Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering: Table of Contents
<i> American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (BIO) </i> includes articles about research findings and advances in biology , professionally written features about the latest frontiers in biology, discussions of professional issues, book reviews, news about Bioscience, and an education column (Eye on Education). Roundtables, forums, and viewpoint articles offer the perspectives of opinion leaders and invite further commentary. The content in the journal is written and edited for accessibility to researchers, educators, and students alike.
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American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
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Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Exposure of Animals with Acute Immobilization Stress to Continuous Terahertz Radiation
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Experimental simulation of hemodynamic disorders during acute immobilization stress has shown that expo-sure to continuous terahertz radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) for 5, 15 and 30 minutes allows to revert post-stress hemodynamic changes in great vessels. This allows using terahertz electromagnetic radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) to treat hemodynamic disorders accompanying some of pathologic diseases.
Experimental simulation of hemodynamic disorders during acute immobilization stress has shown that expo-sure to continuous terahertz radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) for 5, 15 and 30 minutes allows to revert post-stress hemodynamic changes in great vessels. This allows using terahertz electromagnetic radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) to treat hemodynamic disorders accompanying some of pathologic diseases.
Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Exposure of Animals with Acute Immobilization Stress to Continuous Terahertz Radiation
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130101.13
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
V. F. Kirichuk
V. V. Velikanov
T. S. Velikanova
O. N. Antipova
E. V. Andronov
A. N. Ivanov
S. S. Parshina
N. E. Babichenko
T. S. Kiriyazi
E. V. Ponukalina
I. V. Smyshlyaeva
L. K. Tokaeva
A. A. Tsymbal
Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Exposure of Animals with Acute Immobilization Stress to Continuous Terahertz Radiation
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© Science Publishing Group
Comparison of Fitness Parameters in Different Species of Drosophila
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The fitness parameter has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster, D. bipectinata,D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae. 7 day aged virgin flies were used for mating experiment, it revealed that, mating latency is more in D. malerkotliana and less in D. melanogaster. Mating time of D. melanogaster is more and it is less in D. ananassae D. bipectinata takes more time to remate and D. melanogaster takes less time to remate. Mating time, fecundity, productivity and viability of virgin is more than mated male in all the species except, D. melanogaster. Even though D. melanogaster has more percentage of viability it takes more time in mating. The mating time is less in D. ananassae whereas, fecundity, productivity and percentage of viability is more than other species.
The fitness parameter has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster, D. bipectinata,D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae. 7 day aged virgin flies were used for mating experiment, it revealed that, mating latency is more in D. malerkotliana and less in D. melanogaster. Mating time of D. melanogaster is more and it is less in D. ananassae D. bipectinata takes more time to remate and D. melanogaster takes less time to remate. Mating time, fecundity, productivity and viability of virgin is more than mated male in all the species except, D. melanogaster. Even though D. melanogaster has more percentage of viability it takes more time in mating. The mating time is less in D. ananassae whereas, fecundity, productivity and percentage of viability is more than other species.
Comparison of Fitness Parameters in Different Species of Drosophila
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130101.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Suhasini L. Kudupali
Shivanna N.
Comparison of Fitness Parameters in Different Species of Drosophila
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© Science Publishing Group
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of Induced Mutations on the Protein Structures Associated with Diseases of A Radiobiological Nature
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The induced mutations in biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins, have quite a different nature (envi-ronmental factors, viruses, ionizing radiation, mutagenic chemicals, inherited genetic alterations, etc.). Induced mutations can destroy the existing chemical (hydrogen) bonds in the native molecular structures or, on the contrary, create new chem-ical (hydrogen) bonds that do not normally exist there. In protein structures, the cause of such changes might be the substi-tution of one or several specific amino acid residues (point mutations). At the atomic level, the replacement of one amino acid residue by another causes essential modifications of the molecular force fields of the environment, which can break important hydrogen bonds underlying the structural stability of biological molecules. In this work, based on molecular dy-namics (MD) method, we demonstrate the effect of mutational structure changes on several biological protein models (the p53 oncoprotein, visual pigment rhodopsin, cyclin-dependent kinase, and recA protein). Molecular dynamics simulation is a powerful tool in investigating the structure properties of biological molecules on the atomic and molecular levels, and it has been widely used to study the structural conformational behavior of proteins. We also discuss the scenario of the mutation effects associated with different kinds of diseases that could develop and take place in physiological conditions.
The induced mutations in biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins, have quite a different nature (envi-ronmental factors, viruses, ionizing radiation, mutagenic chemicals, inherited genetic alterations, etc.). Induced mutations can destroy the existing chemical (hydrogen) bonds in the native molecular structures or, on the contrary, create new chem-ical (hydrogen) bonds that do not normally exist there. In protein structures, the cause of such changes might be the substi-tution of one or several specific amino acid residues (point mutations). At the atomic level, the replacement of one amino acid residue by another causes essential modifications of the molecular force fields of the environment, which can break important hydrogen bonds underlying the structural stability of biological molecules. In this work, based on molecular dy-namics (MD) method, we demonstrate the effect of mutational structure changes on several biological protein models (the p53 oncoprotein, visual pigment rhodopsin, cyclin-dependent kinase, and recA protein). Molecular dynamics simulation is a powerful tool in investigating the structure properties of biological molecules on the atomic and molecular levels, and it has been widely used to study the structural conformational behavior of proteins. We also discuss the scenario of the mutation effects associated with different kinds of diseases that could develop and take place in physiological conditions.
