino mice of both sex, 60 minutes before pentobarbital injection (50 mg/kg). Latency to sleep and sleep duration were recorded. More over the effect of the EO on motor-coordination and muscle relaxation were evaluated using Chimney and Traction test 60 and 90 min after administration of the respective doses of the EO respectively. The essential oil prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleeping time at 600, 800 (comparable to diazepam 3mg/kg), and at 1000 mg/kg compared to vehicle-treated group. The 50% negative response was observed on the Chimney and Traction test at 800 and 1000mg/kg respectively. The essential oil of Myrtus communis possesses dose dependent sedative-hypnotic like activity and CNS depressant activity.
Myrtus communis has been recommended for relief of insomnia in Ethiopian traditional medicine and aromatherapy. However, no pharmacological studies have yet evaluated its sedative-hypnotic like effect. The aim of this study was to determine if the essential oil of Myrtus communis has sedative-hypnotic like activity. The essential oil of Myrtus communis (500,600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg) were administered orally to Swiss albino mice of both sex, 60 minutes before pentobarbital injection (50 mg/kg). Latency to sleep and sleep duration were recorded. More over the effect of the EO on motor-coordination and muscle relaxation were evaluated using Chimney and Traction test 60 and 90 min after administration of the respective doses of the EO respectively. The essential oil prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleeping time at 600, 800 (comparable to diazepam 3mg/kg), and at 1000 mg/kg compared to vehicle-treated group. The 50% negative response was observed on the Chimney and Traction test at 800 and 1000mg/kg respectively. The essential oil of Myrtus communis possesses dose dependent sedative-hypnotic like activity and CNS depressant activity.
Sedative-Hypnotic Like Effect of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Myrtus Communis on Mice
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-08-01
© Science Publishing Group
Muluken Walle
Bizuayehu Walle
Legesse Zerihun
Eyasu Makonnen
Sedative-Hypnotic Like Effect of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Myrtus Communis on Mice
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77
77
2014-08-01
2014-08-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Quality of Life and Urinary Disorders in Metabolic Syndrome
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.13
Introduction: Risk factors of urinary disorders in metabolic syndrome are known. Effect of their association is poorly documented. Objectives: Determine the types of metabolic syndrome as a largest provider of urinary disorders and impact of these on the quality of life. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical multicenter study from january to May 2013. It was done in three centers: the departments of Physical Medicine and endocrinology of university hospital Ibn Rochd of Casablanca and the Lions Club’s "Insulin bank" of Cotonou, Benin. All patients with metabolic syndrome were included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed for NCEP ATP III criteria. Variables such as demographic characteristics, metabolic syndrome, glycemia, triglyceridemia and HDL cholestrolemia were noted. Evaluation of Urinary disorder was conducted by Urinary Symptoms Profile scale (USP). Urinary Symptoms Profile scale has ten items. It accesses urinary incontinence, urge incontinence and dysuria. Evaluation of quality of life was conducted by SF Qualiveen Scale. SF Qualiveen evaluates bother with limitations, fears, feeling and frequency of limitations. Results: we included 68 patients. Women represented 82.2%. The mean of age was 54.43 years. Patients with diabetes represented 98.5%. The main types of metabolic syndrome were the following associations: diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity (19.1%); diabetes, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia (16.2%); diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia (8.8%). Urinary disorders are reported in 51.5% of cases. The main urinary symptoms were overactive bladder (58.8%), urinary incontinence (32.4%) and dysuria (16.2%). Overactive bladder was found in 64.28% of women and in 50% of men. Forty seven point thirty six percent (47.36%) of patients with diabetic neuropathy have manifested dysuria. The average score of USP was 8+/- 8.8. The average score of Qualiveen was 1.25. Metabolic syndrome is significantly associated to urinary disorders, especially the types diabetes-obesity-dyslipidemia (p=0.004) and diabetes-obesity- high blood pressure (HBP) p=0.001). Discussion: Urinary disorders in metabolic syndrome are dominated for overactive bladder. Overactive bladder is more frequent in women and patients aged less than 40 years. Risk factors of urinary disorder are diabetes and obesity. In metabolic syndrome, quality of life is impaired in patients with urinary disorders. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome, especially the associations diabetes-obesity and diabetes- high body circumference (HBC) to others items, increased risk of urinary disorders. Urinary symptoms in metabolic syndrome are dominated by overactive bladder. Overactive bladder is more frequent in women and patients aged less than 40 years. Dysuria is unusual in metabolic syndrome and it’s not always correlated to diabetic neuropathy. Quality of life is impaired in patients with urinary disorder.
Introduction: Risk factors of urinary disorders in metabolic syndrome are known. Effect of their association is poorly documented. Objectives: Determine the types of metabolic syndrome as a largest provider of urinary disorders and impact of these on the quality of life. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical multicenter study from january to May 2013. It was done in three centers: the departments of Physical Medicine and endocrinology of university hospital Ibn Rochd of Casablanca and the Lions Club’s "Insulin bank" of Cotonou, Benin. All patients with metabolic syndrome were included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed for NCEP ATP III criteria. Variables such as demographic characteristics, metabolic syndrome, glycemia, triglyceridemia and HDL cholestrolemia were noted. Evaluation of Urinary disorder was conducted by Urinary Symptoms Profile scale (USP). Urinary Symptoms Profile scale has ten items. It accesses urinary incontinence, urge incontinence and dysuria. Evaluation of quality of life was conducted by SF Qualiveen Scale. SF Qualiveen evaluates bother with limitations, fears, feeling and frequency of limitations. Results: we included 68 patients. Women represented 82.2%. The mean of age was 54.43 years. Patients with diabetes represented 98.5%. The main types of metabolic syndrome were the following associations: diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity (19.1%); diabetes, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia (16.2%); diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia (8.8%). Urinary disorders are reported in 51.5% of cases. The main urinary symptoms were overactive bladder (58.8%), urinary incontinence (32.4%) and dysuria (16.2%). Overactive bladder was found in 64.28% of women and in 50% of men. Forty seven point thirty six percent (47.36%) of patients with diabetic neuropathy have manifested dysuria. The average score of USP was 8+/- 8.8. The average score of Qualiveen was 1.25. Metabolic syndrome is significantly associated to urinary disorders, especially the types diabetes-obesity-dyslipidemia (p=0.004) and diabetes-obesity- high blood pressure (HBP) p=0.001). Discussion: Urinary disorders in metabolic syndrome are dominated for overactive bladder. Overactive bladder is more frequent in women and patients aged less than 40 years. Risk factors of urinary disorder are diabetes and obesity. In metabolic syndrome, quality of life is impaired in patients with urinary disorders. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome, especially the associations diabetes-obesity and diabetes- high body circumference (HBC) to others items, increased risk of urinary disorders. Urinary symptoms in metabolic syndrome are dominated by overactive bladder. Overactive bladder is more frequent in women and patients aged less than 40 years. Dysuria is unusual in metabolic syndrome and it’s not always correlated to diabetic neuropathy. Quality of life is impaired in patients with urinary disorder.
Quality of Life and Urinary Disorders in Metabolic Syndrome
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-08-17
© Science Publishing Group
Diagne N. S.
Nait Khachat A.
Azanmasso H.
Tchonda E.
Belhai K.
Tahiri A.
Lmidmani F.
Diop A. G.
Ndiaye M M
El Fatimi A.
Quality of Life and Urinary Disorders in Metabolic Syndrome
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2014-08-17
2014-08-17
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.13
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Acute Dermal Irritation and Wound Contraction by Gymnema Sylvestre and Datura Metel Extracts in Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.14
In this study, to comparatively evaluate whether aqueous extracts of G. sylvestre and D. metel induce acute dermal irritation and or contract wound tests were performed using experimental animals. The skin of the rats was treated with these extracts (0.5g/dose) and whether the animals sustained skin damage was determined by visual observation. The data demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of both plants did not induce acute skin irritation (toxicity) on the skin of the animals as assessed by pathological observations. Wound healing properties were evaluated using excision wound model. The groups of rats were experimentally wounded at the posterior neck area. An area of uniform wound of 7x7mm using millimetre rule was exercised from the dorsal back of the rats. The animal groups were topically treated with G. sylvestre and D. metel gels. Wound dressed with leaf, stem and flower of G. sylvestre and leaf, stem and fruit of D. metel gel significantly heal earlier than those treated with paraffin base, while the leaf and stem of G. sylvestre and leaf and fruit of D. metel healed wound better than povidone iodine. The results from the present study suggest that these aqueous extracts of G. sylvestre and D. metel have promising potential uses as cosmetic ingredients that do not induce significant levels of dermal irritation and exhibit wound healing properties. Wound contraction elicited by these plant parts in this investigation following topical administration strongly corroborates the verbal claims on their efficacy for these activities.
In this study, to comparatively evaluate whether aqueous extracts of G. sylvestre and D. metel induce acute dermal irritation and or contract wound tests were performed using experimental animals. The skin of the rats was treated with these extracts (0.5g/dose) and whether the animals sustained skin damage was determined by visual observation. The data demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of both plants did not induce acute skin irritation (toxicity) on the skin of the animals as assessed by pathological observations. Wound healing properties were evaluated using excision wound model. The groups of rats were experimentally wounded at the posterior neck area. An area of uniform wound of 7x7mm using millimetre rule was exercised from the dorsal back of the rats. The animal groups were topically treated with G. sylvestre and D. metel gels. Wound dressed with leaf, stem and flower of G. sylvestre and leaf, stem and fruit of D. metel gel significantly heal earlier than those treated with paraffin base, while the leaf and stem of G. sylvestre and leaf and fruit of D. metel healed wound better than povidone iodine. The results from the present study suggest that these aqueous extracts of G. sylvestre and D. metel have promising potential uses as cosmetic ingredients that do not induce significant levels of dermal irritation and exhibit wound healing properties. Wound contraction elicited by these plant parts in this investigation following topical administration strongly corroborates the verbal claims on their efficacy for these activities.
Evaluation of Acute Dermal Irritation and Wound Contraction by Gymnema Sylvestre and Datura Metel Extracts in Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-08-27
© Science Publishing Group
Omale James
Ajidahun Bidemi Sunday
Evaluation of Acute Dermal Irritation and Wound Contraction by Gymnema Sylvestre and Datura Metel Extracts in Rats
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88
88
2014-08-27
2014-08-27
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.14
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Khat Chewing Behaviours on Health Outcomes among Male Khat Chewers in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.15
Khat is found in the evergreen tree or large shrub, consists of whole fresh leaves and buds of a plant known as Catha edulis. It is an indigenous tree to Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen and more than 20 different compounds are fund in khat. Cathinone, which is the main active ingredient in Khat leave, is responsible for the pharmacological properties of Khat. Bahir Dar is a city that three percent of Ethiopia’s total production of khat is originated from. There is no community based study that has been done in Bahir Dar city to determine effects of khat chewing behaviours on self rated oral health status and risk on elevated blood pressure. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of Khat chewing behaviors on oral health status and blood pressure on chewers. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2013 among chewers of Bahir Dar city. A total of 422 male khat chewers were included in study, 422 respond to the questioners, giving a response rate of 100%. The study found that the mean age of participants with standard deviation was 30.31 ± 1.39 years old. Sixty two percent of participants reported oral health problems and started khat chewing at early age. Started khat chewing at early age was found to be statistically significantly associated with self rated oral health problem (AOR: 2.85, CI 95%:1.26-6.45). Frequent chewers were 7.58 times more likely to be affected by self rated oral health problem compared to those who chewed less frequently (AOR: 7.58,95%CI:3.53-16.27). Chewers who chewed more than or equal to 100gms of khat per session were 4.33 times more likely to be affected by oral health problem compared to those who chewed less amount (AOR: 4.33, 95%CI: 2.49-7.53). As for the time period spent for Khat session, those who spent more than 6 hours in a khat session were 7.25 times more likely to have elevated systolic blood pressure compared to those who spent less than 6 hours, (AOR :7.25; 95%CI: 4.03-13.05). It was also found that those who spent more than 6 hours in a khat session were almost 9 times more likely to have elevated diastolic blood pressure compared to who spent less than 6 hours (AOR:8.99,95%CI:4.85-16.66).The risk of elevated systolic blood pressure was more than 5.26 times more likely among male chewers who reported increase amount of khat chewing compared to who reported decrease the amount in last 12 months, (AOR:5.26:95% CI: 2.76-10.15) and the risk of elevated diastolic blood pressure was more than 7 times more likely among chewers who reported increase amount of khat chewing in the last 12 months (AOR:7.25,95%CI:3.66-14.38).
Khat is found in the evergreen tree or large shrub, consists of whole fresh leaves and buds of a plant known as Catha edulis. It is an indigenous tree to Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen and more than 20 different compounds are fund in khat. Cathinone, which is the main active ingredient in Khat leave, is responsible for the pharmacological properties of Khat. Bahir Dar is a city that three percent of Ethiopia’s total production of khat is originated from. There is no community based study that has been done in Bahir Dar city to determine effects of khat chewing behaviours on self rated oral health status and risk on elevated blood pressure. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of Khat chewing behaviors on oral health status and blood pressure on chewers. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2013 among chewers of Bahir Dar city. A total of 422 male khat chewers were included in study, 422 respond to the questioners, giving a response rate of 100%. The study found that the mean age of participants with standard deviation was 30.31 ± 1.39 years old. Sixty two percent of participants reported oral health problems and started khat chewing at early age. Started khat chewing at early age was found to be statistically significantly associated with self rated oral health problem (AOR: 2.85, CI 95%:1.26-6.45). Frequent chewers were 7.58 times more likely to be affected by self rated oral health problem compared to those who chewed less frequently (AOR: 7.58,95%CI:3.53-16.27). Chewers who chewed more than or equal to 100gms of khat per session were 4.33 times more likely to be affected by oral health problem compared to those who chewed less amount (AOR: 4.33, 95%CI: 2.49-7.53). As for the time period spent for Khat session, those who spent more than 6 hours in a khat session were 7.25 times more likely to have elevated systolic blood pressure compared to those who spent less than 6 hours, (AOR :7.25; 95%CI: 4.03-13.05). It was also found that those who spent more than 6 hours in a khat session were almost 9 times more likely to have elevated diastolic blood pressure compared to who spent less than 6 hours (AOR:8.99,95%CI:4.85-16.66).The risk of elevated systolic blood pressure was more than 5.26 times more likely among male chewers who reported increase amount of khat chewing compared to who reported decrease the amount in last 12 months, (AOR:5.26:95% CI: 2.76-10.15) and the risk of elevated diastolic blood pressure was more than 7 times more likely among chewers who reported increase amount of khat chewing in the last 12 months (AOR:7.25,95%CI:3.66-14.38).
Effects of Khat Chewing Behaviours on Health Outcomes among Male Khat Chewers in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Bizuayehu Walle Birhane
Muluken Walle Birhane
Kidest Reba Lebeta
Effects of Khat Chewing Behaviours on Health Outcomes among Male Khat Chewers in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia
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2014-09-02
2014-09-02
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.15
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12
The Sundarbans is the largest, biologically richest, and most extensive mangrove forest in the world. Heritiera fomes (Sundri) tree is the most important ecologically dominant and economically valuable tree species in the Sundarbans. However, a serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil, water, and vegetation in order to categorize different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying. 63 soil samples and 9 water samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil and water, such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, soil pH, CEC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance. Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots. Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants.
The Sundarbans is the largest, biologically richest, and most extensive mangrove forest in the world. Heritiera fomes (Sundri) tree is the most important ecologically dominant and economically valuable tree species in the Sundarbans. However, a serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil, water, and vegetation in order to categorize different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying. 63 soil samples and 9 water samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil and water, such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, soil pH, CEC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance. Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots. Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants.
Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Awal Mohd Abdul
Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS
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5
118
118
2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Environmental Pollution in Sundarbans
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.11
The Sundarbans is the largest, biologically richest, and most extensive mangrove forest in the world, which is also a world heritage site. Heritiera fomes (Sundri) tree is the most important ecologically dominant and economically valuable tree species and there are 3.5 million in Sundarbans. However, heavy metal contamination is affecting millions of the trees & people in Sundarbans (Awal, 2007). 45.2 million of Sundri trees have been affected in Sundarbans (Chaffey et, al., 1985). Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth's crust, and accumulation of heavy metals in soil is responsible for pharmacological activity in plants. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals such as Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, K, Mg, Mo, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Zn, can cause deleterious health effects in humans & plants. Excessive levels can be damaging to the organism. Heavy metals disrupt metabolic functions and they accumulate and thereby disrupt function in vital organs and glands such as the heart, brain, kidneys, bone, liver, etc. They displace the vital nutritional minerals from their original place, thereby, hindering their biological function. There are many ways by which these toxins can be introduced into the body such as consumption of foods, skin exposure, and the inhaled air. Plants experience oxidative stress upon exposure to heavy metals that leads to cellular damage and disturbance of cellular ionic homeostasis. So, the loss of H. fomes & loss of surrounding people will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focussing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water and human bodies, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible.