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of Induced Mutations on the Protein Structures Associated with Diseases of A Radiobiological Nature
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130101.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Kholmirzo T. Kholmurodov
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of Induced Mutations on the Protein Structures Associated with Diseases of A Radiobiological Nature
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© Science Publishing Group
A Study of Biological Markers in HIV Disease Progression and Management in yhe Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Era
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent in AIDS has been a challenge to medical fraternity from the time since it was first discovered in 1983. About 40 million people are living with HIV infection globally and 99% of the infected people are in south East Asia (SEA). With inception of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the quality of life of HIV infected individuals is gradually improving. The number of people contracting new infections has been on decline globally and those having access to HAART are increasing. Close monitoring of HIV infected patients is essential in reducing the morbidity and mortality of HIV patients. Monitoring HIV disease progression, deciding the time to initiate HAART requires evaluation of TCD4+ cell counts and HIV/RNA viral load at regular intervals. Considering the fact that it is the resource restrained developing countries that carry most of the burden of HIV, studies recently have been carried out to evaluate the utility of low cost, easily performed alternate biomarkers that can be used for HIV disease management and response to HAART therapy. Very few studies are available that have demonstrated the role of alternate biomarkers to monitor HIV disease progression and assessing response to HAART.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent in AIDS has been a challenge to medical fraternity from the time since it was first discovered in 1983. About 40 million people are living with HIV infection globally and 99% of the infected people are in south East Asia (SEA). With inception of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the quality of life of HIV infected individuals is gradually improving. The number of people contracting new infections has been on decline globally and those having access to HAART are increasing. Close monitoring of HIV infected patients is essential in reducing the morbidity and mortality of HIV patients. Monitoring HIV disease progression, deciding the time to initiate HAART requires evaluation of TCD4+ cell counts and HIV/RNA viral load at regular intervals. Considering the fact that it is the resource restrained developing countries that carry most of the burden of HIV, studies recently have been carried out to evaluate the utility of low cost, easily performed alternate biomarkers that can be used for HIV disease management and response to HAART therapy. Very few studies are available that have demonstrated the role of alternate biomarkers to monitor HIV disease progression and assessing response to HAART.
A Study of Biological Markers in HIV Disease Progression and Management in yhe Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Era
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130102.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Kandi Venkataramana
A Study of Biological Markers in HIV Disease Progression and Management in yhe Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Era
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© Science Publishing Group
The Possibility of Information Loss in Transcribing Genetic Sequence of DNA into Proteins due to Acceleration of Universe
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One of the most exciting subjects in science is the possibility of information loss in transcribing genetic se-quence of DNA into proteins due to acceleration of Universe. This research is the first attempt to investigate this subject. First, the probability that DNA is produced due to acceleration of Universe is obtained. It is found that as the Unruh tem-perature increases, the effect ofacceleration on the production of DNA becomes systematically more effective, because effect at higher temperatures, the energy that is supplied to keep Universe undergoing acceleration becomes more and consequently more DNAs are produced. Then the average number of binding proteins to DNA in two regions of Rindler space of Universe is calculated. The effect of proteins produced in region II doesn’t observe in accelerating Universe. One observer in acceleratingUniverse is unable to access information about the whole of space-time since, from his perspective, a communication horizon appears. This can result in a loss of information and a corresponding degradation ofprotein binding to DNA. This information loss disrupts the cellular dynamics and can lead to serious defects, including cancer.Next the averge number of extra base pairs that are produced in DNA structure by the acceleration of Universe is derived. These extra base pairs cause to be stored more information in DNA.These information can be transcribed of DNA into proteins and lead to dangerous activity in Human body.Finally,the probability for substituting AT pair by CG pair in DNA structure is calculated. It’s concluded that with increasing the Unruh temperature, more AT base pairs may be substituted by CG pairs and the probability for generating cancer due to this point mutation is increased.
One of the most exciting subjects in science is the possibility of information loss in transcribing genetic se-quence of DNA into proteins due to acceleration of Universe. This research is the first attempt to investigate this subject. First, the probability that DNA is produced due to acceleration of Universe is obtained. It is found that as the Unruh tem-perature increases, the effect ofacceleration on the production of DNA becomes systematically more effective, because effect at higher temperatures, the energy that is supplied to keep Universe undergoing acceleration becomes more and consequently more DNAs are produced. Then the average number of binding proteins to DNA in two regions of Rindler space of Universe is calculated. The effect of proteins produced in region II doesn’t observe in accelerating Universe. One observer in acceleratingUniverse is unable to access information about the whole of space-time since, from his perspective, a communication horizon appears. This can result in a loss of information and a corresponding degradation ofprotein binding to DNA. This information loss disrupts the cellular dynamics and can lead to serious defects, including cancer.Next the averge number of extra base pairs that are produced in DNA structure by the acceleration of Universe is derived. These extra base pairs cause to be stored more information in DNA.These information can be transcribed of DNA into proteins and lead to dangerous activity in Human body.Finally,the probability for substituting AT pair by CG pair in DNA structure is calculated. It’s concluded that with increasing the Unruh temperature, more AT base pairs may be substituted by CG pairs and the probability for generating cancer due to this point mutation is increased.
The Possibility of Information Loss in Transcribing Genetic Sequence of DNA into Proteins due to Acceleration of Universe
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130102.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Alireza Sepehri
Somayyeh Shoorvazi
The Possibility of Information Loss in Transcribing Genetic Sequence of DNA into Proteins due to Acceleration of Universe
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© Science Publishing Group
Information Loss in Transcribing Genetic Sequence from DNA into Protein
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130102.13
The main question is the probability of information loss in binding site of DNA due to interaction between DNA bead charges? Information loss in the gene expression disrupts the cellular dynamics and can lead to serious defects, including cancer. Using quantum biology ,a mechanism for calculating the amount of information loss in transcribing ge-netic sequence from DNA to protein is proposed. In this proposal, there are three different Hilbert spaces that belong to degrees of freedom of protein, binding site, and unbinding site of DNA. At first stage it is shown that the internal stationary state of the cell can be represented by a maximally entangled two-mode squeezed state of DNA and protein. At second stage,the state of the DNA is described by a maximally entangled two-mode squeezed state of DNA binding site and DNA unbinding site. Finally it is shown that the entanglement between protein and DNA is degraded due to interaction between DNA binding site and DNA unbinding site and consequently information is lost.