The Sundarbans is the largest, biologically richest, and most extensive mangrove forest in the world, which is also a world heritage site. Heritiera fomes (Sundri) tree is the most important ecologically dominant and economically valuable tree species and there are 3.5 million in Sundarbans. However, heavy metal contamination is affecting millions of the trees & people in Sundarbans (Awal, 2007). 45.2 million of Sundri trees have been affected in Sundarbans (Chaffey et, al., 1985). Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth's crust, and accumulation of heavy metals in soil is responsible for pharmacological activity in plants. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals such as Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, K, Mg, Mo, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Zn, can cause deleterious health effects in humans & plants. Excessive levels can be damaging to the organism. Heavy metals disrupt metabolic functions and they accumulate and thereby disrupt function in vital organs and glands such as the heart, brain, kidneys, bone, liver, etc. They displace the vital nutritional minerals from their original place, thereby, hindering their biological function. There are many ways by which these toxins can be introduced into the body such as consumption of foods, skin exposure, and the inhaled air. Plants experience oxidative stress upon exposure to heavy metals that leads to cellular damage and disturbance of cellular ionic homeostasis. So, the loss of H. fomes & loss of surrounding people will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focussing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water and human bodies, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible.
Analysis of Environmental Pollution in Sundarbans
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Awal Mohd Abdul
Analysis of Environmental Pollution in Sundarbans
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107
107
2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Purification and Gene Cloning of a Novel Antibacterial Phospholipase A2 from the Sponge Agelas Clathroides In Kapoposang Island Indonesia Terrestrial
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.13
A new phospholipase A2 enzyme (PLA2) has been purified from the sponge of Agelas clathroides by using ammonium sulphate fractionation, column chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. It behaves as a single-band on SDS-PAGE with molecular weight of 39 kDa. Based on amino acids partial sequence, we cloned and sequenced cDNA encoding PLA2. It consists of 474 nucleotides encoding 157 amino acid residues including a putative initiation Met. To obtain it in large amounts, the coding sequence of PLA2 was cloned into pGEX-2TK vector and expressed as a PLA2 fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 strain. The soluble fusion protein collected from the supernatant of the cell lysate with induction by 50 M isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was purified in a single-step on glutathione agarose bead chromatography. The purified native PLA2 protein and recombinant PLA2 fusion protein were determinated for novel antibacterial activity. Recombinant PLA2 fusion protein exhibited a similar antibacterial activity to the native PLA2. The recombinant PLA2 had stronger antibacterial activity toward Salmonella typhy and Staphylococus aureus (G+) with the inhibition zone diameters of 2.0 times higher than that toward Echerichia coli and Vibrio cholerae (G-). These works might provide a significant foundation for following research on the antibacterial action of PLA2 protein from marine sponges.
A new phospholipase A2 enzyme (PLA2) has been purified from the sponge of Agelas clathroides by using ammonium sulphate fractionation, column chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. It behaves as a single-band on SDS-PAGE with molecular weight of 39 kDa. Based on amino acids partial sequence, we cloned and sequenced cDNA encoding PLA2. It consists of 474 nucleotides encoding 157 amino acid residues including a putative initiation Met. To obtain it in large amounts, the coding sequence of PLA2 was cloned into pGEX-2TK vector and expressed as a PLA2 fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 strain. The soluble fusion protein collected from the supernatant of the cell lysate with induction by 50 M isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was purified in a single-step on glutathione agarose bead chromatography. The purified native PLA2 protein and recombinant PLA2 fusion protein were determinated for novel antibacterial activity. Recombinant PLA2 fusion protein exhibited a similar antibacterial activity to the native PLA2. The recombinant PLA2 had stronger antibacterial activity toward Salmonella typhy and Staphylococus aureus (G+) with the inhibition zone diameters of 2.0 times higher than that toward Echerichia coli and Vibrio cholerae (G-). These works might provide a significant foundation for following research on the antibacterial action of PLA2 protein from marine sponges.
Purification and Gene Cloning of a Novel Antibacterial Phospholipase A2 from the Sponge Agelas Clathroides In Kapoposang Island Indonesia Terrestrial
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Ahyar Ahmad
Hasnah Natsir
Harningsih Karim
Purification and Gene Cloning of a Novel Antibacterial Phospholipase A2 from the Sponge Agelas Clathroides In Kapoposang Island Indonesia Terrestrial
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126
126
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.13
© Science Publishing Group
Phylogenetic Grouping and Virulence Characterization of ESBL-Producing and Non-Producing Vaginal Escherichia Coli
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.14
The initial colonization of the vaginal mucosa with Escherichia coli is considered as a critical step toward urinary tract and neonatal infections. This study was conducted to characterize ESBL-producing (n=40) vaginal E. coli isolates from pregnant and non-pregnant women. These isolates were compared with corresponding ESBL-non-producing E. coli isolates (n=21). Both groups were investigated using PCR-based protocols for their phylogenetic origin and virulence genotype. High numbers of ESBL producers and non-producers were from group B2 (47.5% vs. 42.8%, respectively). None of ESBL non-producers clustered in group D, whereas significant numbers (P ≤ 0.05) of them belonged to group B1 (33.3%) in comparison with 20.0% and 7.5% of ESBL producers, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence of this study included virulence factors were not observed between these two groups. In both high rates of multiple virulence factors possession were demonstrated among isolates belonged to groups B2 and D. Comparison of CTX-M-producers with non-CTX-M-ESBL-producers and ESBL-non-producers revealed no significant differences among these three groups. In total, 60.8%, 17.3%, 17.3% and 4.3% of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates clustered in groups B2, D, A and B1, respectively. All MDR-ESBL-non producers (100%) belonged to phylogroup B2 compared with 50% of MDR ESBL-producers and their virulence was much more higher. This study indicates that significant differences are not present between ESBL-producing and non-producing vaginal E. coli for both phylogenetic group distribution and virulence genes possession. Also, ESBL-producing vaginal E. coli, especially CTX-M producers, tend to be more dominant among the highly virulent phylogroup B2 and to a lesser extent group D. These data reveal the importance of vaginal colonization by these highly virulent, MDR, ESBL-producing E. coli as a source of extraintestinal E. coli infections.
The initial colonization of the vaginal mucosa with Escherichia coli is considered as a critical step toward urinary tract and neonatal infections. This study was conducted to characterize ESBL-producing (n=40) vaginal E. coli isolates from pregnant and non-pregnant women. These isolates were compared with corresponding ESBL-non-producing E. coli isolates (n=21). Both groups were investigated using PCR-based protocols for their phylogenetic origin and virulence genotype. High numbers of ESBL producers and non-producers were from group B2 (47.5% vs. 42.8%, respectively). None of ESBL non-producers clustered in group D, whereas significant numbers (P ≤ 0.05) of them belonged to group B1 (33.3%) in comparison with 20.0% and 7.5% of ESBL producers, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence of this study included virulence factors were not observed between these two groups. In both high rates of multiple virulence factors possession were demonstrated among isolates belonged to groups B2 and D. Comparison of CTX-M-producers with non-CTX-M-ESBL-producers and ESBL-non-producers revealed no significant differences among these three groups. In total, 60.8%, 17.3%, 17.3% and 4.3% of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates clustered in groups B2, D, A and B1, respectively. All MDR-ESBL-non producers (100%) belonged to phylogroup B2 compared with 50% of MDR ESBL-producers and their virulence was much more higher. This study indicates that significant differences are not present between ESBL-producing and non-producing vaginal E. coli for both phylogenetic group distribution and virulence genes possession. Also, ESBL-producing vaginal E. coli, especially CTX-M producers, tend to be more dominant among the highly virulent phylogroup B2 and to a lesser extent group D. These data reveal the importance of vaginal colonization by these highly virulent, MDR, ESBL-producing E. coli as a source of extraintestinal E. coli infections.
Phylogenetic Grouping and Virulence Characterization of ESBL-Producing and Non-Producing Vaginal Escherichia Coli
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-10-22
© Science Publishing Group
Sareaa Maseer Gatya Al-Mayahie
Phylogenetic Grouping and Virulence Characterization of ESBL-Producing and Non-Producing Vaginal Escherichia Coli
2
5
133
133
2014-10-22
2014-10-22
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.14
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Protein from Green Algae Halimeda macrobola Acting as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agent
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.15
A protein fraction isolated from green algae Halimeda macrobola taken from the sea of Selayar and Kapoposang Island in South Sulawesi was tested for antioxidant and anticancer properties. The protein was isolated using buffer Tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane. Initial purification of protein was conducted by using the fractionation method with ammonium sulphate, followed by dialysis process. Protein concentration was determined by Lowry method. Antioxidant assay was done by using DPPH method and anticancer activity test by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Anticancer activity was further confirmed by antimitotic test using urchin zygote cells. The results showed that the protein concentration of the crude extract was 0.920 mg/mL. The highest concentration of protein fractions was indicated by the fraction 40-60%, with 1.015 mg/mL. The strong antioxidant activity was shown in the protein fraction of 0-20% saturation with IC50 values of 0.110 mg/mL.The highest activity in the anticancer tests was shown in fractions 0-20% saturation with LC50 values of 0.29 µg/mL and IC50 value of 53.80 µg/mL. The protein fraction 0-20% saturation had a potential to be developed as antioxidant and anticancer agent. These results demonstrate that inexpensive green algae Halimeda macrobola could be a new alternative to produce antioxidant and anticancer proteins.
A protein fraction isolated from green algae Halimeda macrobola taken from the sea of Selayar and Kapoposang Island in South Sulawesi was tested for antioxidant and anticancer properties. The protein was isolated using buffer Tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane. Initial purification of protein was conducted by using the fractionation method with ammonium sulphate, followed by dialysis process. Protein concentration was determined by Lowry method. Antioxidant assay was done by using DPPH method and anticancer activity test by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Anticancer activity was further confirmed by antimitotic test using urchin zygote cells. The results showed that the protein concentration of the crude extract was 0.920 mg/mL. The highest concentration of protein fractions was indicated by the fraction 40-60%, with 1.015 mg/mL. The strong antioxidant activity was shown in the protein fraction of 0-20% saturation with IC50 values of 0.110 mg/mL.The highest activity in the anticancer tests was shown in fractions 0-20% saturation with LC50 values of 0.29 µg/mL and IC50 value of 53.80 µg/mL. The protein fraction 0-20% saturation had a potential to be developed as antioxidant and anticancer agent. These results demonstrate that inexpensive green algae Halimeda macrobola could be a new alternative to produce antioxidant and anticancer proteins.
Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Protein from Green Algae Halimeda macrobola Acting as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agent
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-10-23
© Science Publishing Group
Ahyar Ahmad
Hanapi Usman
Hasnah Natsir
Abdul Karim
Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Protein from Green Algae Halimeda macrobola Acting as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agent
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5
140
140
2014-10-23
2014-10-23
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.15
© Science Publishing Group
Wound Healing Potential of Tillandsia recurvata and Guaiacum officinale in Streptozotocin Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.12
One of the major challenges faced by people living with diabetes is the treatment and management of diabetic sores and ulcers. Jamaican Ball Moss (Tillandsia recurvata sp.) and Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale) are indigenous to the West Indian region and have been widely studied and used as ethnomedicinal remedies to treat numerous diseases. The anti-tumor properties of the Ball Moss has been the centre of recent discussions, however, both plants are quite popular among Jamaican folklore medicine as effective anti-inflammatory remedies in the treatment of arthritic and rheumatic conditions. This study evaluated the wound healing potential of Tillandsia recurvata sp. and Guaiacum officinale in an excision wound model of normal and streptozotocin induced type I diabetic rats. Rats were grouped (n=6) with similar weight. Animals were placed into 7 study groups, each with different treatments administered topically. All animals were experimentally wounded on the posterior surface. Normal and diabetic groups were treated with Vaseline (control group), Lignum Vitae and Ball Moss extracts and Neosporin (standard group). Animals treated with Ball Moss showed a reduction by 56 % (normal) and 52 % (diabetic) in wound area while Lignum Vitae resulted in a 47 % (normal rats) and 40.5 % (diabetic rats) reduction. The wound area reduction was significantly higher than that of the control with 32 % and 22 % for normal and diabetic rats respectively. The results obtained indicated that both Ball Moss and Lignum Vitae possess wound healing properties with efficacy similar to that of Neosporin.
One of the major challenges faced by people living with diabetes is the treatment and management of diabetic sores and ulcers. Jamaican Ball Moss (Tillandsia recurvata sp.) and Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale) are indigenous to the West Indian region and have been widely studied and used as ethnomedicinal remedies to treat numerous diseases. The anti-tumor properties of the Ball Moss has been the centre of recent discussions, however, both plants are quite popular among Jamaican folklore medicine as effective anti-inflammatory remedies in the treatment of arthritic and rheumatic conditions. This study evaluated the wound healing potential of Tillandsia recurvata sp. and Guaiacum officinale in an excision wound model of normal and streptozotocin induced type I diabetic rats. Rats were grouped (n=6) with similar weight. Animals were placed into 7 study groups, each with different treatments administered topically. All animals were experimentally wounded on the posterior surface. Normal and diabetic groups were treated with Vaseline (control group), Lignum Vitae and Ball Moss extracts and Neosporin (standard group). Animals treated with Ball Moss showed a reduction by 56 % (normal) and 52 % (diabetic) in wound area while Lignum Vitae resulted in a 47 % (normal rats) and 40.5 % (diabetic rats) reduction. The wound area reduction was significantly higher than that of the control with 32 % and 22 % for normal and diabetic rats respectively. The results obtained indicated that both Ball Moss and Lignum Vitae possess wound healing properties with efficacy similar to that of Neosporin.
Wound Healing Potential of Tillandsia recurvata and Guaiacum officinale in Streptozotocin Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-11-22
© Science Publishing Group
Perceval Steven Bahado-Singh
Cliff Kelvin Riley
Henry Isaac Lowe
Charah Tabetha Watson
Andrew O’Brien Wheatley
Errol St. Aubyn York Morrison
Wound Healing Potential of Tillandsia recurvata and Guaiacum officinale in Streptozotocin Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats
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149
149
2014-11-22
2014-11-22
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Exercise on Fiber Properties in the Denervated Rodent Diaphragm
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.11
In a unilaterally denervated diaphragm, atrophy of fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers, but not of fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG) or slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers, occurs. The inhibition of atrophy in FOG and SO fibers may be due to the effects of stretch stimuli caused by respiratory contraction of the contralateral diaphragm. We examined the effects of exercise (treadmill running) on the histochemical and biochemical properties of muscle fibers of the costal diaphragm in three groups. Eighteen rats were distributed in (i) a denervation + treadmill running (Dn ex) group, (ii) a denervation (Dn) group, and (iii) a control (Ct) group. After 4 weeks of running, we measured the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and cross-sectional area of the diaphragm muscle. The expression of MHC 1 and MHC 2a increased 4 weeks after denervation. In contrast, the expression of MHC 2d decreased significantly. After 4 weeks of running, the cross-sectional area of FG fibers increased significantly (85.5%; P < 0.05) compared with that in the Dn group. We suggest that exercise enhances the morphological properties and myosin heavy chain isoforms of the denervated diaphragm. This exercise-mediated adaptation may be associated with the improvement of FG fibers in the denervated diaphragm.
In a unilaterally denervated diaphragm, atrophy of fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers, but not of fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG) or slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers, occurs. The inhibition of atrophy in FOG and SO fibers may be due to the effects of stretch stimuli caused by respiratory contraction of the contralateral diaphragm. We examined the effects of exercise (treadmill running) on the histochemical and biochemical properties of muscle fibers of the costal diaphragm in three groups. Eighteen rats were distributed in (i) a denervation + treadmill running (Dn ex) group, (ii) a denervation (Dn) group, and (iii) a control (Ct) group. After 4 weeks of running, we measured the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and cross-sectional area of the diaphragm muscle. The expression of MHC 1 and MHC 2a increased 4 weeks after denervation. In contrast, the expression of MHC 2d decreased significantly. After 4 weeks of running, the cross-sectional area of FG fibers increased significantly (85.5%; P < 0.05) compared with that in the Dn group. We suggest that exercise enhances the morphological properties and myosin heavy chain isoforms of the denervated diaphragm. This exercise-mediated adaptation may be associated with the improvement of FG fibers in the denervated diaphragm.
Effects of Exercise on Fiber Properties in the Denervated Rodent Diaphragm
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-11-22
© Science Publishing Group
Hidetaka Imagita
Susumu Sakata
Akira Minematsu
Naohiko Kanemura
Hideki Moriyama
Hidenori Takemoto
Tadayuki Mita
Effects of Exercise on Fiber Properties in the Denervated Rodent Diaphragm
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145
145
2014-11-22
2014-11-22
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Comparison Parasitological Diagnostic Techniques of Gastro-Intestinal Parasitic Infections of Horses in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.13
This research study was conducted to determine the incidence of Gastrointestinal Parasites Infection of Horses in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Thirty (30) Horses were selected randomly from Shukari - Maidokiri, Maiduguri. Comparative parasitological diagnostic techniques were applied (both macroscopic and microscopic examinations of direct smears and concentration techniques) and the results obtained revealed mean total infectivity of 20%. The macroscopic examination of the faecal samples revealed mean prevalence of 21%, while the microscopic examination of the faecal samples using 0.85% Normal saline solution direct smear wet preparation technique; protozoan cysts and their vegetative form, helminths ovae and larvae form found are 28%, Lugol’s iodine solution direct smear are 34%, concentration technique by floatation using saturated salt solution of sodium chloride are 35% mean of infectivity. From these 3 techniques were applied; the mean total infectivity of protozoan cysts are 36%, vegetative forms 17%, helminths ova 29%, larvae 17% and adult Parasite found 0%. When multiples diagnostic techniques are been applied, the possibility of missing any Parasite will be exceptional, it will reveals a higher results of positivity if infected. Owners of Horses were urged to take their horses to a Veterinary clinic or hospital nearby for an accurate and appropriate diagnosis, for the wellbeing of their animal routinely.