The main question is the probability of information loss in binding site of DNA due to interaction between DNA bead charges? Information loss in the gene expression disrupts the cellular dynamics and can lead to serious defects, including cancer. Using quantum biology ,a mechanism for calculating the amount of information loss in transcribing ge-netic sequence from DNA to protein is proposed. In this proposal, there are three different Hilbert spaces that belong to degrees of freedom of protein, binding site, and unbinding site of DNA. At first stage it is shown that the internal stationary state of the cell can be represented by a maximally entangled two-mode squeezed state of DNA and protein. At second stage,the state of the DNA is described by a maximally entangled two-mode squeezed state of DNA binding site and DNA unbinding site. Finally it is shown that the entanglement between protein and DNA is degraded due to interaction between DNA binding site and DNA unbinding site and consequently information is lost.
Information Loss in Transcribing Genetic Sequence from DNA into Protein
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130102.13
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Alireza Sepehri
Somayyeh Shoorvazi
Information Loss in Transcribing Genetic Sequence from DNA into Protein
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© Science Publishing Group
Advances on Using a Bioluminescent Microbial Biosensor to Detect Bioavailable Hg (II) In Real Samples
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130103.12
Technology has improved human quality of life but it caused several impacts also, due to the various contaminants released in the environment. Among these contaminants, mercury is a major concern because of its high toxicity and ubiquity in the biosphere, being classified as a global pollutant. It can occur in different forms (i.e. soluble, gaseous or solid) and chemical species (e.g. Methylmercury, elemental mercury, Hg (II), etc.), which have very different physico-chemical characteristics that, in turn, determine its cycling and bioavailability. Thus, to assess mercury potential impacts, it is necessary to go beyond the total quantitative determination, developing methods that can measure the toxicity of individual Hg species. In this context, we used a novel technique, a bioluminescent microbial biosensor, which detect only bioavailable mercury species, since bacterial Hg bioavailability is critical to define their risks. Biosensors have large applicabilities in different scientific domains such as environmental biomonitoring, medicine, and food analysis. The chosen biological receptor for the biosensor was the bacteria Escherichia coli MC1061, which is a genetic engineered organism capable of emitting light proportional to amount of Hg that enters its cell. Therefore it is a true mercury bioavailability measurement. In the present study the biosensor was used to detect bioavailable mercury from environmental samples collected at three different locations (open dump, semi-controlled landfill and controlled landfill).The biosensor showed high specificity for Hg (II) and good repeatability. Among the tested samples, collected between September and October 2009, the open dump samples had the highest bioavailable mercury levels compared to other samples from semi-controlled and controlled landfill. Thus, the bioluminescent microbial biosensor technique were sensitive enough to measure bioavailable Hg in landfill samples, and probably in other environmental samples, showing a high potential as an environmental monitoring method.
Technology has improved human quality of life but it caused several impacts also, due to the various contaminants released in the environment. Among these contaminants, mercury is a major concern because of its high toxicity and ubiquity in the biosphere, being classified as a global pollutant. It can occur in different forms (i.e. soluble, gaseous or solid) and chemical species (e.g. Methylmercury, elemental mercury, Hg (II), etc.), which have very different physico-chemical characteristics that, in turn, determine its cycling and bioavailability. Thus, to assess mercury potential impacts, it is necessary to go beyond the total quantitative determination, developing methods that can measure the toxicity of individual Hg species. In this context, we used a novel technique, a bioluminescent microbial biosensor, which detect only bioavailable mercury species, since bacterial Hg bioavailability is critical to define their risks. Biosensors have large applicabilities in different scientific domains such as environmental biomonitoring, medicine, and food analysis. The chosen biological receptor for the biosensor was the bacteria Escherichia coli MC1061, which is a genetic engineered organism capable of emitting light proportional to amount of Hg that enters its cell. Therefore it is a true mercury bioavailability measurement. In the present study the biosensor was used to detect bioavailable mercury from environmental samples collected at three different locations (open dump, semi-controlled landfill and controlled landfill).The biosensor showed high specificity for Hg (II) and good repeatability. Among the tested samples, collected between September and October 2009, the open dump samples had the highest bioavailable mercury levels compared to other samples from semi-controlled and controlled landfill. Thus, the bioluminescent microbial biosensor technique were sensitive enough to measure bioavailable Hg in landfill samples, and probably in other environmental samples, showing a high potential as an environmental monitoring method.
Advances on Using a Bioluminescent Microbial Biosensor to Detect Bioavailable Hg (II) In Real Samples
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130103.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
G. S. Costa
A. M. Salgado
P. R. G. Barrocas
Advances on Using a Bioluminescent Microbial Biosensor to Detect Bioavailable Hg (II) In Real Samples
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© Science Publishing Group
Bacteriological Examination of Computer Keyboards and Mouse Devices and their Susceptibility Patterns to Disinfectants
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Computers are ubiquitous and have been shown to be contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria in some communities. There is no economical way to test all the keyboards and mouse out there, but there are common-sense ways to prevent bacterial contamination or eliminate it if it exists. In this study, swabs specimens were collected from surfaces of 250 computer keyboards and mouse and plated on different bacteriological media. Organisms growing on the media were purified and identified using microbiological standards. It was found that all the tested computer keyboards and mouse devices, were positive for microbial contamination. The percentages of isolated bacteria (Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp.) were 43.3%, 40.9%, 30.7%, 34.1%, 18.3%, 18.2%, 7.7% and 6.8% for computer keyboards and mouse respectively. The isolated bacteria were tested against the 6 different disinfectants (Dettol, Isol, Izal, JIK, Purit and Septol®). Antibacterial effects of the disinfectants were also concentration dependent. The agar well diffusion technique for determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was employed. The Killing rate (K) and Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) of the disinfectants on the organism were also determined. The overall result of this study showed that Dettol®, followed by JIK® was highly effective against all the bacterial isolates tested while Septol and Izal® were least effective. Isol and Purit® showed moderate antibacterial effects. Keyboards and mouse should be disinfected daily. However, it is recommended that heightened surveillance of the microbial examination of computer keyboards should be undertaken at predetermiant intervals.