This research study was conducted to determine the incidence of Gastrointestinal Parasites Infection of Horses in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Thirty (30) Horses were selected randomly from Shukari - Maidokiri, Maiduguri. Comparative parasitological diagnostic techniques were applied (both macroscopic and microscopic examinations of direct smears and concentration techniques) and the results obtained revealed mean total infectivity of 20%. The macroscopic examination of the faecal samples revealed mean prevalence of 21%, while the microscopic examination of the faecal samples using 0.85% Normal saline solution direct smear wet preparation technique; protozoan cysts and their vegetative form, helminths ovae and larvae form found are 28%, Lugol’s iodine solution direct smear are 34%, concentration technique by floatation using saturated salt solution of sodium chloride are 35% mean of infectivity. From these 3 techniques were applied; the mean total infectivity of protozoan cysts are 36%, vegetative forms 17%, helminths ova 29%, larvae 17% and adult Parasite found 0%. When multiples diagnostic techniques are been applied, the possibility of missing any Parasite will be exceptional, it will reveals a higher results of positivity if infected. Owners of Horses were urged to take their horses to a Veterinary clinic or hospital nearby for an accurate and appropriate diagnosis, for the wellbeing of their animal routinely.
Comparison Parasitological Diagnostic Techniques of Gastro-Intestinal Parasitic Infections of Horses in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-11-24
© Science Publishing Group
Abdullahi Abubakar Biu
Gwana Adamu Mohaammed
Bukar-Kolo M. Yachilla
Bassey Effiong Edet
Uvu Usman Sha’aibu
Aja Makinta
Abdullahi Mumin Mai
Modu Gana Umara
Comparison Parasitological Diagnostic Techniques of Gastro-Intestinal Parasitic Infections of Horses in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria
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155
155
2014-11-24
2014-11-24
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Antimicrobial Inhibition on Zoonotic Bacterial Escherichia coli O157: H7 as a Cause of Food Borne Disease
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.15
This study aims to accelerate zoonosis control system, secure food safety and improve the environmental quality. Meat samples, swab and water were acquired from five regions in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The samples were implanted to bacterial growth medium inside the ice-box and carried to the lab to be inoculated with Nutrient Agar, Eosin Methylen Blue Agar Sorbitol Mac Conkey Agar (SMAC). IMVIC test, Biochemical Test and pathogenic test with blood Agar from the suspected Escherichia coli O157H7 result, was followed by PCR test to genetically identify the bacteria. The result was then examined for sensitivity test with antibiotics: Imipenem, Tetracycline, Erytromycin, Levofloxacine, Amoxycilin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacine. Among 117 samples. 43 was assumed positive with culture method, 12 was assumed positive with PCR E.coli O157H7.The most sensitive antibiotics, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacine and levofloxacine.
This study aims to accelerate zoonosis control system, secure food safety and improve the environmental quality. Meat samples, swab and water were acquired from five regions in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The samples were implanted to bacterial growth medium inside the ice-box and carried to the lab to be inoculated with Nutrient Agar, Eosin Methylen Blue Agar Sorbitol Mac Conkey Agar (SMAC). IMVIC test, Biochemical Test and pathogenic test with blood Agar from the suspected Escherichia coli O157H7 result, was followed by PCR test to genetically identify the bacteria. The result was then examined for sensitivity test with antibiotics: Imipenem, Tetracycline, Erytromycin, Levofloxacine, Amoxycilin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacine. Among 117 samples. 43 was assumed positive with culture method, 12 was assumed positive with PCR E.coli O157H7.The most sensitive antibiotics, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacine and levofloxacine.
Antimicrobial Inhibition on Zoonotic Bacterial Escherichia coli O157: H7 as a Cause of Food Borne Disease
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-01-08
© Science Publishing Group
Lucia Winata Muslimin
Abdul Wahid Jamaluddin
Ressy Dwiyanti
Mochammad Hatta
Antimicrobial Inhibition on Zoonotic Bacterial Escherichia coli O157: H7 as a Cause of Food Borne Disease
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2015-01-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.15
© Science Publishing Group
Age-Related Changes in Collagen Degeneration of the Rotator Cuff in an Animal Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.14
Rotator cuff tears are a common injury in the elderly and often impose limitations on the range of motion and cause pain. The cause of rotator cuff tearing is unknown, and degeneration of the supraspinatus tendon with age is poorly understood.In the present study, we examined collagen degeneration of the supraspinatus tendon in the rat shoulder joint. Using rats of different age (10 weeks: young, 6 months: adult, and 2 years: old), we examined the supraspinatus tendon by immunofluorescence staining (collagen types I and III), assessed the amount of collagen and mRNA expression for collagen type 1A1, 3A1 (COL1A1, COL3A1), matrix metalloproteinase 2,9 (MMP-2, -9).After immunofluorescence staining, the layer structure of tendon to bone attachment was apparent in the young. The amount of collagen decreased in the old group. In addition the mRNA expression of Col1a1 and Col3a1 was significantly reduced in the old group.On the one hand, the old groups showed higher mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 than the young group. The ability to synthesize collagen decreases during aging and the amount of total collagen that is present in the supraspinatus tendon is decreased. These changes may contribute to tearing/breakage of the supraspinatus tendon.
Rotator cuff tears are a common injury in the elderly and often impose limitations on the range of motion and cause pain. The cause of rotator cuff tearing is unknown, and degeneration of the supraspinatus tendon with age is poorly understood.In the present study, we examined collagen degeneration of the supraspinatus tendon in the rat shoulder joint. Using rats of different age (10 weeks: young, 6 months: adult, and 2 years: old), we examined the supraspinatus tendon by immunofluorescence staining (collagen types I and III), assessed the amount of collagen and mRNA expression for collagen type 1A1, 3A1 (COL1A1, COL3A1), matrix metalloproteinase 2,9 (MMP-2, -9).After immunofluorescence staining, the layer structure of tendon to bone attachment was apparent in the young. The amount of collagen decreased in the old group. In addition the mRNA expression of Col1a1 and Col3a1 was significantly reduced in the old group.On the one hand, the old groups showed higher mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 than the young group. The ability to synthesize collagen decreases during aging and the amount of total collagen that is present in the supraspinatus tendon is decreased. These changes may contribute to tearing/breakage of the supraspinatus tendon.
Age-Related Changes in Collagen Degeneration of the Rotator Cuff in an Animal Model
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-01-08
© Science Publishing Group
Kenji Murata
Naohiko Kanemura
Takanori Kokubun
Tsutomu Fujino
Junichi Matsumoto
Kenji Yasui
Kiyomi Takayanagi
Age-Related Changes in Collagen Degeneration of the Rotator Cuff in an Animal Model
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162
162
2015-01-08
2015-01-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20140206.14
© Science Publishing Group
Morphological and Functional Positive Effect with the Association of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Corticoid Against Acute Acoustic Trauma
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.13
Studies describe the use of corticosteroids as the best alternative to treat acoustic trauma, but recent studies point to their combination with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as the major benefit in lesions by noise. This study aimed to evaluate the association between HBOT and corticoid therapy (CT). Female guinea pigs were exposed to a white noise on 4 kHz at 110 dB SPL during 72 hours and divided into three treatment groups: HBOT, CT and the combination of both therapies (HBOCT). The treatment lasted five days, being a therapy session per day. All animals were exposed to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in three moments: before and after exposure to the noise and after the treatment. All cochleae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Although not statistically significant, the anatomical and functional findings concluded that the association HBOCT played a better otoprotective and therapeutic effect compared to those same therapies alone.
Studies describe the use of corticosteroids as the best alternative to treat acoustic trauma, but recent studies point to their combination with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as the major benefit in lesions by noise. This study aimed to evaluate the association between HBOT and corticoid therapy (CT). Female guinea pigs were exposed to a white noise on 4 kHz at 110 dB SPL during 72 hours and divided into three treatment groups: HBOT, CT and the combination of both therapies (HBOCT). The treatment lasted five days, being a therapy session per day. All animals were exposed to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in three moments: before and after exposure to the noise and after the treatment. All cochleae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Although not statistically significant, the anatomical and functional findings concluded that the association HBOCT played a better otoprotective and therapeutic effect compared to those same therapies alone.
Morphological and Functional Positive Effect with the Association of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Corticoid Against Acute Acoustic Trauma
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-11-29
© Science Publishing Group
Gleice Cristina Colombari
Adriana de Andrade Batista Murashima
Omar Feres
Miguel Angelo Hyppolito
Morphological and Functional Positive Effect with the Association of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Corticoid Against Acute Acoustic Trauma
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2014-11-29
2014-11-29
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.13
© Science Publishing Group
Stem Cells Take Part in Regulation of Prooxidant Activity and Immunity at Liver Fibrosis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.12
It has been explored the possibility of correction of prooxidant-antioxidant parameters at rats with experimental liver fibrosis and immunological status of these animals using xenogeneic embryonic stem cells. It is shown that the threefold sequential administration of copper sulfate in dose 1 mg / 100 g of body weight, which amounted to 30% of the lethal dose in 48 hour intervals between administrations induced liver fibrosis in 24 hours after the last administration to 3 month animals. It was found that the development of fibrosis, was accompanied 50 per cent increase in TBA-active products in the mitochondria and 25% of the increase in the microsomes of liver cells. Content of Ig A, IgM, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and the average molecular weight peptides was increased to 2-3 times in the same time. Introduction of xenogenic embryonic stem cells in animals with experimental fibrosis accompanied by decrease in the amount of TBA-active products to almost intact control. It coincided with the 60% increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the mitochondria. Introduction of stem cells to experimental animals provide a normalization of the content of Ig A, Ig M, the CiC and the average molecular weight of the peptides.
It has been explored the possibility of correction of prooxidant-antioxidant parameters at rats with experimental liver fibrosis and immunological status of these animals using xenogeneic embryonic stem cells. It is shown that the threefold sequential administration of copper sulfate in dose 1 mg / 100 g of body weight, which amounted to 30% of the lethal dose in 48 hour intervals between administrations induced liver fibrosis in 24 hours after the last administration to 3 month animals. It was found that the development of fibrosis, was accompanied 50 per cent increase in TBA-active products in the mitochondria and 25% of the increase in the microsomes of liver cells. Content of Ig A, IgM, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and the average molecular weight peptides was increased to 2-3 times in the same time. Introduction of xenogenic embryonic stem cells in animals with experimental fibrosis accompanied by decrease in the amount of TBA-active products to almost intact control. It coincided with the 60% increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the mitochondria. Introduction of stem cells to experimental animals provide a normalization of the content of Ig A, Ig M, the CiC and the average molecular weight of the peptides.
Stem Cells Take Part in Regulation of Prooxidant Activity and Immunity at Liver Fibrosis
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-11-26
© Science Publishing Group
Anatoliy Ivanovich Bozhkov
Elena Mikhajlovna Klimova
Yuriy Viktorovich Nikitchenko
Vadim Vyacheslavovich Davydov
Oxana Vladimirovna Zvyagintseva
Natalia Igorevna Kurguzova
Vadim Ivanovich Sidorov
Alexandr Vladimirovich Naglov
Stem Cells Take Part in Regulation of Prooxidant Activity and Immunity at Liver Fibrosis
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12
2014-11-26
2014-11-26
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.12
© Science Publishing Group
Age-Dependent Change in Aldo-Keto Reductases Composition in the Blood of Rats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.11
Resistance of the organism to the stress injury changes during ontogenesis. In this regard, the incidence of cardiovascular, central nervous, endocrine systems, etc. increases at certain stages of individual development. Taking into account the fact that the development of stress-caused lesions is associated with accumulation of carbonyl products of free radical oxidation in cells, we have suggested that the one of the reasons for this phenomenon is age-related changes in the efficiency of the scavenging of endogenous aldehydes in the organism. In view of this fact, spectrum of aldo-keto reductases in blood serum of rats at different stages of ontogenesis was investigated by means of electrophoresis. Identical changes in the composition of aldo-keto reductases spectrum of blood in early immature age and in aging have been shown. Change in aldo-keto reductases spectrum modulates the role of reductive pathway of endogenous aldehydes scavenging in the organism. Thus, in child age and aging efficiency of scavenging of carbonyl products of free radical oxidation in cells is limited and especially when they are intensively produced. This results in increase of the susceptibility of the organism to oxidative stress.
Resistance of the organism to the stress injury changes during ontogenesis. In this regard, the incidence of cardiovascular, central nervous, endocrine systems, etc. increases at certain stages of individual development. Taking into account the fact that the development of stress-caused lesions is associated with accumulation of carbonyl products of free radical oxidation in cells, we have suggested that the one of the reasons for this phenomenon is age-related changes in the efficiency of the scavenging of endogenous aldehydes in the organism. In view of this fact, spectrum of aldo-keto reductases in blood serum of rats at different stages of ontogenesis was investigated by means of electrophoresis. Identical changes in the composition of aldo-keto reductases spectrum of blood in early immature age and in aging have been shown. Change in aldo-keto reductases spectrum modulates the role of reductive pathway of endogenous aldehydes scavenging in the organism. Thus, in child age and aging efficiency of scavenging of carbonyl products of free radical oxidation in cells is limited and especially when they are intensively produced. This results in increase of the susceptibility of the organism to oxidative stress.
Age-Dependent Change in Aldo-Keto Reductases Composition in the Blood of Rats
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-08-13
© Science Publishing Group
Vadim Vyacheslavovich Davydov
Anatoliy Ivanovich Bozhkov
Evgeniya Romanovna Grabovetskaya
Age-Dependent Change in Aldo-Keto Reductases Composition in the Blood of Rats
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2014-08-13
2014-08-13
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Differences in the System of Nitrogen Synthesis and Content of Metabolites in Antioxidant Systems of Sportsmen of Different Sex
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.14
The research has been conducted on 26 high qualification sportsmen of different sex, adapted to perform protracted physical activity of high intensity. Determined is the presence of gender differences in oxidizing and no oxidizing metabolism of L-arginine, including also the system of nitrogen oxide synthesis (oxidizing de novo and no oxidizing reutilization ways of NO synthesis), on different stages of their contention activity. On the stage of maximal functional possibilities and adaptation (beginning of contention period) for girls no oxidizing metabolism of arginine predominated with participation of arginase above oxidizing degradation of L-arginine with participation of NO-synthase. During the decline of functional possibilities (desadaptations in the middle and at the end of the competitions) the necessary level of nitrogen oxide synthesis is provided for girls mainly due to nitrogen oxide resynthesis from its stable metabolites, while for youths – due to the increase of oxidizing de novo nitrogen oxide synthesis ( as constitutive, also inducible).
The research has been conducted on 26 high qualification sportsmen of different sex, adapted to perform protracted physical activity of high intensity. Determined is the presence of gender differences in oxidizing and no oxidizing metabolism of L-arginine, including also the system of nitrogen oxide synthesis (oxidizing de novo and no oxidizing reutilization ways of NO synthesis), on different stages of their contention activity. On the stage of maximal functional possibilities and adaptation (beginning of contention period) for girls no oxidizing metabolism of arginine predominated with participation of arginase above oxidizing degradation of L-arginine with participation of NO-synthase. During the decline of functional possibilities (desadaptations in the middle and at the end of the competitions) the necessary level of nitrogen oxide synthesis is provided for girls mainly due to nitrogen oxide resynthesis from its stable metabolites, while for youths – due to the increase of oxidizing de novo nitrogen oxide synthesis ( as constitutive, also inducible).
Differences in the System of Nitrogen Synthesis and Content of Metabolites in Antioxidant Systems of Sportsmen of Different Sex
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Nadezhda V. Bogdanovskaya
Anastasia V. Golubenko
Differences in the System of Nitrogen Synthesis and Content of Metabolites in Antioxidant Systems of Sportsmen of Different Sex
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2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.14
© Science Publishing Group
Interconnection of Antitoxic and Antioxidant Systems of the Organism under the Action of Natural Low Molecular Complex – Fungidol
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.15
The influence of the natural complex of low molecular weight compounds (fungidol) on antitoxic and antioxidant systems in animals was investigated. It was demonstrated that the introduction to the experimental animals of fungidol in doses a 0.05 ml per 100 g of body weight increases antioxidant enzymes activity in serum and liver, decreases the content of lipids hydroperoxides and other products of free radical reactions. The components of fungidol antioxidant activity correlated with the stability of membranes of erythrocytes in these animals. In the experimental model the toxic effect of copper sulfate was investigated. The increase in the activity of prooxidant system induced by fungidol correlated with its antitoxic effect.
The influence of the natural complex of low molecular weight compounds (fungidol) on antitoxic and antioxidant systems in animals was investigated. It was demonstrated that the introduction to the experimental animals of fungidol in doses a 0.05 ml per 100 g of body weight increases antioxidant enzymes activity in serum and liver, decreases the content of lipids hydroperoxides and other products of free radical reactions. The components of fungidol antioxidant activity correlated with the stability of membranes of erythrocytes in these animals. In the experimental model the toxic effect of copper sulfate was investigated. The increase in the activity of prooxidant system induced by fungidol correlated with its antitoxic effect.