Computers are ubiquitous and have been shown to be contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria in some communities. There is no economical way to test all the keyboards and mouse out there, but there are common-sense ways to prevent bacterial contamination or eliminate it if it exists. In this study, swabs specimens were collected from surfaces of 250 computer keyboards and mouse and plated on different bacteriological media. Organisms growing on the media were purified and identified using microbiological standards. It was found that all the tested computer keyboards and mouse devices, were positive for microbial contamination. The percentages of isolated bacteria (Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp.) were 43.3%, 40.9%, 30.7%, 34.1%, 18.3%, 18.2%, 7.7% and 6.8% for computer keyboards and mouse respectively. The isolated bacteria were tested against the 6 different disinfectants (Dettol, Isol, Izal, JIK, Purit and Septol®). Antibacterial effects of the disinfectants were also concentration dependent. The agar well diffusion technique for determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was employed. The Killing rate (K) and Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) of the disinfectants on the organism were also determined. The overall result of this study showed that Dettol®, followed by JIK® was highly effective against all the bacterial isolates tested while Septol and Izal® were least effective. Isol and Purit® showed moderate antibacterial effects. Keyboards and mouse should be disinfected daily. However, it is recommended that heightened surveillance of the microbial examination of computer keyboards should be undertaken at predetermiant intervals.
Bacteriological Examination of Computer Keyboards and Mouse Devices and their Susceptibility Patterns to Disinfectants
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130103.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Anyim Chukwudi
Ilang Donatus C
Okonkwo Eucharia C.
Bacteriological Examination of Computer Keyboards and Mouse Devices and their Susceptibility Patterns to Disinfectants
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© Science Publishing Group
Protective Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum Comosum (L.) against Experimental Toxic Liver Injury in Wistar Rats at the Age of Two Years
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130104.11
Researches of age-dependent changes of liver functions and their correction with the use of various biologically active substances are an important issue of modern biomedicine. Investigation of the influence of the enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) on the liver of rats at the age of two years at its experimental toxic damage showed that the substrate has expressed a pronounced hepatoprotective effect. Under its influence morphological changes in the rat liver induced by CCl4 are much less pronounced than in the controls. There are also less significant deviations from normal levels of Alanine transamilase (ALT), Alanine transaminase AST and Total Bilirubin in blood plasma. Information analysis of the state of the organ indicates that the level of adaptation and regeneration opportunities of the liver of rats treated with an enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) is significantly higher than at the liver of rats with experimental toxic liver damage without the use of studied substrate. Histopathological analysis confirmed the alleviation of liver damage in connection with use of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.)
Researches of age-dependent changes of liver functions and their correction with the use of various biologically active substances are an important issue of modern biomedicine. Investigation of the influence of the enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) on the liver of rats at the age of two years at its experimental toxic damage showed that the substrate has expressed a pronounced hepatoprotective effect. Under its influence morphological changes in the rat liver induced by CCl4 are much less pronounced than in the controls. There are also less significant deviations from normal levels of Alanine transamilase (ALT), Alanine transaminase AST and Total Bilirubin in blood plasma. Information analysis of the state of the organ indicates that the level of adaptation and regeneration opportunities of the liver of rats treated with an enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) is significantly higher than at the liver of rats with experimental toxic liver damage without the use of studied substrate. Histopathological analysis confirmed the alleviation of liver damage in connection with use of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.)
Protective Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum Comosum (L.) against Experimental Toxic Liver Injury in Wistar Rats at the Age of Two Years
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130104.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
David A. Areshidze
Lyudmila D. Timchenko
Maria A. Кozlova
Protective Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum Comosum (L.) against Experimental Toxic Liver Injury in Wistar Rats at the Age of Two Years
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© Science Publishing Group
Mendelian Segregation in an Interspecific Hybrid Population of Tetraploid X Diploid Coffea Species-Part 1
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130105.11
Mating of two parental varieties always leads to the production of genotypic admixture of both the parental traits in F1 and on selfing the progeny exhibits the phenotypic segregation in a definite proportion in F2. Mendel described it as “Law of Independent Assortment”. It is general belief that coffee varieties do not follow the Mendel’s ratios of segregation. Keeping in view the above findings and beliefs, a study was undertaken during 2008-2011 to observe the segregation pattern in the F2 population of C. arabica cv. ‘Cauvery’ x (C. congensis x C. canephora var. robusta) established at Coffee Research Sub Station, Chettalli, Kodagu District, Karnataka, India in the year 2002. The results of the study revealed that coffee cultivars of commercial importance possessed two types of genetic traits known as dependent and independent characters. The dependent characters showed assortment of characters along with closely related characters and expressed varying degrees of expression. Therefore, the frequency of the occurrence of such phenotypic traits did not considerably match with the expected frequency of the same traits at high probability level and it matched at low probability. The genetic behavior of independent traits exhibited genetic segregation in accordance with the Mendel’s law of independent assortment showing goodness of fit to the dihybrid ratio of 9:3:3:1 with high level of statistical confidence (P≥0.50 up to 0.95). It was observed that the genes regulating the dwarfing effect for coffee bush, thin stem and primary girth, low number of primary branches and reduced length of primary branches were dominant over tall type bush, thick main stem and primary shoot as well as higher number and length of primary shoots.
Mating of two parental varieties always leads to the production of genotypic admixture of both the parental traits in F1 and on selfing the progeny exhibits the phenotypic segregation in a definite proportion in F2. Mendel described it as “Law of Independent Assortment”. It is general belief that coffee varieties do not follow the Mendel’s ratios of segregation. Keeping in view the above findings and beliefs, a study was undertaken during 2008-2011 to observe the segregation pattern in the F2 population of C. arabica cv. ‘Cauvery’ x (C. congensis x C. canephora var. robusta) established at Coffee Research Sub Station, Chettalli, Kodagu District, Karnataka, India in the year 2002. The results of the study revealed that coffee cultivars of commercial importance possessed two types of genetic traits known as dependent and independent characters. The dependent characters showed assortment of characters along with closely related characters and expressed varying degrees of expression. Therefore, the frequency of the occurrence of such phenotypic traits did not considerably match with the expected frequency of the same traits at high probability level and it matched at low probability. The genetic behavior of independent traits exhibited genetic segregation in accordance with the Mendel’s law of independent assortment showing goodness of fit to the dihybrid ratio of 9:3:3:1 with high level of statistical confidence (P≥0.50 up to 0.95). It was observed that the genes regulating the dwarfing effect for coffee bush, thin stem and primary girth, low number of primary branches and reduced length of primary branches were dominant over tall type bush, thick main stem and primary shoot as well as higher number and length of primary shoots.