Interconnection of Antitoxic and Antioxidant Systems of the Organism under the Action of Natural Low Molecular Complex – Fungidol
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-01-23
© Science Publishing Group
Natalia Igorevna Kurguzova
Anatoliy Ivanovich Bozhkov
Yuriy Viktorovich Nikitchenko
Mohammad Ali Yousef Al Begai
Anatoliy Vladimirovich Goltvyansky
Mohammad Morshed Ayed Alsardia
Andrew Anatolievich Bozhkov
Interconnection of Antitoxic and Antioxidant Systems of the Organism under the Action of Natural Low Molecular Complex – Fungidol
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2015-01-23
2015-01-23
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2014020601.15
© Science Publishing Group
Retrospective Analysis of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Wound Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Nguru, Yobe State Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.11
Wound infections inflict clinical and societal consequences on the patients, but its bacteriological characteristic varies with different factors. Therefore, effective treatment and management of wound infections in hospital and community setting will require detailed epidemiological knowledge of the infecting bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram peculiar to the environment. Based on this information, we examined the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial pathogens isolated from wound infection cases seen at the hospital over the study period. A total of 392 wound swabs/ and pus of different types of wound infections from different anatomical sites and associated clinical conditions were analyzed by standard bacteriological methods. Of the 392 clinical specimens analyzed, 301(76.8%) yielded at least one bacterial pathogen, 25(6.4%) polymicrobial, no anaerobes identified and 91(23.2%) yielded no bacterial growth, gender distribution, 204(67.8%) males and 97(32.2%) females, and majority of pathogens were recovered from septic wound infections. Overall, 7 different bacterial pathogens were identified 5(71.4%) gram-negative bacteria isolates and 2(28.6%) gram-positive bacterial isolates]. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for majority of the bacterial pathogens isolated, 162(53%) followed by coliforms 62(21%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa 57(19%). The bacterial pathogens demonstrated high resistance to ampicillin(78%), amoxicillin(66%), and cotrimoxazole(78%), in contrast to high sensitivity pattern observed with fluoroquinolones ( ofloxacin 83%,, norfloxacin 71%, ciprofloxacin 78%), erythromycin 72%, chloramphenicol 62%, gentamycin 58% and ceftazidime 60%. The relatively high number of wound infection cases seen within the study period is of public health concern, while the low number of bacterial pathogens isolated underscores the need for improvement in the laboratory diagnostic approach for effective treatment and management of wound infections.
Wound infections inflict clinical and societal consequences on the patients, but its bacteriological characteristic varies with different factors. Therefore, effective treatment and management of wound infections in hospital and community setting will require detailed epidemiological knowledge of the infecting bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram peculiar to the environment. Based on this information, we examined the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial pathogens isolated from wound infection cases seen at the hospital over the study period. A total of 392 wound swabs/ and pus of different types of wound infections from different anatomical sites and associated clinical conditions were analyzed by standard bacteriological methods. Of the 392 clinical specimens analyzed, 301(76.8%) yielded at least one bacterial pathogen, 25(6.4%) polymicrobial, no anaerobes identified and 91(23.2%) yielded no bacterial growth, gender distribution, 204(67.8%) males and 97(32.2%) females, and majority of pathogens were recovered from septic wound infections. Overall, 7 different bacterial pathogens were identified 5(71.4%) gram-negative bacteria isolates and 2(28.6%) gram-positive bacterial isolates]. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for majority of the bacterial pathogens isolated, 162(53%) followed by coliforms 62(21%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa 57(19%). The bacterial pathogens demonstrated high resistance to ampicillin(78%), amoxicillin(66%), and cotrimoxazole(78%), in contrast to high sensitivity pattern observed with fluoroquinolones ( ofloxacin 83%,, norfloxacin 71%, ciprofloxacin 78%), erythromycin 72%, chloramphenicol 62%, gentamycin 58% and ceftazidime 60%. The relatively high number of wound infection cases seen within the study period is of public health concern, while the low number of bacterial pathogens isolated underscores the need for improvement in the laboratory diagnostic approach for effective treatment and management of wound infections.
Retrospective Analysis of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Wound Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Nguru, Yobe State Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-03-24
© Science Publishing Group
Bularafa Mohammed Yasidi
Denue Ballah Akawu
Onah Joseph Oihoma
Jibrin Yusuf Bara
Umar Hamzat Mohammed
Gabchiya Nguru Mohammed
Zanna Baba Ali
Ladan Joshua
Hamidu Ibrahim
Okon Kenneth Okwong
Retrospective Analysis of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Wound Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Nguru, Yobe State Nigeria
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2015-03-24
2015-03-24
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Isolation and Characterization of Diamine Oxidase Enzyme from Mung Bean Sprouts (Vigna radiata L)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.12
The diamine oxidase enzyme (DAO) can be isolated from mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata L) through the process of extraction in phosphate buffer. Concentration and fractionation were performed by the addition of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 saturation in stages and cold centrifuged at 10000 rpm. Enzyme activity of DAO crude and DAO fractionation results were tested using substrat histamin and measured with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 450 nm. This study revealed that the enzyme activity of the crude enzyme was1, 226 mU/mL, the fraction of 40-60% ammonium sulphate saturated had the highest activity which accounted for 3326 mU/mL and after gel filtration, the results for both activity and specific activity were 116 mU/mL and 185 mU/mg protein.
The diamine oxidase enzyme (DAO) can be isolated from mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata L) through the process of extraction in phosphate buffer. Concentration and fractionation were performed by the addition of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 saturation in stages and cold centrifuged at 10000 rpm. Enzyme activity of DAO crude and DAO fractionation results were tested using substrat histamin and measured with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 450 nm. This study revealed that the enzyme activity of the crude enzyme was1, 226 mU/mL, the fraction of 40-60% ammonium sulphate saturated had the highest activity which accounted for 3326 mU/mL and after gel filtration, the results for both activity and specific activity were 116 mU/mL and 185 mU/mg protein.
Isolation and Characterization of Diamine Oxidase Enzyme from Mung Bean Sprouts (Vigna radiata L)
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-03-27
© Science Publishing Group
Abdul Karim
Abd Rauf Patong
Abd Wahid Wahab
Indah Raya
Isolation and Characterization of Diamine Oxidase Enzyme from Mung Bean Sprouts (Vigna radiata L)
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11
11
2015-03-27
2015-03-27
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Pattern and Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity Among Young Adult Nigerians
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.11
Body mass index (BMI) is an important cardiometabolic parameter. This study determined the mean BMI, pattern and prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among young adult Nigerians. It also examined the effect of sex on pattern of distribution of BMI classes. This was cross-sectional study conducted among students of a tertiary institution. Seven hundred and two (702) students (412 males and 290 females) with age range between 18-40years participated in the study. The participants had their weights and heights recorded by standardized techniques and BMI was calculated from the weight and height. BMI was classified according to WHO reference values. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 software. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The mean BMI was 21.89±3.07 (kg/m2). Age was positively correlated with BMI(r = 0.298, p <0.001).Significant sex differences in anthropometry were demonstrated in terms of height (t=17.880, p <0.001), weight (t =7.595, p<0.001), BMI (t = -2.483, p =0.013) and BSA (t=12.716, p <0.001). There was a significant sex difference in BMI classes recorded in this study ( χ2= 12.255, p = 0.007).The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the total participants were 14.8% and 1.3% respectively. Among the males, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were 9.2%, 11.2% and 1.2% respectively while among the females, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were 11.0%, 20.0% and 1.4% respectively. More than a quarter of the apparently healthy young adults had abnormal BMI. The study also showed that abnormal BMI (underweight, overweight and obesity) were more frequent in female than male young adult Nigerians. Health education focusing on weight adjustment measures including exercise and dietary strategies will be beneficial among young adult population.
Body mass index (BMI) is an important cardiometabolic parameter. This study determined the mean BMI, pattern and prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among young adult Nigerians. It also examined the effect of sex on pattern of distribution of BMI classes. This was cross-sectional study conducted among students of a tertiary institution. Seven hundred and two (702) students (412 males and 290 females) with age range between 18-40years participated in the study. The participants had their weights and heights recorded by standardized techniques and BMI was calculated from the weight and height. BMI was classified according to WHO reference values. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 software. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The mean BMI was 21.89±3.07 (kg/m2). Age was positively correlated with BMI(r = 0.298, p <0.001).Significant sex differences in anthropometry were demonstrated in terms of height (t=17.880, p <0.001), weight (t =7.595, p<0.001), BMI (t = -2.483, p =0.013) and BSA (t=12.716, p <0.001). There was a significant sex difference in BMI classes recorded in this study ( χ2= 12.255, p = 0.007).The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the total participants were 14.8% and 1.3% respectively. Among the males, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were 9.2%, 11.2% and 1.2% respectively while among the females, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were 11.0%, 20.0% and 1.4% respectively. More than a quarter of the apparently healthy young adults had abnormal BMI. The study also showed that abnormal BMI (underweight, overweight and obesity) were more frequent in female than male young adult Nigerians. Health education focusing on weight adjustment measures including exercise and dietary strategies will be beneficial among young adult population.
Pattern and Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity Among Young Adult Nigerians
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-04-02
© Science Publishing Group
Oluwadare Ogunlade
Muritala Abiola Asafa
Pattern and Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity Among Young Adult Nigerians
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2015-04-02
2015-04-02
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of In-Vivo Neuropharmacological and In-Vitro Thrombolytic Activity & Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Argyria Captiformis Leaves
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.12
Objectives: Investigation with the crude ethanolic extract of Argyria captiformis leaves was carried out to evaluate its possible thrombolysis and to analyze in –vivo neuro-pharmacological effects as anxiety is a particular form of behavioral inhibition that occurs in response to novel environment events and also phytochemical screening of plant extract. Method: Ethanolic extract of Argyria captiformis Leaves was assessed for sedative and anxiolytic activity on Swiss albino mice and Thrombolytic activity was assessed with human blood and also phytochemical screening test was done by various chemical reagents. Sedative activity was evaluated by using hole cross, open field, thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time and anxiolytic property was evaluated by elevated-plus maze(EPM) tests at 400mg/kg while the peripheral and thrombolytic activity determined by percentage of clot lysis. Result: In anxiolytic study, the extract displayed increased percentage of entry into open arm at the dose of 400mg/kg. The extract produced a significant (P<0.01) increase in sleeping duration and reduction of onset of sleep compared to sodium thiopental at doses (400 mg/kg) .The extract (400 mg/kg) also showed suppression of motor activity and exploratory activity of the mice in both open field and hole cross test. Argyria captiformis alone & Argyria captiformis in combination with Streptokinase demonstrated 38.19±4.76% & 77.45±2.97% clot lysis effect respectively & revealed significant with comparison to both the control agent. The presence of tannins, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and phytosterols was determined. Conclusion: The pharmacological profiles of the present investigation of the ethanol extract of A. captiformis indicate that the extract possess good CNS depressant and exhibited considerable thrombolytic as it significantly reduced locomotion, onset of sleep, increased duration of sleep and also presence of, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids ,tannins and phytosterols.
Objectives: Investigation with the crude ethanolic extract of Argyria captiformis leaves was carried out to evaluate its possible thrombolysis and to analyze in –vivo neuro-pharmacological effects as anxiety is a particular form of behavioral inhibition that occurs in response to novel environment events and also phytochemical screening of plant extract. Method: Ethanolic extract of Argyria captiformis Leaves was assessed for sedative and anxiolytic activity on Swiss albino mice and Thrombolytic activity was assessed with human blood and also phytochemical screening test was done by various chemical reagents. Sedative activity was evaluated by using hole cross, open field, thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time and anxiolytic property was evaluated by elevated-plus maze(EPM) tests at 400mg/kg while the peripheral and thrombolytic activity determined by percentage of clot lysis. Result: In anxiolytic study, the extract displayed increased percentage of entry into open arm at the dose of 400mg/kg. The extract produced a significant (P<0.01) increase in sleeping duration and reduction of onset of sleep compared to sodium thiopental at doses (400 mg/kg) .The extract (400 mg/kg) also showed suppression of motor activity and exploratory activity of the mice in both open field and hole cross test. Argyria captiformis alone & Argyria captiformis in combination with Streptokinase demonstrated 38.19±4.76% & 77.45±2.97% clot lysis effect respectively & revealed significant with comparison to both the control agent. The presence of tannins, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and phytosterols was determined. Conclusion: The pharmacological profiles of the present investigation of the ethanol extract of A. captiformis indicate that the extract possess good CNS depressant and exhibited considerable thrombolytic as it significantly reduced locomotion, onset of sleep, increased duration of sleep and also presence of, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids ,tannins and phytosterols.
Investigation of In-Vivo Neuropharmacological and In-Vitro Thrombolytic Activity & Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Argyria Captiformis Leaves
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-04-10
© Science Publishing Group
Saiful Islam
Naymul Karim
Imam Hasan
Md Hossan Sakib
Md. Harun-Or- Rashid
Sadequr Rahman
Masudur Rahman
Investigation of In-Vivo Neuropharmacological and In-Vitro Thrombolytic Activity & Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Argyria Captiformis Leaves
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24
2015-04-10
2015-04-10
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of GNB Species and Pattern of Resistance Responsible for LRTI in Patients with Cancer
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.13
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is the most lethal infection remains among patients undergoing treatment for cancer. Most of the previous studies with cancer patients have focus on blood stream infections. For that reason the aim of our study was to examine the spectrum and recent trends in antimicrobial resistance of Gram negative bacteria (GNB) recovered from cancer patient having LRTI in Egypt. In addition our objective was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Legionella pneumophila among cancer patients with LRTI. Sputum specimens were collected from 285 cancer patients suspecting of having LRTI. The conventional methods and Microscan Negative Identification panel Type 2 were used for identification of GNB. Susceptibility was assessed for 20 antibiotics in bacterial isolates using agar diffusion method. All the sputum specimens were tested by culture and genus specific PCR for the detection of Legionella pneumophila. A total of 130 GNB were isolated. Among these, Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common (35.4 %). We isolated and identified a number of less frequent GNB (17%), whereas no Legionella pneumophila was detected. Amikacin was found to be the most effective antimicrobial against GNB. We reported very high percentage of multi-drug resistance GNB (96%). This study reported the development of multidrug resistance Gram negative bacilli in Egypt. Continuous updating of data on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is required to ensure the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against GNB due to continuous development of antimicrobial resistance patterns among these pathogens.
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is the most lethal infection remains among patients undergoing treatment for cancer. Most of the previous studies with cancer patients have focus on blood stream infections. For that reason the aim of our study was to examine the spectrum and recent trends in antimicrobial resistance of Gram negative bacteria (GNB) recovered from cancer patient having LRTI in Egypt. In addition our objective was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Legionella pneumophila among cancer patients with LRTI. Sputum specimens were collected from 285 cancer patients suspecting of having LRTI. The conventional methods and Microscan Negative Identification panel Type 2 were used for identification of GNB. Susceptibility was assessed for 20 antibiotics in bacterial isolates using agar diffusion method. All the sputum specimens were tested by culture and genus specific PCR for the detection of Legionella pneumophila. A total of 130 GNB were isolated. Among these, Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common (35.4 %). We isolated and identified a number of less frequent GNB (17%), whereas no Legionella pneumophila was detected. Amikacin was found to be the most effective antimicrobial against GNB. We reported very high percentage of multi-drug resistance GNB (96%). This study reported the development of multidrug resistance Gram negative bacilli in Egypt. Continuous updating of data on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is required to ensure the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against GNB due to continuous development of antimicrobial resistance patterns among these pathogens.
Analysis of GNB Species and Pattern of Resistance Responsible for LRTI in Patients with Cancer
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-04-20
© Science Publishing Group
Salwa Selim Afifi
Zeinab Helal Helal
Safaa Shawky Hassan
Sally Tohamy Kamal
Analysis of GNB Species and Pattern of Resistance Responsible for LRTI in Patients with Cancer
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2015-04-20
2015-04-20
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Phytochemistry of Genus Polygonatum: A Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.12
The current review article deals with the comprehensive phytochemical background of genus Polygonatum. It was observed that out of approximately 60 species, only 9 are subject to phytochemical studies that led mostly to the isolation of saponins, phytohormones, glycosides, flavonoids, esters and alkaloids. However, the remaining species are still waiting for exploration.
The current review article deals with the comprehensive phytochemical background of genus Polygonatum. It was observed that out of approximately 60 species, only 9 are subject to phytochemical studies that led mostly to the isolation of saponins, phytohormones, glycosides, flavonoids, esters and alkaloids. However, the remaining species are still waiting for exploration.
Phytochemistry of Genus Polygonatum: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-11-19
© Science Publishing Group
Haroon Khan
Abdur Rauf
Phytochemistry of Genus Polygonatum: A Review
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2014-11-19
2014-11-19
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Cytotoxic, Acute Toxicity and Phytotoxic Activity of Callicarpa macrophylla in Various Models
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.11
The present study describes the cytotoxic, acute toxicity and phytotoxic activities of Callicarpa macrophylla belonging to family Verbanaceae. Brine shrimps cytotoxic bioassay of crude extract of bark of C. macrophylla (CBE) showed 975.22 LD50 value and crude extract of leaves of C. macrophylla (CLE) showed no significant results. However, all the test animals were found absolutely safe in acute toxicity test. In phytotoxic assay against Lemna minor, CLE showed FI50 value of 464.55 and CBE showed no significant results. In conclusion, the CLE showed significant phytotoxic activity and therefore, could be a useful natural herbicidal.
The present study describes the cytotoxic, acute toxicity and phytotoxic activities of Callicarpa macrophylla belonging to family Verbanaceae. Brine shrimps cytotoxic bioassay of crude extract of bark of C. macrophylla (CBE) showed 975.22 LD50 value and crude extract of leaves of C. macrophylla (CLE) showed no significant results. However, all the test animals were found absolutely safe in acute toxicity test. In phytotoxic assay against Lemna minor, CLE showed FI50 value of 464.55 and CBE showed no significant results. In conclusion, the CLE showed significant phytotoxic activity and therefore, could be a useful natural herbicidal.