Mendelian Segregation in an Interspecific Hybrid Population of Tetraploid X Diploid Coffea Species-Part 1
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130105.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Anil Kumar
Subbugan Ganesh
Mendelian Segregation in an Interspecific Hybrid Population of Tetraploid X Diploid Coffea Species-Part 1
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5
61
61
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.bio.20130105.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130105.11
© Science Publishing Group
Computational Prediction of miRNA in Gmelina Arborea and their Role in Human Metabolomics
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130105.12
Micro RNA are the noncoding class of RNA which plays major role post transcriptional regulation of genes and 19-22 nt in length and endogenous in nature .In this study miRNA Gmelina arborea are predicted along with possible target genes , A total of 44 ESTs are taken from dbEST database and proceed and trimmed through EGassembler. This contig sequence was now used to find out the putative miRNA by performing a local alignment with miRNA of Arabidopsis thaliana retrieved from miRBase. The targets were scanned by hybridizing screened ESTs with the UTRs of human using DIANA tar software. Finally 6 putative miRNAs were found to hybridize with the various targets of signal transduction and apoptosis that play significant role in preventing disease like cancer, blood borne disease, and other urinary infections and various study indicated that is possesses antioxidants, diuretic, anthelmintic activity, cardio protective, anti diabetic, immunomodulatory, antipyretic and analgesic, antimicrobial in the treatment of jaundice, piles bases on their targets
Micro RNA are the noncoding class of RNA which plays major role post transcriptional regulation of genes and 19-22 nt in length and endogenous in nature .In this study miRNA Gmelina arborea are predicted along with possible target genes , A total of 44 ESTs are taken from dbEST database and proceed and trimmed through EGassembler. This contig sequence was now used to find out the putative miRNA by performing a local alignment with miRNA of Arabidopsis thaliana retrieved from miRBase. The targets were scanned by hybridizing screened ESTs with the UTRs of human using DIANA tar software. Finally 6 putative miRNAs were found to hybridize with the various targets of signal transduction and apoptosis that play significant role in preventing disease like cancer, blood borne disease, and other urinary infections and various study indicated that is possesses antioxidants, diuretic, anthelmintic activity, cardio protective, anti diabetic, immunomodulatory, antipyretic and analgesic, antimicrobial in the treatment of jaundice, piles bases on their targets
Computational Prediction of miRNA in Gmelina Arborea and their Role in Human Metabolomics
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130105.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Alka Dubey
Swinderjeet Singh Kalra
Nandita Trivedi
Computational Prediction of miRNA in Gmelina Arborea and their Role in Human Metabolomics
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5
74
74
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.bio.20130105.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130105.12
© Science Publishing Group
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid Profile of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Isolated from Wound Patients in Abakaliki Metropolis, Ebonyi State
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130106.11
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli has become increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical importance. A total of 18 isolates comprising of 10 (55.6%) S. aureus, 6 (33.3%) P. aeruginosa and 2 (11.1%) E. coli were recovered from 15 pus samples of wound patients attending Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki I (FETHA I) and Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki II (FETHA II). All the isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. S. aureus showed the highest susceptibility percentage of 80.0% to ciprofloxacin, followed by 60.0% to augmentin and 50.0% to streptomycin, while the highest resistance percentage was obtained with lincocin (100.0%), followed by ampiclox (80.0%). P. aeruginosa showed the highest susceptibility percentage of 83.3% to ciprofloxacin, followed by 66.6% to streptomycin and gentamycin (66.6%), while the highest resistance percentage was obtained with streptomycin (33.3%) and gentamycin (33.3%). E. coli showed the highest susceptibility percentage to gentamycin and streptomycin with 100% activity. The antibiotics with reasonable resistant profile was observed in 10 isolates (5 S. aureus, 5 P. aeruginosa and 1 E. coli) with isolate code S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, Ps1, Ps2, Ps3, Ps4, Ps5 and Ec1 which showed resistance to atleast 5 antibiotics, hence this isolates were subjected to plasmid profile analysis. Only three isolates (S1, S4 and Ec1) showed the presence of plasmids within the range of 1.8 kbp to 10.4 kbp. Hence antibiotic resistance of an organism does not always confer the presence of plasmid.
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli has become increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical importance. A total of 18 isolates comprising of 10 (55.6%) S. aureus, 6 (33.3%) P. aeruginosa and 2 (11.1%) E. coli were recovered from 15 pus samples of wound patients attending Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki I (FETHA I) and Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki II (FETHA II). All the isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. S. aureus showed the highest susceptibility percentage of 80.0% to ciprofloxacin, followed by 60.0% to augmentin and 50.0% to streptomycin, while the highest resistance percentage was obtained with lincocin (100.0%), followed by ampiclox (80.0%). P. aeruginosa showed the highest susceptibility percentage of 83.3% to ciprofloxacin, followed by 66.6% to streptomycin and gentamycin (66.6%), while the highest resistance percentage was obtained with streptomycin (33.3%) and gentamycin (33.3%). E. coli showed the highest susceptibility percentage to gentamycin and streptomycin with 100% activity. The antibiotics with reasonable resistant profile was observed in 10 isolates (5 S. aureus, 5 P. aeruginosa and 1 E. coli) with isolate code S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, Ps1, Ps2, Ps3, Ps4, Ps5 and Ec1 which showed resistance to atleast 5 antibiotics, hence this isolates were subjected to plasmid profile analysis. Only three isolates (S1, S4 and Ec1) showed the presence of plasmids within the range of 1.8 kbp to 10.4 kbp. Hence antibiotic resistance of an organism does not always confer the presence of plasmid.
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid Profile of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Isolated from Wound Patients in Abakaliki Metropolis, Ebonyi State
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20130106.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nworie O.
Nnachi A. U.
Ukaegbu C. O
Alo M. N.
Ekuma U. O.
Ogueji E. O.
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid Profile of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Isolated from Wound Patients in Abakaliki Metropolis, Ebonyi State
1
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82
82
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.bio.20130106.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20130106.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Functional Complexity of [NiFe] Hydrogenases in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (Genus; Desulforvibrio spp)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140201.11
Sulfate-reducing bacteria are categories of bacteria and archaea that can obtain energy by oxidizing organic compounds or molecular hydrogen (H2) while reducing sulfate (SO42−) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). By analysis, these organisms "respire" sulfate rather than oxygen, a form of anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of hydrogen by the primary genus of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (Desulfovibrio, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans) is catalyzed by enzymes called Hydrogenases. Three basic types of hydrogenases have been widely isolated from the primary genus of sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfobibrio which differ in their structural subunits, metal compositions, physico-chemical characteristics, amino acid sequences, immunological activities, structural gene configuration and their catalytic properties. Broadly, hydrogenases can be considered as ‘iron containing hydrogenases and nickel-containing hydrogenases. The iron-sulfur-containing hydrogenase enzyme contains two ferredoxin-type (4Fe-4S) clusters and typical iron-sulfur center believed to be involved in the activation of H2 yet it is the most sensitive domain to CO and NO2−.eventhough it is not featured in all species of genus Desulfovibrio. The nickel-(iron-sulfur)-containing hydrogenases, [NiFe] hydrogenase posses two 4Fe-4S centers and one 3Fe-xS cluster in addition to nickel and have been found in all species of Desulfovibrio with strong resistance to CO and NO2- so far investigated. The genes encoding the large and small subunits of a periplasmic and membrane-bound species of the [NiFe] hydrogenase have been cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced, however the functional complexity of the hydrogenase system remained unexplored as a result of the metabolic diversity in Desulfovibrio spp. The [NiFe] hydrogenase plays an important role in the energy metabolism of Desulfovibrio spp. Thus, the expression of the encoded structural genes would be an excellent marker for the metabolic functionalities under specific inducible environment.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria are categories of bacteria and archaea that can obtain energy by oxidizing organic compounds or molecular hydrogen (H2) while reducing sulfate (SO42−) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). By analysis, these organisms "respire" sulfate rather than oxygen, a form of anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of hydrogen by the primary genus of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (Desulfovibrio, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans) is catalyzed by enzymes called Hydrogenases. Three basic types of hydrogenases have been widely isolated from the primary genus of sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfobibrio which differ in their structural subunits, metal compositions, physico-chemical characteristics, amino acid sequences, immunological activities, structural gene configuration and their catalytic properties. Broadly, hydrogenases can be considered as ‘iron containing hydrogenases and nickel-containing hydrogenases. The iron-sulfur-containing hydrogenase enzyme contains two ferredoxin-type (4Fe-4S) clusters and typical iron-sulfur center believed to be involved in the activation of H2 yet it is the most sensitive domain to CO and NO2−.eventhough it is not featured in all species of genus Desulfovibrio. The nickel-(iron-sulfur)-containing hydrogenases, [NiFe] hydrogenase posses two 4Fe-4S centers and one 3Fe-xS cluster in addition to nickel and have been found in all species of Desulfovibrio with strong resistance to CO and NO2- so far investigated. The genes encoding the large and small subunits of a periplasmic and membrane-bound species of the [NiFe] hydrogenase have been cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced, however the functional complexity of the hydrogenase system remained unexplored as a result of the metabolic diversity in Desulfovibrio spp. The [NiFe] hydrogenase plays an important role in the energy metabolism of Desulfovibrio spp. Thus, the expression of the encoded structural genes would be an excellent marker for the metabolic functionalities under specific inducible environment.
The Functional Complexity of [NiFe] Hydrogenases in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (Genus; Desulforvibrio spp)
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140201.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Saidu Haruna
Hamzat Ibiyeye Tijani
Yusuf Hindatu
Jibrin Ndejiko Mohammed
Bashir Mohammed Abubakar
Mohammed Sulaiman
Abdulrahman Idris
The Functional Complexity of [NiFe] Hydrogenases in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (Genus; Desulforvibrio spp)
2
1
7
7
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.bio.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Study of Important Agronomic Traits by Multivariate Analysis in Winter Rapeseed Cultivars
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140201.13
In order to group winter rapeseed cultivars according to evaluated traits, an experiment was conducted in the Research Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tabriz – IRAN. In the experiment were included 12 cultivars of winter rapeseed and 3 levels of water deficit stress. Gypsum blocks were used to monitor soil moisture. Water deficit stress was imposed from stem elongation to physiological maturity. According to the principal component analysis, five principal components were chosen with greater eigenvalue (more than 0.7) that are including 81.34% of the primeval variance of variables. The first component that explained the 48.02% of total variance had the high eigenvalue. The second component could justify about 13.64% of total variance and had positive association with leaf water potential and proline content and had negative relationship with leaf stomatal conductivity. The third, fourth and fifth components expressed around, 10.18, 4.83 and 4.68% of the total variance respectively. The third component had the high eigenvalue for plant dry weight. The fourth component put 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Silique per Plant and root dry weight against plant dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water potential. The fifth component had the high eigenvalue for root dry weight, root volume and 1000-seed weight.
In order to group winter rapeseed cultivars according to evaluated traits, an experiment was conducted in the Research Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tabriz – IRAN. In the experiment were included 12 cultivars of winter rapeseed and 3 levels of water deficit stress. Gypsum blocks were used to monitor soil moisture. Water deficit stress was imposed from stem elongation to physiological maturity. According to the principal component analysis, five principal components were chosen with greater eigenvalue (more than 0.7) that are including 81.34% of the primeval variance of variables. The first component that explained the 48.02% of total variance had the high eigenvalue. The second component could justify about 13.64% of total variance and had positive association with leaf water potential and proline content and had negative relationship with leaf stomatal conductivity. The third, fourth and fifth components expressed around, 10.18, 4.83 and 4.68% of the total variance respectively. The third component had the high eigenvalue for plant dry weight. The fourth component put 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Silique per Plant and root dry weight against plant dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water potential. The fifth component had the high eigenvalue for root dry weight, root volume and 1000-seed weight.