Cytotoxic, Acute Toxicity and Phytotoxic Activity of Callicarpa macrophylla in Various Models
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2014-11-05
© Science Publishing Group
Barkatullah
Muhammad Ibrar
Muhammad Nafees
Abdur Rauf
Haroon Khan
Cytotoxic, Acute Toxicity and Phytotoxic Activity of Callicarpa macrophylla in Various Models
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2
4
4
2014-11-05
2014-11-05
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluations of Some Trace Metal Levels from the Leaves of Salix nigra in Hayatabad Industrial Estate Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.13
Plants are crucial components of eco and agrosystems & are the first compartment of the telluric food chain. When grown-up on contaminated soils, they become latent threat to human and animal fitness as they may gather some toxic elements (e.g., metals) in their tissues and causing many serious problems. A new preliminary draft report by “ArizonaSkyWatch” shows dramatic increases in heavy metals that simply do not belong in our air. These figures indicate how many times they are over the allowable toxic limit: Cd 6.0, Cr 6.4 & Zn 7.5. The current study was aimed to evaluate chromium, zinc and cadmium in the leaves of Salix nigra using atomic absorption spectrometry (UV-750 Spectrophotometer). The results showed higher concentration of chromium in S. nigra (0.079 mg/Kg). Zinc and cadmium were with values of 0.55 and 0.04 mg/kg. The chromium levels in the leaves of S. nigra falls above the acceptable limits whereas zinc content exceeds the FAO/WHO set limits which are (99.4 and 0.20 mg/kg). The sturdy connection between the degree of contamination and concentrations in all plant leaves displayed the results that the leaves of S. nigra imitate the environmental changes accurately, and that they seem as an effective biomonitor of environmental quality in areas subjected to industrial and traffic pollutions.
Plants are crucial components of eco and agrosystems & are the first compartment of the telluric food chain. When grown-up on contaminated soils, they become latent threat to human and animal fitness as they may gather some toxic elements (e.g., metals) in their tissues and causing many serious problems. A new preliminary draft report by “ArizonaSkyWatch” shows dramatic increases in heavy metals that simply do not belong in our air. These figures indicate how many times they are over the allowable toxic limit: Cd 6.0, Cr 6.4 & Zn 7.5. The current study was aimed to evaluate chromium, zinc and cadmium in the leaves of Salix nigra using atomic absorption spectrometry (UV-750 Spectrophotometer). The results showed higher concentration of chromium in S. nigra (0.079 mg/Kg). Zinc and cadmium were with values of 0.55 and 0.04 mg/kg. The chromium levels in the leaves of S. nigra falls above the acceptable limits whereas zinc content exceeds the FAO/WHO set limits which are (99.4 and 0.20 mg/kg). The sturdy connection between the degree of contamination and concentrations in all plant leaves displayed the results that the leaves of S. nigra imitate the environmental changes accurately, and that they seem as an effective biomonitor of environmental quality in areas subjected to industrial and traffic pollutions.
Evaluations of Some Trace Metal Levels from the Leaves of Salix nigra in Hayatabad Industrial Estate Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-01-27
© Science Publishing Group
Wasim Ahmed
Mushtaq Ahmad
Abdur Rauf
Faridullah Shah
Sajjad Khan
Sajid Kamal
Shahzaib Shah
Abdullah Khan
Evaluations of Some Trace Metal Levels from the Leaves of Salix nigra in Hayatabad Industrial Estate Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
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2015-01-27
2015-01-27
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Frequency, Causes and Cutting-Edge Treatment of Cataract: A Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.14
Cataract is the disease which is prevailing world wide rapidly and health care professionals are making serious efforts to investigate the latest, inexpensive and readily available treatment of the disease. The aim of this review was to investigate the pervasiveness, causes and latest treatment of cataract. However this is a cross sectional study in which we study that Cataract occurs when protein is buildup in the lens and makes it cloudy. So the passing of light clearly through the lens is disturbed thus vision is lost up to some extent. Since on the outside of the lens new lens cells are formed, all the older cells are compacted into the center of the lens resulting in the cataract. Beside of this oxygen free radicals are also involved in cataract because its overproduction can stop the reach of glutathione and other antioxidant into lens where it ceases action of oxidant. Genetically prevalence of cataract also possessed. The gene responsible for cataract is Gamma-S crystalline gene (CRYGS).The only way of cataract removal is surgery although some medication are also present but it is not enough evidence that these lowers the risk for cataract formation.
Cataract is the disease which is prevailing world wide rapidly and health care professionals are making serious efforts to investigate the latest, inexpensive and readily available treatment of the disease. The aim of this review was to investigate the pervasiveness, causes and latest treatment of cataract. However this is a cross sectional study in which we study that Cataract occurs when protein is buildup in the lens and makes it cloudy. So the passing of light clearly through the lens is disturbed thus vision is lost up to some extent. Since on the outside of the lens new lens cells are formed, all the older cells are compacted into the center of the lens resulting in the cataract. Beside of this oxygen free radicals are also involved in cataract because its overproduction can stop the reach of glutathione and other antioxidant into lens where it ceases action of oxidant. Genetically prevalence of cataract also possessed. The gene responsible for cataract is Gamma-S crystalline gene (CRYGS).The only way of cataract removal is surgery although some medication are also present but it is not enough evidence that these lowers the risk for cataract formation.
Frequency, Causes and Cutting-Edge Treatment of Cataract: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-02-15
© Science Publishing Group
Latifullah Khan
Rahmat Ali Khan
Wasim Ahmed
Abdur Rauf
M. Waqas Khan
Wasiullah Khan
Samran Ahmad Durrani
Saad Qayum
Frequency, Causes and Cutting-Edge Treatment of Cataract: A Review
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2015-02-15
2015-02-15
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.14
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence, Causes, Treatment and the Role of Antioxidants in Ischemic Brain Stroke Diseases: A Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.15
This literature review reveals that in the ischemic stroke the blood clot occur in the brain due to which the arteries blocks and stop the blood flow. There are main two types of ischemic stroke one is thrombolic and the other one is embolic. The prevalence of ischemic stroke is about 85% in the U.S while in Pakistan as such no true incidence of stroke was determined but estimated annual rate is 250/100,000 translating to 350,000 new cases every year. The ischemic stroke is more than haemoregic stroke. Approximately 70 percent of patients have ischemic stroke. In the ischemic stroke there are many different types of risk factors or causes are involved due to which the ischemic stroke may cause e.g. oxidative stress, blood pressure, obesity, sex, family history etc. Many ROS are generated and may cause the oxidative stress due to which the brain is damaged and may cause the ischemic stroke. These risk factors may control through proper medications, regular exercise and the intake of many dietary antioxidants. In this type of disease the many different types of antioxidants e.g. (Bilirubin and Glutathione, Tocopherols, Dietary Vitamin E, Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements, Dietary Vitamin C) are also involved which scavenge the free radicals and reduce the chance of oxidative stress and thus the brain prevented from the damage.
This literature review reveals that in the ischemic stroke the blood clot occur in the brain due to which the arteries blocks and stop the blood flow. There are main two types of ischemic stroke one is thrombolic and the other one is embolic. The prevalence of ischemic stroke is about 85% in the U.S while in Pakistan as such no true incidence of stroke was determined but estimated annual rate is 250/100,000 translating to 350,000 new cases every year. The ischemic stroke is more than haemoregic stroke. Approximately 70 percent of patients have ischemic stroke. In the ischemic stroke there are many different types of risk factors or causes are involved due to which the ischemic stroke may cause e.g. oxidative stress, blood pressure, obesity, sex, family history etc. Many ROS are generated and may cause the oxidative stress due to which the brain is damaged and may cause the ischemic stroke. These risk factors may control through proper medications, regular exercise and the intake of many dietary antioxidants. In this type of disease the many different types of antioxidants e.g. (Bilirubin and Glutathione, Tocopherols, Dietary Vitamin E, Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements, Dietary Vitamin C) are also involved which scavenge the free radicals and reduce the chance of oxidative stress and thus the brain prevented from the damage.
Prevalence, Causes, Treatment and the Role of Antioxidants in Ischemic Brain Stroke Diseases: A Review
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
Wasi Ullah khan
Rahmat Ali Khan
Mushtaq Ahmad
Latif ullah Khan
M. Waqas Khan
Samran Ahmad Durrani
Wasim Ahmed
Prevalence, Causes, Treatment and the Role of Antioxidants in Ischemic Brain Stroke Diseases: A Review
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2015-05-13
2015-05-13
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030201.15
© Science Publishing Group
Comparison of Left and Right Fingertip PPG Signals Using Signal Power Estimates and Poincare Indexes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.12
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive method to measure the relative blood volume change in blood vessels used in a wide range of medical applications. PPG signals can be recorded from different body regions such as fingertips, forehead and earlobes. In this study, information content of PPG signals of the left and the right index fingertips are processed and analyzed. PPG recordings are performed from ten healthy volunteers. Prior to recordings, all volunteers take rest for five minutes. Using a dedicated measurement system, signals are recorded from the left and the right fingertips of each volunteer simultaneously for 60 seconds with a sampling frequency of 50Hz, digitized with 10-bit resolution and stored in a personal computer. Signal average power and Poincare indexes of the signals are estimated and statistically analyzed. There are no systematic differences between the signal power estimated from the left and right fingertip signals (P>0.5). The signal power estimates for the left and the right fingertips show moderate correlations of 0.78, 0.80 and 0.68 for 0-4Hz, 0-2Hz and 2-4Hz frequency bands, respectively. When Poincare indexes SD1 and SD1/SD2 are considered, there are no systematic differences between the left and right fingertip signals (P > 0.5) however a systematic difference exists between the SD2 estimates (P=0.15). SD1 and SD1/SD2 estimates for the left and the right fingertips show high positive correlations of 1.00 and 0.99, respectively. However, a correlation of -0.30 exits for the left and the right fingertips when SD2 estimate is considered.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive method to measure the relative blood volume change in blood vessels used in a wide range of medical applications. PPG signals can be recorded from different body regions such as fingertips, forehead and earlobes. In this study, information content of PPG signals of the left and the right index fingertips are processed and analyzed. PPG recordings are performed from ten healthy volunteers. Prior to recordings, all volunteers take rest for five minutes. Using a dedicated measurement system, signals are recorded from the left and the right fingertips of each volunteer simultaneously for 60 seconds with a sampling frequency of 50Hz, digitized with 10-bit resolution and stored in a personal computer. Signal average power and Poincare indexes of the signals are estimated and statistically analyzed. There are no systematic differences between the signal power estimated from the left and right fingertip signals (P>0.5). The signal power estimates for the left and the right fingertips show moderate correlations of 0.78, 0.80 and 0.68 for 0-4Hz, 0-2Hz and 2-4Hz frequency bands, respectively. When Poincare indexes SD1 and SD1/SD2 are considered, there are no systematic differences between the left and right fingertip signals (P > 0.5) however a systematic difference exists between the SD2 estimates (P=0.15). SD1 and SD1/SD2 estimates for the left and the right fingertips show high positive correlations of 1.00 and 0.99, respectively. However, a correlation of -0.30 exits for the left and the right fingertips when SD2 estimate is considered.
Comparison of Left and Right Fingertip PPG Signals Using Signal Power Estimates and Poincare Indexes
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-02-13
© Science Publishing Group
Surhan Bozkurt
Gokhan Ertas
Comparison of Left and Right Fingertip PPG Signals Using Signal Power Estimates and Poincare Indexes
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10
10
2015-02-13
2015-02-13
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Visualization of Aspirated Flow Pathlines in a Thrombectomy Catheter with Three Extra Holes: A CFD Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.11
The aspiration catheter design requires the good understanding of blood flow, based on a complex analysis of its hemodynamic characteristics. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an important approach in studying the blood flow. In this paper the effect of extra upper holes - designed for the aspiration catheter - on the aspirated fluid pathlines are studied and discussed.
The aspiration catheter design requires the good understanding of blood flow, based on a complex analysis of its hemodynamic characteristics. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an important approach in studying the blood flow. In this paper the effect of extra upper holes - designed for the aspiration catheter - on the aspirated fluid pathlines are studied and discussed.
Visualization of Aspirated Flow Pathlines in a Thrombectomy Catheter with Three Extra Holes: A CFD Study
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-02-13
© Science Publishing Group
Sajjad Soleimani
Visualization of Aspirated Flow Pathlines in a Thrombectomy Catheter with Three Extra Holes: A CFD Study
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5
5
2015-02-13
2015-02-13
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Molecular expression analysis of different inflammatory mediators and their role in breast cancer progression and metastasis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.13
Introduction: Cytokines include different subfamilies such as interleukins (IL), chemokines, and growth factors. They play an important role in inflammatory conditions such as cancer progression and metastasis. There is an increasing interest in developing strategies to antagonize the function of some cytokine/chemokine to interfere with tumor progression and metastasis, the leading cause of death in most patients. The aim of the research project is to study the molecular characteristics of a sample of Syrian patients with breast cancer and assess the protein and gene expression of different inflammatory mediators and correlate that with the clinicopathological criteria of tumors. Materials and methods: Patient samples will be evaluated histologically (H&E stain) and stained immunohistochemically with antibodies against important molecular markers, cytokines, and different types of activated leukocytes. Immunohistochemistry of CD206, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages in tumors is shown here. PCR and immunohistochemical analysis of cytokines (e.g. IL-2, GM-CSF, IFNγ, M-CSG, IL-4, IL-10, CXCL8, CXCL12, CCL21, CCL19, CCR7) will be further implemented. The staining intensity, localization and distribution within the tumor will be examined and correlated with the gene expression and other clinnicopathological information. Expected results: We expect to get new information about the role of different cytokines in breast cancer progression in addition to get an insight into the possible inter-relationship between these cytokines.
Introduction: Cytokines include different subfamilies such as interleukins (IL), chemokines, and growth factors. They play an important role in inflammatory conditions such as cancer progression and metastasis. There is an increasing interest in developing strategies to antagonize the function of some cytokine/chemokine to interfere with tumor progression and metastasis, the leading cause of death in most patients. The aim of the research project is to study the molecular characteristics of a sample of Syrian patients with breast cancer and assess the protein and gene expression of different inflammatory mediators and correlate that with the clinicopathological criteria of tumors. Materials and methods: Patient samples will be evaluated histologically (H&E stain) and stained immunohistochemically with antibodies against important molecular markers, cytokines, and different types of activated leukocytes. Immunohistochemistry of CD206, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages in tumors is shown here. PCR and immunohistochemical analysis of cytokines (e.g. IL-2, GM-CSF, IFNγ, M-CSG, IL-4, IL-10, CXCL8, CXCL12, CCL21, CCL19, CCR7) will be further implemented. The staining intensity, localization and distribution within the tumor will be examined and correlated with the gene expression and other clinnicopathological information. Expected results: We expect to get new information about the role of different cytokines in breast cancer progression in addition to get an insight into the possible inter-relationship between these cytokines.
Molecular expression analysis of different inflammatory mediators and their role in breast cancer progression and metastasis
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Aula Ammar
Amani Halabi
Zuheir Al-Shehabi
Molecular expression analysis of different inflammatory mediators and their role in breast cancer progression and metastasis
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2015-08-08
2015-08-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Protein solvent accessibility prediction systemss
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.14
Background: Prediction of protein solvent accessibility, also called accessible surface area (ASA) prediction, is an important step for tertiary structure prediction directly from one-dimensional sequences. Traditionally, predicting solvent accessibility is regarded as either a two- (exposed or buried) or three-state (exposed, intermediate or buried) classification problem. However, the states of solvent accessibility are not well-defined in real protein structures. Thus, a number of methods have been developed to directly predict the ASA based on information such as amino acid composition. Results: In this study we use physicochemical properties of amino acid such as hydrophobicity for ASA prediction by considering amino acid composition. We propose a systematic method for identifying residue groups with respect to protein solvent accessibility. The hydrophobicity of amino acid are used to generate features. Finally, Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (anfis) is adopted to construct a ASA predictor. Experimental results demonstrate that the features produced by the proposed selection process are informative for ASA prediction. Conclusion: Experimental results based on a widely used benchmark reveal that the proposed method performs good among several of existing packages for performing ASA prediction depending on amino acid sequence only .The program and data are available from the authors upon request.
Background: Prediction of protein solvent accessibility, also called accessible surface area (ASA) prediction, is an important step for tertiary structure prediction directly from one-dimensional sequences. Traditionally, predicting solvent accessibility is regarded as either a two- (exposed or buried) or three-state (exposed, intermediate or buried) classification problem. However, the states of solvent accessibility are not well-defined in real protein structures. Thus, a number of methods have been developed to directly predict the ASA based on information such as amino acid composition. Results: In this study we use physicochemical properties of amino acid such as hydrophobicity for ASA prediction by considering amino acid composition. We propose a systematic method for identifying residue groups with respect to protein solvent accessibility. The hydrophobicity of amino acid are used to generate features. Finally, Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (anfis) is adopted to construct a ASA predictor. Experimental results demonstrate that the features produced by the proposed selection process are informative for ASA prediction. Conclusion: Experimental results based on a widely used benchmark reveal that the proposed method performs good among several of existing packages for performing ASA prediction depending on amino acid sequence only .The program and data are available from the authors upon request.