The Study of Important Agronomic Traits by Multivariate Analysis in Winter Rapeseed Cultivars
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140201.13
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Gader Ghaffari
Farhad Baghbani
The Study of Important Agronomic Traits by Multivariate Analysis in Winter Rapeseed Cultivars
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1
17
17
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.bio.20140201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Male Age Effect on Male Remating and Fitness in Phorticella Striata
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140201.12
Male traits known to influence on female mating decision were also known to influence on male remating ability too. In Phorticella striata age of male effect on male remating and progeny production has been studied. It was noticed that middle aged male had greater percentage of remating than those of young and old males. In all the three male age classes male mated with two females in 1 hour had copulated significantly for longer time, mated females laid greater number of eggs and more progeny than male mated with one female in 1 hour. Further, among male mated with two females in 1 hour, male mated with 1st female copulated longer, mated female laid greater number of eggs and progeny production than male mateed with 2nd female in 1 hour. Thus, these studies in Phorticella striata suggests that male age has significant influence on male remating and progeny production. Middle aged male had greater remating and progeny production than young and old males.
Male traits known to influence on female mating decision were also known to influence on male remating ability too. In Phorticella striata age of male effect on male remating and progeny production has been studied. It was noticed that middle aged male had greater percentage of remating than those of young and old males. In all the three male age classes male mated with two females in 1 hour had copulated significantly for longer time, mated females laid greater number of eggs and more progeny than male mated with one female in 1 hour. Further, among male mated with two females in 1 hour, male mated with 1st female copulated longer, mated female laid greater number of eggs and progeny production than male mateed with 2nd female in 1 hour. Thus, these studies in Phorticella striata suggests that male age has significant influence on male remating and progeny production. Middle aged male had greater remating and progeny production than young and old males.
Male Age Effect on Male Remating and Fitness in Phorticella Striata
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140201.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
M. Latha
M. S. Krishna
Male Age Effect on Male Remating and Fitness in Phorticella Striata
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1
14
14
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.bio.20140201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Causes of Disease in Sundarbans Natural Mangrove
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140202.11
A serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. An inventory by Chaffey et al., (1985) revealed that there were about 45.2 million top dying trees in the Sundarbans of which 20 million had more than 50% of their crown affected by top dying. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focussing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Other factors such as the pH, salinity and nutrient status were also assessed. Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil, water, and vegetation in order to categorise different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying. 63 soil samples and 9 water samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil and water, such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, soil pH, CEC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Sr, were also close to significance. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri. But, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, Pb , Sr and Zn could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans ( Awal, 2007; 2009; 2014), particularly by weakening the vigour of the trees and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants.
A serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. An inventory by Chaffey et al., (1985) revealed that there were about 45.2 million top dying trees in the Sundarbans of which 20 million had more than 50% of their crown affected by top dying. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focussing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Other factors such as the pH, salinity and nutrient status were also assessed. Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil, water, and vegetation in order to categorise different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying. 63 soil samples and 9 water samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil and water, such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, soil pH, CEC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Sr, were also close to significance. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri. But, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, Pb , Sr and Zn could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans ( Awal, 2007; 2009; 2014), particularly by weakening the vigour of the trees and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants.
Analysis of Causes of Disease in Sundarbans Natural Mangrove
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140202.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-07-24
© Science Publishing Group
Awal, Mohd. Abdul
Analysis of Causes of Disease in Sundarbans Natural Mangrove
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2
32
32
2014-07-24
2014-07-24
10.11648/j.bio.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Multiple Polymerase Chain Reaction for Microsporidium spp, Cryptosporidium spp, Isospora Belli and Cyclospora Cayetanensis Parasites
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140202.12
The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal conditions to performance a multiple Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex) to detect the presence of emerging parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Mycrosporidium spp., Isospora belli, and Cyclospora spp. simultaneously, by targeting the 16S ribosomal gene in patients immunocompromised. After an exhaustive genetic analysis to obtain different primers sequences we tested the conditions of reagents concentration, time and temperature of reaction. The results showed the optimal conditions to make an efficient, specific, and reliable diagnostic method, performed in a simultaneous molecular reaction, to identify the presence of emerging parasites in faeces of patients susceptible to different infectious due to an immunocompromised status caused by diseases and chemotherapy to treat them. This method will help to decrease risk of complications and negative effects on life quality of ill patients.
The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal conditions to performance a multiple Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex) to detect the presence of emerging parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Mycrosporidium spp., Isospora belli, and Cyclospora spp. simultaneously, by targeting the 16S ribosomal gene in patients immunocompromised. After an exhaustive genetic analysis to obtain different primers sequences we tested the conditions of reagents concentration, time and temperature of reaction. The results showed the optimal conditions to make an efficient, specific, and reliable diagnostic method, performed in a simultaneous molecular reaction, to identify the presence of emerging parasites in faeces of patients susceptible to different infectious due to an immunocompromised status caused by diseases and chemotherapy to treat them. This method will help to decrease risk of complications and negative effects on life quality of ill patients.