Protein solvent accessibility prediction systemss
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Ritta Shaheen
Hani Amasha
Majd Aljamali
Protein solvent accessibility prediction systemss
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24
24
2015-08-08
2015-08-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.14
© Science Publishing Group
Early detection of melanoma using multispectral imaging and artificial intelligence techniques
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.16
Biomedical spectral imaging is a non-invasive, non-destructive method, and has an important role in melanoma detection and all skin lesions monitoring during their various stages. In addition to spatial information, it contains spectral information that describes structure such as melanin content, and melanoma thickness, which, very well improve the sensitivity and specificity of melanoma detection. This article aims to describe the design of a multispectral imaging system that utilizes Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithm (Artificial Intelligence) for spectral images classification, in order to reduce the processing time of spectral images, memory and cost of the system. All system (Hardware and Software) works as an automatic detection system for malignant melanoma, which identifies malignant melanoma and common (benign) nevi by using wavelength scanning method with; CCD camera, filters wheel, and only eight optical filters range from 430nm to 620nm. 47 study cases were imaged. Good results were obtained: the sensitivity 91.67% and the specificity 91.43%.
Biomedical spectral imaging is a non-invasive, non-destructive method, and has an important role in melanoma detection and all skin lesions monitoring during their various stages. In addition to spatial information, it contains spectral information that describes structure such as melanin content, and melanoma thickness, which, very well improve the sensitivity and specificity of melanoma detection. This article aims to describe the design of a multispectral imaging system that utilizes Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithm (Artificial Intelligence) for spectral images classification, in order to reduce the processing time of spectral images, memory and cost of the system. All system (Hardware and Software) works as an automatic detection system for malignant melanoma, which identifies malignant melanoma and common (benign) nevi by using wavelength scanning method with; CCD camera, filters wheel, and only eight optical filters range from 430nm to 620nm. 47 study cases were imaged. Good results were obtained: the sensitivity 91.67% and the specificity 91.43%.
Early detection of melanoma using multispectral imaging and artificial intelligence techniques
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.16
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Moataz Aboras
Hani Amasha
Issa Ibraheem
Early detection of melanoma using multispectral imaging and artificial intelligence techniques
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33
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2015-08-08
2015-08-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.16
© Science Publishing Group
Automated Breast Cancer Detection Using FISH Spectral Linear Unmixing
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.11
Fluorescence microscopy plays an important role in the classification of cancerous Tissue. The dramatic increase in multicolor fluorescence microscopy applications witnessed over the past decade is due, in part, to the significant advances in instrument and detector design. A number of advanced microscopy techniques have been applied using multi-color fluorescence labeling, including fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). Many of these methods benefit significantly from the ability to use specifically targeted fluorescent proteins in live-cell imaging experiments. In addition, live-cell imaging has been revolutionized by the introduction of ever increasingly useful genetically encoded fluorescent proteins spanning the entire visible spectral region. However, the problem of fluorescence microscopy is the crosstalk between the channels caused by the overlap of the emission spectra of the different fluorophores, The crosstalk cannot be solved on the filter level, and not by specialized florophores. To eliminate the crosstalk the hyperspectral imaging using the spectra unmixing (algorithmically reduce the overlap of spectra) can be the possible way to reduce the errors in the classification of the tissue. Spectral imaging is the combination of commuter vision and spectroscopy. In addition, because every object of interest consists of more than one pixels, every pixel is dependent on its neighboring pixels. Thus, the spatial context of the image contains useful information for a classification and increase the sensitivity and specificity of a spectral classification.
Fluorescence microscopy plays an important role in the classification of cancerous Tissue. The dramatic increase in multicolor fluorescence microscopy applications witnessed over the past decade is due, in part, to the significant advances in instrument and detector design. A number of advanced microscopy techniques have been applied using multi-color fluorescence labeling, including fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). Many of these methods benefit significantly from the ability to use specifically targeted fluorescent proteins in live-cell imaging experiments. In addition, live-cell imaging has been revolutionized by the introduction of ever increasingly useful genetically encoded fluorescent proteins spanning the entire visible spectral region. However, the problem of fluorescence microscopy is the crosstalk between the channels caused by the overlap of the emission spectra of the different fluorophores, The crosstalk cannot be solved on the filter level, and not by specialized florophores. To eliminate the crosstalk the hyperspectral imaging using the spectra unmixing (algorithmically reduce the overlap of spectra) can be the possible way to reduce the errors in the classification of the tissue. Spectral imaging is the combination of commuter vision and spectroscopy. In addition, because every object of interest consists of more than one pixels, every pixel is dependent on its neighboring pixels. Thus, the spatial context of the image contains useful information for a classification and increase the sensitivity and specificity of a spectral classification.
Automated Breast Cancer Detection Using FISH Spectral Linear Unmixing
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Issa Ibraheem
Automated Breast Cancer Detection Using FISH Spectral Linear Unmixing
3
2
7
7
2015-08-08
2015-08-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Maximum Likelihood and Spectral Angle Mapper and K-means algorithms used to detection of Melanoma
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.12
Melanoma is a leading fatal illness responsible for 80% of deaths from skin cancer. It originates in the pigment-producing melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes produce the melanin, (the dark pigment), which is responsible for the color of skin. As all cancers, melanoma is caused by damage to the DNA of the cells, which causes the cell to grow out of control, leading to a tumor, which is much more dangerous, if it cannot be found or detected early. Only biopsy can determine exact malformation diagnose, though it can rise metastasizing. When a melanoma is suspected, the usual standard procedure is to perform a biopsy and to subsequently analyze the suspicious tissue under the microscope. In this Paper, we provide a new approach using methods known as "Imaging Spectroscopy" or "Spectral Imaging" for early detection of melanoma. Spectral imaging can fill this gap of the classical imaging, which carries little spectral information while spectroscopy is severely limited in terms of measuring (potentially) inhomogeneous samples. Three different classifiers were applied, Maximum Likelihood ML and Spectral Angle Mapper SAM and K-Means. SAM rests on the spectral "angular distances" and the conventional classifier ML rests on the spectral distance concept. SAM and ML are two methods of the supported classification routines and K-Means is the known unsupported classification (clustering) algorithm.
Melanoma is a leading fatal illness responsible for 80% of deaths from skin cancer. It originates in the pigment-producing melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes produce the melanin, (the dark pigment), which is responsible for the color of skin. As all cancers, melanoma is caused by damage to the DNA of the cells, which causes the cell to grow out of control, leading to a tumor, which is much more dangerous, if it cannot be found or detected early. Only biopsy can determine exact malformation diagnose, though it can rise metastasizing. When a melanoma is suspected, the usual standard procedure is to perform a biopsy and to subsequently analyze the suspicious tissue under the microscope. In this Paper, we provide a new approach using methods known as "Imaging Spectroscopy" or "Spectral Imaging" for early detection of melanoma. Spectral imaging can fill this gap of the classical imaging, which carries little spectral information while spectroscopy is severely limited in terms of measuring (potentially) inhomogeneous samples. Three different classifiers were applied, Maximum Likelihood ML and Spectral Angle Mapper SAM and K-Means. SAM rests on the spectral "angular distances" and the conventional classifier ML rests on the spectral distance concept. SAM and ML are two methods of the supported classification routines and K-Means is the known unsupported classification (clustering) algorithm.
Maximum Likelihood and Spectral Angle Mapper and K-means algorithms used to detection of Melanoma
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Issa Ibraheem
Maximum Likelihood and Spectral Angle Mapper and K-means algorithms used to detection of Melanoma
3
2
15
15
2015-08-08
2015-08-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.12
© Science Publishing Group
The relationship between segmentation failure and spermatozoa motility characteristics
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.15
Dynamics of sperm motility (sperm velocity, percentage of motility and flagellar beat frequency) and monthly variations of semen characteristics (semen volume and osmolality and sperm concentration and motility) were studied. These criteria were used in the embryology laboratory and reproductive biology in the city of Lattakia, Syria, This study showed that sperm velocity, percentage of motility and beat frequency significantly and rapidly decreased after the activation of sperm motility. To study the dynamics of sperm motility parameters, twenty permeating males were randomly selected and electronically tagged to study the variations of semen characteristics. Specially we focused on the relationship between segmentation failure in cases treated with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to define the characteristics using the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). This study compares the reference group (normal) and a group of individuals treated with IVF, who have failed the treatment where segmentation did not occur. The role of the spermatozoon in fertilization expresses itself especially through the motility criterion. Studying the motility characteristics using CASA method seems interesting in clarifying the relationship between some of the motility characteristics and the ability to fertilize in order to determine the notification in cases of IVF. This study based on the acquired information of 85 normal voluntaries as references cases. And 45 patients with segmentation failure in the Embryology-lab of Al-Andalus University for medical Sciences between 2012- 2013. The results were clear, that significant relationship and correlation between segmentation failure and motility of the sperms.
Dynamics of sperm motility (sperm velocity, percentage of motility and flagellar beat frequency) and monthly variations of semen characteristics (semen volume and osmolality and sperm concentration and motility) were studied. These criteria were used in the embryology laboratory and reproductive biology in the city of Lattakia, Syria, This study showed that sperm velocity, percentage of motility and beat frequency significantly and rapidly decreased after the activation of sperm motility. To study the dynamics of sperm motility parameters, twenty permeating males were randomly selected and electronically tagged to study the variations of semen characteristics. Specially we focused on the relationship between segmentation failure in cases treated with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to define the characteristics using the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). This study compares the reference group (normal) and a group of individuals treated with IVF, who have failed the treatment where segmentation did not occur. The role of the spermatozoon in fertilization expresses itself especially through the motility criterion. Studying the motility characteristics using CASA method seems interesting in clarifying the relationship between some of the motility characteristics and the ability to fertilize in order to determine the notification in cases of IVF. This study based on the acquired information of 85 normal voluntaries as references cases. And 45 patients with segmentation failure in the Embryology-lab of Al-Andalus University for medical Sciences between 2012- 2013. The results were clear, that significant relationship and correlation between segmentation failure and motility of the sperms.
The relationship between segmentation failure and spermatozoa motility characteristics
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Muhammad Harfous
Hassn Hasan
The relationship between segmentation failure and spermatozoa motility characteristics
3
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28
28
2015-08-08
2015-08-08
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030203.15
© Science Publishing Group
Blood Pressure Control Associates and Antihypertensive Pharmacotherapy Patterns in Tikur Anbessa General Specialized Hospital Chronic Care Department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.13
Background: Hypertension is defined as sustained elevation of resting systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or both. In the United States, about 65 million people have hypertension, among these only 59% are being treated, and only 34% have adequately controlled blood pressure. A population based study in Addis Ababa showed adult prevalence of hypertension is 30%. The level of blood pressure control in Tikur Anbessa General Specialized Hospital was unknown. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess factors associated with poor blood pressure control among ambulatory hypertensive patients Methods: Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted at Tikur Anbessa Hospital ambulatory hypertensive patients. Patients’ card was reviewed to collect a one year BP measurement and the patients were interviewed during data collection. Sample of 271 patients were taken and convenience sampling method was used Result: Greater than half (59.9%) of the patients have uncontrolled blood pressure. Factors like non-adherence (OR=8.41(3.084-22.927)P<0.001), long duration on treatment (OR=3.19(1.051-9.725)P=0.041),obesity(OR=2.803(1.33-5.911)P=0.007), rural residence (OR=16.8(1.754-160.8)P=0.014), high socioeconomic status (OR=6.632(1.49-29.46)P=0.013), family history of hypertension, self-reported excessive salt addition habit (OR=8.78(3.05-25.28)P<0.001,concomitant diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease (OR=23.85(8.19-69.39)P<0.001 Conclusion: Generally the level of blood pressure control at Tikur Anbessa hospital chronic care unit was found to suboptimal. Several factors like non-adherence, long duration on treatment, obesity, rural residence, high socioeconomic status, family history of hypertension, concomitant diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease were found to be associated with poor blood pressure control.
Background: Hypertension is defined as sustained elevation of resting systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or both. In the United States, about 65 million people have hypertension, among these only 59% are being treated, and only 34% have adequately controlled blood pressure. A population based study in Addis Ababa showed adult prevalence of hypertension is 30%. The level of blood pressure control in Tikur Anbessa General Specialized Hospital was unknown. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess factors associated with poor blood pressure control among ambulatory hypertensive patients Methods: Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted at Tikur Anbessa Hospital ambulatory hypertensive patients. Patients’ card was reviewed to collect a one year BP measurement and the patients were interviewed during data collection. Sample of 271 patients were taken and convenience sampling method was used Result: Greater than half (59.9%) of the patients have uncontrolled blood pressure. Factors like non-adherence (OR=8.41(3.084-22.927)P<0.001), long duration on treatment (OR=3.19(1.051-9.725)P=0.041),obesity(OR=2.803(1.33-5.911)P=0.007), rural residence (OR=16.8(1.754-160.8)P=0.014), high socioeconomic status (OR=6.632(1.49-29.46)P=0.013), family history of hypertension, self-reported excessive salt addition habit (OR=8.78(3.05-25.28)P<0.001,concomitant diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease (OR=23.85(8.19-69.39)P<0.001 Conclusion: Generally the level of blood pressure control at Tikur Anbessa hospital chronic care unit was found to suboptimal. Several factors like non-adherence, long duration on treatment, obesity, rural residence, high socioeconomic status, family history of hypertension, concomitant diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease were found to be associated with poor blood pressure control.
Blood Pressure Control Associates and Antihypertensive Pharmacotherapy Patterns in Tikur Anbessa General Specialized Hospital Chronic Care Department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-04-28
© Science Publishing Group
Adamu Tesfaye
Kabaye Kumela
Mirkuzie Wolde
Blood Pressure Control Associates and Antihypertensive Pharmacotherapy Patterns in Tikur Anbessa General Specialized Hospital Chronic Care Department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3
3
48
48
2015-04-28
2015-04-28
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Adenosine Deaminase Assay in Different Body Fluids for the Diagnosis of Tubercular Infection
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.14
Diagnosis of tuberculosis from different body fluids remains challenging due to various limitations of the conventional and molecular methods. We studied the role of adenosine deaminase (ADA) assay to diagnose tubercular infection in cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid and pleural fluid. Fifty three patients with tubercular meningitis, peritonitis and pleuritis were enrolled in this study on the basis of clinical, radiological, cytological, biochemical and somewhere bacteriological evidences. Cases positive by AFB smear, culture or PCR were considered as confirmed TB and other as probable TB cases. Another 28 non-TB cases were included as control. In 53 suspected TB cases ADA was found positive in highest 42 (79.2%) cases, whereas smear and/ culture in 10 (18.7%) and PCR in 18 (33.9%) cases. ADA assay revealed 100% positivity in confirmed TB cases and 14.3% in non TB cases. The sensitivity and specificity of ADA was found 79% and 86% respectively when the cut off value was used ≥ 10 IU/L for CSF and ≥ 40 IU/L for pleural or peritoneal fluid. Mean ADA values of confirmed and probable TB cases were found significantly higher than that of non TB cases (< 0.05). Significance of difference was determined by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thus, adenosine deaminase assay in body fluids has proved to be efficient, reliable and simple method to diagnose tubercular meningitis, peritonitis and pleuritis.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis from different body fluids remains challenging due to various limitations of the conventional and molecular methods. We studied the role of adenosine deaminase (ADA) assay to diagnose tubercular infection in cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid and pleural fluid. Fifty three patients with tubercular meningitis, peritonitis and pleuritis were enrolled in this study on the basis of clinical, radiological, cytological, biochemical and somewhere bacteriological evidences. Cases positive by AFB smear, culture or PCR were considered as confirmed TB and other as probable TB cases. Another 28 non-TB cases were included as control. In 53 suspected TB cases ADA was found positive in highest 42 (79.2%) cases, whereas smear and/ culture in 10 (18.7%) and PCR in 18 (33.9%) cases. ADA assay revealed 100% positivity in confirmed TB cases and 14.3% in non TB cases. The sensitivity and specificity of ADA was found 79% and 86% respectively when the cut off value was used ≥ 10 IU/L for CSF and ≥ 40 IU/L for pleural or peritoneal fluid. Mean ADA values of confirmed and probable TB cases were found significantly higher than that of non TB cases (< 0.05). Significance of difference was determined by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thus, adenosine deaminase assay in body fluids has proved to be efficient, reliable and simple method to diagnose tubercular meningitis, peritonitis and pleuritis.
Adenosine Deaminase Assay in Different Body Fluids for the Diagnosis of Tubercular Infection
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-05-01
© Science Publishing Group
Khandaker Shadia
S. M. Mostofa Kamal
Ahmed Abu Saleh
Mohammed Nayem Hossain
Ratan Das Gupta
Md. Ruhul Amin Miah
Adenosine Deaminase Assay in Different Body Fluids for the Diagnosis of Tubercular Infection
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54
54
2015-05-01
2015-05-01
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Aerobic Bacteria Isolates of Septic Wound Infections and Their Antibiogram in North Central Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.12
Background: Wound infections are major problem in our health care facilities. They are the most common hospital acquired infections resulting into extended length of stay in the hospital with high cost and frequently encounter in surgical patients. Objectives: The study was designed to determine aerobic bacterial pathogens responsible for wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity profile among patients of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH).Methods: Wound swabs were aseptically collected randomly from septic wounds of 345 patients in different sections of the hospital; they were cultured on Blood Agar (BA), McConkey Agar (MCA) and chocolate Aga (CA) and incubated aerobically over night, direct Gram stain were carried out on the wound swabs. The isolates were also examined by Gram stain and each of them were identified using standard biochemical methods. The antibiotic susceptibility of each pathogen was carried out using the disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton Agar. Results: A total of 345 wound swabs were collected and examined, 243 (70.4%) aerobic bacteria were isolated. The out patients had the highest prevalent of 85.3% positive while the least prevalent of 50.0% was recorded from female medical patients. The males had the highest prevalent of 82.1% while 55.0% of medical females were positive for bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the highest bacteria reported while the least prevalent of bacteria was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.7%). Ofloxacin was highly sensitive for all the bacteria isolated while Amoxicillins, penicilins and cotrimoxazole recorded reduced sensitivity to the isolates. Conclusion: Aerobic bacteria are highly predominant in septic wound and most of the bacteria are resistant to commonly used antibiotics which might be due to inadequate wound management, poor antibiotics selection in most parts of the hospital; and indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
Background: Wound infections are major problem in our health care facilities. They are the most common hospital acquired infections resulting into extended length of stay in the hospital with high cost and frequently encounter in surgical patients. Objectives: The study was designed to determine aerobic bacterial pathogens responsible for wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity profile among patients of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH).Methods: Wound swabs were aseptically collected randomly from septic wounds of 345 patients in different sections of the hospital; they were cultured on Blood Agar (BA), McConkey Agar (MCA) and chocolate Aga (CA) and incubated aerobically over night, direct Gram stain were carried out on the wound swabs. The isolates were also examined by Gram stain and each of them were identified using standard biochemical methods. The antibiotic susceptibility of each pathogen was carried out using the disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton Agar. Results: A total of 345 wound swabs were collected and examined, 243 (70.4%) aerobic bacteria were isolated. The out patients had the highest prevalent of 85.3% positive while the least prevalent of 50.0% was recorded from female medical patients. The males had the highest prevalent of 82.1% while 55.0% of medical females were positive for bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the highest bacteria reported while the least prevalent of bacteria was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.7%). Ofloxacin was highly sensitive for all the bacteria isolated while Amoxicillins, penicilins and cotrimoxazole recorded reduced sensitivity to the isolates. Conclusion: Aerobic bacteria are highly predominant in septic wound and most of the bacteria are resistant to commonly used antibiotics which might be due to inadequate wound management, poor antibiotics selection in most parts of the hospital; and indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
Aerobic Bacteria Isolates of Septic Wound Infections and Their Antibiogram in North Central Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-04-24
© Science Publishing Group
James Garba Damen
Salami Faruk
Comfort Dancha
Aerobic Bacteria Isolates of Septic Wound Infections and Their Antibiogram in North Central Nigeria
3
3
40
40
2015-04-24
2015-04-24
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Anaerobic and Aero Tolerant Bacterial Profile of Halitosis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.11
Bad breath "halitosis" is a frequent unpleasant odor of breath. Bad breath is infected by gram negative anaerobic bacteria in tongue coating. These bacteria have a tendency of producing foul-smelling sulphur containing gases called volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs). Both anaerobic and aero tolerant bacteria associated with human halitosis condition are being reported. The profile includes (Prevotella intermedia (6.66%), Porphyromonas endontalis (10%) and Veillonella spp. (13.3%). (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (13.3%), Streptococcus salivarius (13.3%) and Streptococcus oralis (10%). This profile consists of commonal, soft tissue and hard tissue associated pathogen as well as an animal associated pathogens.
Bad breath "halitosis" is a frequent unpleasant odor of breath. Bad breath is infected by gram negative anaerobic bacteria in tongue coating. These bacteria have a tendency of producing foul-smelling sulphur containing gases called volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs). Both anaerobic and aero tolerant bacteria associated with human halitosis condition are being reported. The profile includes (Prevotella intermedia (6.66%), Porphyromonas endontalis (10%) and Veillonella spp. (13.3%). (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (13.3%), Streptococcus salivarius (13.3%) and Streptococcus oralis (10%). This profile consists of commonal, soft tissue and hard tissue associated pathogen as well as an animal associated pathogens.
Anaerobic and Aero Tolerant Bacterial Profile of Halitosis
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-04-24
© Science Publishing Group
Qasim Najem Thewaini
Oda Mizil Yasser ALzamely
Ameera Merbee Zarzoor ALFadili
Anaerobic and Aero Tolerant Bacterial Profile of Halitosis
3
3
35
35
2015-04-24
2015-04-24
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Hepatitis B and C Single and Co-Infection Patterns Among Emergency Patients in a Resource-Limited Setting
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.15
Background: Hepatitis B and C viral infections continue to constitute major global health problems and are responsible for most liver related deaths. This study is carried out to reveal the hepatitis B and C single and co-infection patterns among emergency patients and their possible liver outcomes. Methods: Two hundred and eighty-eight (288) patients on initial visit from casualty unit were routinely screened for hepatitis B and C viruses over a period of two years in the haematology department. Diaspot one step enzyme immunoassay rapid kits for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV respectively were used. HBsAg and anti-HCV seroprevalence and possible co-infections were evaluated using descriptive statistics of SPSS version 17 and expressed in mean and standard deviation, and male: female ratios. Results: Of the 288 research volunteers, 8.68% and 1.74% were positive for HBsAg and anti-HCV respectively. 1.04% was HBV and HCV co-infected. The overall mean age and male: female ratio were 44.4±17.3 years and 1.4:1 respectively. Lower mean age and higher male: female ratios were observed in HBV and HCV population. HCC remain the major liver outcome in HBV-infected and HBV/HCV co-infected research subjects. Conclusion: Hepatitis B and C viral infections still remain a major public health problem globally. There is need for continued aggressive advocacy on ‘Know your HBV and HCV status’ to reduce the scourge of these infections especially in rural and resource-limited settings where problem of poverty and ignorance have contributed to development of liver complications in these patients.
Background: Hepatitis B and C viral infections continue to constitute major global health problems and are responsible for most liver related deaths. This study is carried out to reveal the hepatitis B and C single and co-infection patterns among emergency patients and their possible liver outcomes. Methods: Two hundred and eighty-eight (288) patients on initial visit from casualty unit were routinely screened for hepatitis B and C viruses over a period of two years in the haematology department. Diaspot one step enzyme immunoassay rapid kits for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV respectively were used. HBsAg and anti-HCV seroprevalence and possible co-infections were evaluated using descriptive statistics of SPSS version 17 and expressed in mean and standard deviation, and male: female ratios. Results: Of the 288 research volunteers, 8.68% and 1.74% were positive for HBsAg and anti-HCV respectively. 1.04% was HBV and HCV co-infected. The overall mean age and male: female ratio were 44.4±17.3 years and 1.4:1 respectively. Lower mean age and higher male: female ratios were observed in HBV and HCV population. HCC remain the major liver outcome in HBV-infected and HBV/HCV co-infected research subjects. Conclusion: Hepatitis B and C viral infections still remain a major public health problem globally. There is need for continued aggressive advocacy on ‘Know your HBV and HCV status’ to reduce the scourge of these infections especially in rural and resource-limited settings where problem of poverty and ignorance have contributed to development of liver complications in these patients.
Hepatitis B and C Single and Co-Infection Patterns Among Emergency Patients in a Resource-Limited Setting
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-05-09
© Science Publishing Group
Fasakin Kolawole Asimiyu
Ajayi Oluwafemi David
Esan Ayodele Jacob
Omisakin Christopher Tope
Adams Olusegun Timothy
Ojiezeh Tony Ifeanyi
Aboderin Florence Ifechukwude
Hepatitis B and C Single and Co-Infection Patterns Among Emergency Patients in a Resource-Limited Setting
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2015-05-09
2015-05-09
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Podoconiosis, the Non-Filarial Elephantiasis, a Means of Discrimination and Poverty in Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.17
Podoconiosis is a non-infectious geo-chemical disease caused by exposure of bare feet to red clay soil derived from volcanic rocks. In Ethiopia, 1 million people suffer with the disease. It affects the physical condition (disability and deformity) of patients and also the social and economic status of affected individuals. Studies conducted in endemic countries clearly stated that there is stigmatization in the family and in general in the community. This consequences mental distress in affected individual. Besides, individuals affected economically: they cost for treatment and mainly they loss their productivity potential. These results financial crisis individually and aggravate poverty in the society. This review intends to address the social exclusion and economic impact of podoconiosis in Ethiopia.
Podoconiosis is a non-infectious geo-chemical disease caused by exposure of bare feet to red clay soil derived from volcanic rocks. In Ethiopia, 1 million people suffer with the disease. It affects the physical condition (disability and deformity) of patients and also the social and economic status of affected individuals. Studies conducted in endemic countries clearly stated that there is stigmatization in the family and in general in the community. This consequences mental distress in affected individual. Besides, individuals affected economically: they cost for treatment and mainly they loss their productivity potential. These results financial crisis individually and aggravate poverty in the society. This review intends to address the social exclusion and economic impact of podoconiosis in Ethiopia.
Podoconiosis, the Non-Filarial Elephantiasis, a Means of Discrimination and Poverty in Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.17
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
Fikresilasie Samuel Tasew
Podoconiosis, the Non-Filarial Elephantiasis, a Means of Discrimination and Poverty in Ethiopia
3
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70
70
2015-05-13
2015-05-13
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.17
© Science Publishing Group
Impact Assessment of Foetal Haemoglobin on Biochemical Markers of Liver Function in Sickle Cell Disease Patients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.16
Background/objective: The role of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) on the modulation of clinical manifestations in sickle cell disease is well known but there is inconsistency as to the levels of HbF that may protective against the development of liver disease. This study evaluates the impact of HbF on biochemical markers of liver function in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients in steady clinical state. Materials and Methods: Liver function tests: aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and proteins as well as HbF were assayed in SCD patients using colorimetric methods. Results: Out of 100 SCD patients, 24% had high (>5%) HbF while 76% had low (<4.9%) HbF levels. Those subjects with high HbF had lower (p<0.001) levels of measured variables except albumin which was higher compared to levels in those with low HbF. HbF correlated negatively with the measured variables except albumin. Conclusion: The SCD patients with high HbF had lower levels of the measured variables compared to those with low levels of HbF. High HbF levels (>5%) may be protective against the development of liver pathology in SCD patients in steady clinical state.
Background/objective: The role of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) on the modulation of clinical manifestations in sickle cell disease is well known but there is inconsistency as to the levels of HbF that may protective against the development of liver disease. This study evaluates the impact of HbF on biochemical markers of liver function in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients in steady clinical state. Materials and Methods: Liver function tests: aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and proteins as well as HbF were assayed in SCD patients using colorimetric methods. Results: Out of 100 SCD patients, 24% had high (>5%) HbF while 76% had low (<4.9%) HbF levels. Those subjects with high HbF had lower (p<0.001) levels of measured variables except albumin which was higher compared to levels in those with low HbF. HbF correlated negatively with the measured variables except albumin. Conclusion: The SCD patients with high HbF had lower levels of the measured variables compared to those with low levels of HbF. High HbF levels (>5%) may be protective against the development of liver pathology in SCD patients in steady clinical state.
Impact Assessment of Foetal Haemoglobin on Biochemical Markers of Liver Function in Sickle Cell Disease Patients
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.16
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
Mathias Abiodun Emokpae
Rossy Jane Umeadi
Impact Assessment of Foetal Haemoglobin on Biochemical Markers of Liver Function in Sickle Cell Disease Patients
3
3
66
66
2015-05-13
2015-05-13
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150303.16
© Science Publishing Group
Recovery of Pathogenic Human Intestinal Parasites in Fecal Effluents Obtained from Donkey Abattoir at Nkwo-Izhia, Ebonyi State
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.11
Donkey meat is a delicacy in some cultures even though it is abhorred in some quarters; and because it is relatively cheaper, tastier and nutritionally-rich, donkey meat is preferred to some other types of red especially in this part of the world. Donkeys are usually imported from the Northern part of Nigeria to some parts of the South where people buy them for consumption and other economic purposes. This study was aimed at recovering pathogenic human intestinal parasites from donkeys to ascertain if they could be potential reservoirs of human parasites. The fecal effluents from the donkey abattoir were analyzed based on current parasitological techniques; and the parasites were confirmed by microscopic and concentration techniques. Twenty-five (79.5%) species of helminths and 9 (20.5%) species of protozoa were identified in the donkeys slurry samples examined in this study. This gives a general parasite prevalence of 55.0% (44/80). These comprised of 16 (36.4%) Fasciola hepatica; 10 (22.8%) Taenia spp; 7 (15.9%) Giardia lamblia; 3 (6.8%) Ascaris lumbricoides; 3 (6.8%) Strongyloides stercolaris; 2 (4.5%) Trichuris trichuria; 2(4.5%) Entamoeba histolytica and 1 (2.3%) hookworm. One animal each harbored 3 species, 17 animals had two separate parasitic infections and 26 harbored one parasitic species. It could be deduced from our results that parasitic infections are not duly considered in veterinary control especially in slaughter houses as possible causes or source of infections. Thus, parasitic control and protective actions will be necessary in order to utilize donkeys more efficiently as well as to contain the spread of infections via their consumption.
Donkey meat is a delicacy in some cultures even though it is abhorred in some quarters; and because it is relatively cheaper, tastier and nutritionally-rich, donkey meat is preferred to some other types of red especially in this part of the world. Donkeys are usually imported from the Northern part of Nigeria to some parts of the South where people buy them for consumption and other economic purposes. This study was aimed at recovering pathogenic human intestinal parasites from donkeys to ascertain if they could be potential reservoirs of human parasites. The fecal effluents from the donkey abattoir were analyzed based on current parasitological techniques; and the parasites were confirmed by microscopic and concentration techniques. Twenty-five (79.5%) species of helminths and 9 (20.5%) species of protozoa were identified in the donkeys slurry samples examined in this study. This gives a general parasite prevalence of 55.0% (44/80). These comprised of 16 (36.4%) Fasciola hepatica; 10 (22.8%) Taenia spp; 7 (15.9%) Giardia lamblia; 3 (6.8%) Ascaris lumbricoides; 3 (6.8%) Strongyloides stercolaris; 2 (4.5%) Trichuris trichuria; 2(4.5%) Entamoeba histolytica and 1 (2.3%) hookworm. One animal each harbored 3 species, 17 animals had two separate parasitic infections and 26 harbored one parasitic species. It could be deduced from our results that parasitic infections are not duly considered in veterinary control especially in slaughter houses as possible causes or source of infections. Thus, parasitic control and protective actions will be necessary in order to utilize donkeys more efficiently as well as to contain the spread of infections via their consumption.
Recovery of Pathogenic Human Intestinal Parasites in Fecal Effluents Obtained from Donkey Abattoir at Nkwo-Izhia, Ebonyi State
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Agumah Nnabuife Bernard
Nwakaeze Emmanuel Amobi
Nwachi Anthonia Chinyere
Ilang Donatus Chukwuma
Ebiega-Oselebe Ifeoma Nora
Iyidiobi Tochukwu Chiaghanam
Dzingina Garba Douglas
Uhuo Cosmas
Recovery of Pathogenic Human Intestinal Parasites in Fecal Effluents Obtained from Donkey Abattoir at Nkwo-Izhia, Ebonyi State
3
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74
74
2015-06-17
2015-06-17
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Implant Neck Design on the Crestal Bone Levels that Support the Tissue Around the Implant –Restoration
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.12
This research aims to evaluate the impact of the shape of the implant neck on the level of crestal bone surrounding it. Dental implant surgeries were performed, and prosthesis were placed over (28) implants in six jaws for five patients (5 upper jaws and 1 lower jaw). These dental implant surgeries were performed on the jaws such that one of the sides received 2 or 3 implants from the BICON system with beveled neck, while the opposite side received the same number of implants from the ONB system from IDI with non-beveled neck. The implant-restorations were then performed following complete osseointegration. The patients were observed via periodic panoramic radiographs starting from the day the prosthesis were placed, then 3 months after the restoration, 6 months after the restoration and 18 months after the restoration. The distance between the implant neck and the point of contact of the crestal bone with the implant neck (mesial and distal) was measured for each implant using periodic panoramic radiographs taken for every patient. The results revealed the occurrence of peri-implant crestal bone loss, known as the saucerization phenomenon. Independent samples T-test was conducted to compare the mean bone loss with both types of implants mentioned above. The results of the study did not show any statistically significant differences in the early stages of the restoration/prosthesis. Yet, after 6 months and up to 18 months post restoration, statistically significant differences emerged verifying that the peri-implant bone loss occurring in implants with a beveled neck was less than that occurring around implants with a non-beveled neck, confirming the incidence of an initial bone loss following the restoration in all cases. This research revealed that the design of the implant yields better esthetic results in the presence of a bevel in the implant neck, taking into consideration the occurrence of a definite bone loss.
This research aims to evaluate the impact of the shape of the implant neck on the level of crestal bone surrounding it. Dental implant surgeries were performed, and prosthesis were placed over (28) implants in six jaws for five patients (5 upper jaws and 1 lower jaw). These dental implant surgeries were performed on the jaws such that one of the sides received 2 or 3 implants from the BICON system with beveled neck, while the opposite side received the same number of implants from the ONB system from IDI with non-beveled neck. The implant-restorations were then performed following complete osseointegration. The patients were observed via periodic panoramic radiographs starting from the day the prosthesis were placed, then 3 months after the restoration, 6 months after the restoration and 18 months after the restoration. The distance between the implant neck and the point of contact of the crestal bone with the implant neck (mesial and distal) was measured for each implant using periodic panoramic radiographs taken for every patient. The results revealed the occurrence of peri-implant crestal bone loss, known as the saucerization phenomenon. Independent samples T-test was conducted to compare the mean bone loss with both types of implants mentioned above. The results of the study did not show any statistically significant differences in the early stages of the restoration/prosthesis. Yet, after 6 months and up to 18 months post restoration, statistically significant differences emerged verifying that the peri-implant bone loss occurring in implants with a beveled neck was less than that occurring around implants with a non-beveled neck, confirming the incidence of an initial bone loss following the restoration in all cases. This research revealed that the design of the implant yields better esthetic results in the presence of a bevel in the implant neck, taking into consideration the occurrence of a definite bone loss.
The Effect of Implant Neck Design on the Crestal Bone Levels that Support the Tissue Around the Implant –Restoration
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Modar Ahmad
Nazih Issa
Naser Bahrli
The Effect of Implant Neck Design on the Crestal Bone Levels that Support the Tissue Around the Implant –Restoration
3
4
83
83
2015-06-19
2015-06-19
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Dri-Dot OMPs Salmonella Typhi in Suspected Typhoid Fever Patients as an Immunodiagnostic Kit
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.14
Background. Several studies have identified a protein of OMP S. Typhi. The protein is highly immunogenic and can be recognize whole cells of S. Typhi. The aims of the study was to evaluate the Dri-dot OMPs immunoreactivity in typhoid fever suspected patients. Method. Samples obtained from Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, lbnu Sina Hospital, and Haji Hospital of Makassar from February to November 2014. Their sensitivity and specificity were evaluated against blood culture method as the gold standard. For each of the two tests, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated using standard formulae. Results. A total of 15 of suspected typhoid fever samples examined for culture, lateral flow and Dri-dot OMPs. Examination of blood culture method showed that 3 of 15 (20%) patients had a blood culture positive for S. typhi. Dri-dot OMPs were positive in 13 (86.7%) serum samples. Fourteen (93.3%) serum samples were positive for lateral flow examination. Thirteen samples were positive for both Dri-dot and lateral flow. One sample was negative for both lateral flow and Dri-dot. One sample was positive for Dri-dot but negative for lateral flow. Conclusion. We conclude that there was no difference between Dri-dot OMPs, lateral flow and widal tests. Dri-dot could be of use for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in patients who have clinical typhoid fever
Background. Several studies have identified a protein of OMP S. Typhi. The protein is highly immunogenic and can be recognize whole cells of S. Typhi. The aims of the study was to evaluate the Dri-dot OMPs immunoreactivity in typhoid fever suspected patients. Method. Samples obtained from Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, lbnu Sina Hospital, and Haji Hospital of Makassar from February to November 2014. Their sensitivity and specificity were evaluated against blood culture method as the gold standard. For each of the two tests, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated using standard formulae. Results. A total of 15 of suspected typhoid fever samples examined for culture, lateral flow and Dri-dot OMPs. Examination of blood culture method showed that 3 of 15 (20%) patients had a blood culture positive for S. typhi. Dri-dot OMPs were positive in 13 (86.7%) serum samples. Fourteen (93.3%) serum samples were positive for lateral flow examination. Thirteen samples were positive for both Dri-dot and lateral flow. One sample was negative for both lateral flow and Dri-dot. One sample was positive for Dri-dot but negative for lateral flow. Conclusion. We conclude that there was no difference between Dri-dot OMPs, lateral flow and widal tests. Dri-dot could be of use for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in patients who have clinical typhoid fever
Evaluation of Dri-Dot OMPs Salmonella Typhi in Suspected Typhoid Fever Patients as an Immunodiagnostic Kit
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-08-13
© Science Publishing Group
Yusriani Mangarengi
Ressy Dwiyanti
Nataniel Tandirogang
Muhammad Sabir
Rosdiana Natzir
Mochammad Hatta
Yadi
Evaluation of Dri-Dot OMPs Salmonella Typhi in Suspected Typhoid Fever Patients as an Immunodiagnostic Kit
3
4
90
90
2015-08-13
2015-08-13
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.14
© Science Publishing Group
Importance of genetic testing in neonatal diabetes and use of sulphonylureaImportance of genetic testing in neonatal diabetes and use of sulphonylurea
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.13
Patients with permanent neonatal diabetes usually present within the first three months of life and need insulin treatment. In most, the cause is unknown. Because ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels mediate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells, activating mutations in the gene encoding the Kir6.2 subunit of this channel (KCNJ11) cause neonatal diabetes. Genotyping identifies the exact molecular etiology of early onset insulin requiring diabetes and has the potential to alter the management of the patient, who would otherwise be insulin dependent for life. Method: We identified a 6 year-old child who presented at 3 months of age with diabetic ketoacidosis. Blood samples for molecular genetic analysis were done. Results: The patient was diagnosed as a heterozygous for a missense mutation in the (KCNJ11) gene, for which she switched to sulphonylurea with a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day. Conclusion: the need for medical practitioners to consider molecular testing for all patients who present with diabetes below 6 months of age as this will facilitate accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
Patients with permanent neonatal diabetes usually present within the first three months of life and need insulin treatment. In most, the cause is unknown. Because ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels mediate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells, activating mutations in the gene encoding the Kir6.2 subunit of this channel (KCNJ11) cause neonatal diabetes. Genotyping identifies the exact molecular etiology of early onset insulin requiring diabetes and has the potential to alter the management of the patient, who would otherwise be insulin dependent for life. Method: We identified a 6 year-old child who presented at 3 months of age with diabetic ketoacidosis. Blood samples for molecular genetic analysis were done. Results: The patient was diagnosed as a heterozygous for a missense mutation in the (KCNJ11) gene, for which she switched to sulphonylurea with a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day. Conclusion: the need for medical practitioners to consider molecular testing for all patients who present with diabetes below 6 months of age as this will facilitate accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
Importance of genetic testing in neonatal diabetes and use of sulphonylureaImportance of genetic testing in neonatal diabetes and use of sulphonylurea
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-07-09
© Science Publishing Group
Eman Ahmad Alsafi
Ihab Abdulhamed Ahmad
Abdulmoein Eid AL-Agha
Importance of genetic testing in neonatal diabetes and use of sulphonylureaImportance of genetic testing in neonatal diabetes and use of sulphonylurea
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86
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2015-07-09
2015-07-09
10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Normo Hyper and Extreme Hypercomplementemia in Human Chronic Periodontitis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.12
Fourty-Nine chronic periodontitis patients were diagnosed by the dentist of the team. Of which 27 were generalized chronic and the other 22 were localized chronic periodontitis. Ten subjects with normal mouth hygienewere considered as controls. Blood,and saliva samples were collected from both of the test patients and controls. Sera, saliva and salivary proteins were subjected to C3 and C4 determinations using ready made plates ofradial immunodiffusion in gel containing anti-C3 and anti-C4 antibodies. Generalized chronic periodontitis patients were showing higher C3 levels than localized chronic periodontitis patients. Both of thedisease forms were of higher C3 and C4 levels than controls. Females have lower C3 levels than male chronic periodontitis patients. C4 levels were slightly increased than normal control levels. Male C4 levels approximate female levels. Four cases ofC3 and C4 hypercomplementemia in each of the disease forms.One extremecombinedC3 and C4 hypercomplementemia in the generalized form and one extreme C4 hypercomplementemiawas noted in the localized form. Thus, normo, hyper and extreme hypercomplementemia C3 and C4 were noted among chronic periodontitis patients. These hypercomplementemia cases are secondary non-genetic, infection and /or inflammation induced.
Fourty-Nine chronic periodontitis patients were diagnosed by the dentist of the team. Of which 27 were generalized chronic and the other 22 were localized chronic periodontitis. Ten subjects with normal mouth hygienewere considered as controls. Blood,and saliva samples were collected from both of the test patients and controls. Sera, saliva and salivary proteins were subjected to C3 and C4 determinations using ready made plates ofradial immunodiffusion in gel containing anti-C3 and anti-C4 antibodies. Generalized chronic periodontitis patients were showing higher C3 levels than localized chronic periodontitis patients. Both of thedisease forms were of higher C3 and C4 levels than controls. Females have lower C3 levels than male chronic periodontitis patients. C4 levels were slightly increased than normal control levels. Male C4 levels approximate female levels. Four cases ofC3 and C4 hypercomplementemia in each of the disease forms.One extremecombinedC3 and C4 hypercomplementemia in the generalized form and one extreme C4 hypercomplementemiawas noted in the localized form. Thus, normo, hyper and extreme hypercomplementemia C3 and C4 were noted among chronic periodontitis patients. These hypercomplementemia cases are secondary non-genetic, infection and /or inflammation induced.
Normo Hyper and Extreme Hypercomplementemia in Human Chronic Periodontitis
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.12
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Baha H. H. Alamiedi
Zainab M. H. Al Fatlawy
Normo Hyper and Extreme Hypercomplementemia in Human Chronic Periodontitis
3
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6
6
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Immunoglobulin a in Chronic Periodontitis Patients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.11
Fourty-nine chronic periodontitis patients were diagnosed by dentist .Of which 27 were with generalized chronic periodontitis and 22 were with localized chronic periodontitis. The disease was prevalent among the age group range from 20 to 44 years old. Ten apparently healthy normal subjects were elected as control .Sera , saliva, salivary proteins were made for detection of IgA levels using radial immunodiffusion in gel containing low and high levels of anti-IgA ready made makes. Periodontitis patients sera have shown that, IgA concentration means reachs two to three folds higherthan that of controls.The IgA herd plot among the patients was of skewd distribution type. Young patients serum IgA were showing higher than that of senescence periodontitis patients and higher than that of normal control subjects .Male patients serum IgA were of higher concentration means than that of female patients. Apparently senescence decreases serum IgA concentration means as compared to young patients and controls.
Fourty-nine chronic periodontitis patients were diagnosed by dentist .Of which 27 were with generalized chronic periodontitis and 22 were with localized chronic periodontitis. The disease was prevalent among the age group range from 20 to 44 years old. Ten apparently healthy normal subjects were elected as control .Sera , saliva, salivary proteins were made for detection of IgA levels using radial immunodiffusion in gel containing low and high levels of anti-IgA ready made makes. Periodontitis patients sera have shown that, IgA concentration means reachs two to three folds higherthan that of controls.The IgA herd plot among the patients was of skewd distribution type. Young patients serum IgA were showing higher than that of senescence periodontitis patients and higher than that of normal control subjects .Male patients serum IgA were of higher concentration means than that of female patients. Apparently senescence decreases serum IgA concentration means as compared to young patients and controls.
Immunoglobulin a in Chronic Periodontitis Patients
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.11
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Immunoglobulin a in Chronic Periodontitis Patients
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3
3
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.11
© Science Publishing Group
Oral Mucosal Immune Tolerance Versus Oral Immune Silencing: Mini Review
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.13
Oral mucosal tolerance a phenomenon among others in the common mucosal immune system. The mechanisms behind which are multiple. Three main opinions are being raised up .First ,tolerant cells emerged within the gut mucosa and migrates to oral mucosa suppressing immune function ,the second holds that tolerant cells evolved with in the sublingual salivary glands and functions insitue and the third ,however ,considered tolerance as an active immune processes marked with hypersensitivity and antibody formation.
Oral mucosal tolerance a phenomenon among others in the common mucosal immune system. The mechanisms behind which are multiple. Three main opinions are being raised up .First ,tolerant cells emerged within the gut mucosa and migrates to oral mucosa suppressing immune function ,the second holds that tolerant cells evolved with in the sublingual salivary glands and functions insitue and the third ,however ,considered tolerance as an active immune processes marked with hypersensitivity and antibody formation.
Oral Mucosal Immune Tolerance Versus Oral Immune Silencing: Mini Review
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.13
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-03-06
© Science Publishing Group
Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Oral Mucosal Immune Tolerance Versus Oral Immune Silencing: Mini Review
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9
9
2015-03-06
2015-03-06
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.13
© Science Publishing Group
IgM-IgG-IgA Secondary Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Associated with Pediatric Tonsillitis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.14
A cryoprotein was separated from sera of the pediatric tonsillitis patients. Such protein characterized as: percipitable at 4c , dissolvable at 37c and repercipitable at 4c. It showed gelatinous or crystalline texture. The immunochemical quantitation using single radial immune diffusion for immunoglobulin isotypes revealed mixed IgM-IgG-IgA isotypes. Hence secondary mixed cryoglobulinemia type III was proven in association with pediatric tonsillitis rate of 29:30(96.66%).
A cryoprotein was separated from sera of the pediatric tonsillitis patients. Such protein characterized as: percipitable at 4c , dissolvable at 37c and repercipitable at 4c. It showed gelatinous or crystalline texture. The immunochemical quantitation using single radial immune diffusion for immunoglobulin isotypes revealed mixed IgM-IgG-IgA isotypes. Hence secondary mixed cryoglobulinemia type III was proven in association with pediatric tonsillitis rate of 29:30(96.66%).
IgM-IgG-IgA Secondary Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Associated with Pediatric Tonsillitis
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.14
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-03-12
© Science Publishing Group
Jassim Yazi Abdulla
IgM-IgG-IgA Secondary Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Associated with Pediatric Tonsillitis
3
4
12
12
2015-03-12
2015-03-12
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.14
© Science Publishing Group
Oral Mucosal Tolerance Versus Systemic Immune Response to Salmonella typhi Antigen
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.15
It was demonstrated that the oral vaccine application of Salmonella typhi antigen can activate low antibody agglutinin titer (mean:40±0) comparing with high agglutination titer induced by Intramuscular administration of Salmonella typhi antigen (mean 560.0 ± 51.64) as well as anti-Salmonella typhi IgG ELIZA shows high mean index value(mean = 0.6957±0.10) comparing with the low index value induced by oral rout were (mean= 0.028±0.014) while anti Salmonella typhi IgM ELIZA test show mean index value = 0.6339±0.0385 comparing with low IgM index value (mean= 0.1560±0.070) induced by oral rout (Rsquared 0.7457, t test 3.3. The pro –inflammatory cytokines IL-1α was high in intramuscular rout 217.089±39.78 than its concentration with in oral administrated group (100.4±12.09), IL-12 was about the same concentration both in oral rout and intramuscular rout subsequently (23.607 and 23.17) p value 0.01, R squared (0.3958).However the immune responses were not absolutely absent in the oral administrated group, this reflect the fact that there is a selectivity in taking oral antigens from digestive mucosal surfaces but this immune feature and selectivity theme may vary from antigen to another. In conclusion the recent and ongoing expansion of a new information about the mucosal and systemic immune responses lend a promise to provide the tools needed to exploit the full potential and development of both mucosal and intramuscular vaccines.
It was demonstrated that the oral vaccine application of Salmonella typhi antigen can activate low antibody agglutinin titer (mean:40±0) comparing with high agglutination titer induced by Intramuscular administration of Salmonella typhi antigen (mean 560.0 ± 51.64) as well as anti-Salmonella typhi IgG ELIZA shows high mean index value(mean = 0.6957±0.10) comparing with the low index value induced by oral rout were (mean= 0.028±0.014) while anti Salmonella typhi IgM ELIZA test show mean index value = 0.6339±0.0385 comparing with low IgM index value (mean= 0.1560±0.070) induced by oral rout (Rsquared 0.7457, t test 3.3. The pro –inflammatory cytokines IL-1α was high in intramuscular rout 217.089±39.78 than its concentration with in oral administrated group (100.4±12.09), IL-12 was about the same concentration both in oral rout and intramuscular rout subsequently (23.607 and 23.17) p value 0.01, R squared (0.3958).However the immune responses were not absolutely absent in the oral administrated group, this reflect the fact that there is a selectivity in taking oral antigens from digestive mucosal surfaces but this immune feature and selectivity theme may vary from antigen to another. In conclusion the recent and ongoing expansion of a new information about the mucosal and systemic immune responses lend a promise to provide the tools needed to exploit the full potential and development of both mucosal and intramuscular vaccines.
Oral Mucosal Tolerance Versus Systemic Immune Response to Salmonella typhi Antigen
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.15
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-04-23
© Science Publishing Group
Ibrahim Mohamed Saeed Shnawa
Zainab Khudhur Ahmed Al-Mahdi
Oral Mucosal Tolerance Versus Systemic Immune Response to Salmonella typhi Antigen
3
4
16
16
2015-04-23
2015-04-23
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.15
© Science Publishing Group
The Interplay of the Local Microbiome with Oral Mucosal Immune Compartment: Minireview
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.16
The oral microbiome is formed and functioned in balanced state during health and in an unbalanced state in the disease conditions. Microbiome in the oral compartment combats the weapons of the invading microbial pathogens .Now , there are a specific microbiome signature in each of the cases of health and disease. Oral microbiome expressed; probiotic, antigenic competition and immunomodulatory effects locally in the oral compartment .In the immunologic sense ,oral microbiome is constituting an element that is able to interact in a bidirectional fashion with the components of the oral immune compartment with the net result of homiostasis , immune response ,tolerance ,anergy and hypersensitivity and/or immune mediated diseases .Thus it has played an important roles in oral immune mechanisms.
The oral microbiome is formed and functioned in balanced state during health and in an unbalanced state in the disease conditions. Microbiome in the oral compartment combats the weapons of the invading microbial pathogens .Now , there are a specific microbiome signature in each of the cases of health and disease. Oral microbiome expressed; probiotic, antigenic competition and immunomodulatory effects locally in the oral compartment .In the immunologic sense ,oral microbiome is constituting an element that is able to interact in a bidirectional fashion with the components of the oral immune compartment with the net result of homiostasis , immune response ,tolerance ,anergy and hypersensitivity and/or immune mediated diseases .Thus it has played an important roles in oral immune mechanisms.
The Interplay of the Local Microbiome with Oral Mucosal Immune Compartment: Minireview
doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.16
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
2015-05-29
© Science Publishing Group
Ibrahim Mohamed Saeed Shnawa
The Interplay of the Local Microbiome with Oral Mucosal Immune Compartment: Minireview
3
4
19
19
2015-05-29
2015-05-29
10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=655&doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.s.2015030401.16
© Science Publishing Group