Multiple Polymerase Chain Reaction for Microsporidium spp, Cryptosporidium spp, Isospora Belli and Cyclospora Cayetanensis Parasites
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140202.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-07-26
© Science Publishing Group
Enedina Jiménez-Cardoso
Apolinar Cano-Estrada
Adrian-Cortes Campos
Leticia Eligio-García
Multiple Polymerase Chain Reaction for Microsporidium spp, Cryptosporidium spp, Isospora Belli and Cyclospora Cayetanensis Parasites
2
2
36
36
2014-07-26
2014-07-26
10.11648/j.bio.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
An Evidence of Enhanced Fitness by Male Remounting during the Courtship in three Species of Montium Subgroup of Drosophila
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140203.11
Male mating a second female after first mate (male remating) is a common feature in Drosophila, particularly in mass culture. On the other hand, female remating is not as frequent as that of male remating because the sperms introduced along with the semen into the spermatheca are stored there. However, the phenomena of female remating have been reported in few species. During sexual activity, the males and females are involved an elaborate courtship at the end of which the male mounts on to the female followed by mating. During each mating, the mounted male through its ejaculate, transmits the sperms into the females' genital tract where it is stored. The sperms are stored in the spermatheca. Usually, with one mount maximum sperms are transferred to female hence second mounting does not occur. In most Drosophila, when a male mounts a female after an elaborate courtship, the pairs remain in cupola for a fixed period then dismounts. No more courtship or mounting is performed by the male towards the same female. In D.jambulina, D.nagarholensis and D.gangotrii remounting occurs two or three times immediately after the first mount. The reason for remounting has been analyzed in the present study through measuring the width of the female reproductive tract and sperm count after each mount. The female reproductive tract was dissected out and width of uterus was measured. The result showed significant difference in the width after each mount. The sperm count of these species after each mount also showed significant variation. Remounting perhaps enhances the fitness of the mating pairs.
Male mating a second female after first mate (male remating) is a common feature in Drosophila, particularly in mass culture. On the other hand, female remating is not as frequent as that of male remating because the sperms introduced along with the semen into the spermatheca are stored there. However, the phenomena of female remating have been reported in few species. During sexual activity, the males and females are involved an elaborate courtship at the end of which the male mounts on to the female followed by mating. During each mating, the mounted male through its ejaculate, transmits the sperms into the females' genital tract where it is stored. The sperms are stored in the spermatheca. Usually, with one mount maximum sperms are transferred to female hence second mounting does not occur. In most Drosophila, when a male mounts a female after an elaborate courtship, the pairs remain in cupola for a fixed period then dismounts. No more courtship or mounting is performed by the male towards the same female. In D.jambulina, D.nagarholensis and D.gangotrii remounting occurs two or three times immediately after the first mount. The reason for remounting has been analyzed in the present study through measuring the width of the female reproductive tract and sperm count after each mount. The female reproductive tract was dissected out and width of uterus was measured. The result showed significant difference in the width after each mount. The sperm count of these species after each mount also showed significant variation. Remounting perhaps enhances the fitness of the mating pairs.
An Evidence of Enhanced Fitness by Male Remounting during the Courtship in three Species of Montium Subgroup of Drosophila
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140203.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-08-23
© Science Publishing Group
Sowmya M. L.
S. N. Hegde
An Evidence of Enhanced Fitness by Male Remounting during the Courtship in three Species of Montium Subgroup of Drosophila
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3
43
43
2014-08-23
2014-08-23
10.11648/j.bio.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
MiR-145 Regulates Hematopoiesis during Zebrafish Development
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140203.12
MicroRNA-145 (miR-145) is considered to play key role in many cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by inhibiting target gene expression. The transcriptional regulation of cardiovascular development requires precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression. We are beginning to understand the functions of miRNA-145 played during essential biological processes especially erythropoiesis. Here, we overview the recent findings on miRNA-145 regulation in erythropoiesis development and report the latest advances in understanding their function by unveiling their mRNA targets. Further analysis of miRNA-145 function during erythropoiesis development will allow us to determine the potential for novel miRNA-145-based therapeutic strategies. Haematopoiesis is an active process by which peripheral blood families are developed. It is a process strongly regulated by many essential and unessential factors, including signalling molecules and transcriptional factors. However, the epigenetic regulation of haematopoiesis regulation via microRNAs (miRNAs) remains partially understood. Here, in this study we show that miRNA-145 participates in the haematopoiesis regulation and vascular development of the early stages of erythropoiesis during Zebra fish early developmental stages. Overexpression inhibited the primitive haematopoiesis, characterized by a significant reduced number and limitation of erythropoiesis cells and myeloid expansion significantly reduced expression of runx1, c-myb, mpo-1, Scl and pu.1, and significantly reduced o-dianisidine staining of haemoglobin. Systematically, miR-145 regulates haematopoiesis by repressing expression of meis1 involved in haematopoiesis. We performed knock-down analysis of the meis1 gene to check and demonstrate that whether meis1-EGFP is related with our miRNA. Co-injection-confirmation at 24 and 48 hpf pictures analyses showed that overexpression of miR-145 repressed expression of meis1. Bioinformatics analysis predicts a target binding sequence for miR-145 at the 3-UTR of meis1. Deletion of the miR-145 target sequence eliminated the repression of meis1 expression mediated by miR-145. These findings create miR-145 as a novel miRNA that regulates haematopoiesis and vascular development by repressing expression of meis1.
MicroRNA-145 (miR-145) is considered to play key role in many cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by inhibiting target gene expression. The transcriptional regulation of cardiovascular development requires precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression. We are beginning to understand the functions of miRNA-145 played during essential biological processes especially erythropoiesis. Here, we overview the recent findings on miRNA-145 regulation in erythropoiesis development and report the latest advances in understanding their function by unveiling their mRNA targets. Further analysis of miRNA-145 function during erythropoiesis development will allow us to determine the potential for novel miRNA-145-based therapeutic strategies. Haematopoiesis is an active process by which peripheral blood families are developed. It is a process strongly regulated by many essential and unessential factors, including signalling molecules and transcriptional factors. However, the epigenetic regulation of haematopoiesis regulation via microRNAs (miRNAs) remains partially understood. Here, in this study we show that miRNA-145 participates in the haematopoiesis regulation and vascular development of the early stages of erythropoiesis during Zebra fish early developmental stages. Overexpression inhibited the primitive haematopoiesis, characterized by a significant reduced number and limitation of erythropoiesis cells and myeloid expansion significantly reduced expression of runx1, c-myb, mpo-1, Scl and pu.1, and significantly reduced o-dianisidine staining of haemoglobin. Systematically, miR-145 regulates haematopoiesis by repressing expression of meis1 involved in haematopoiesis. We performed knock-down analysis of the meis1 gene to check and demonstrate that whether meis1-EGFP is related with our miRNA. Co-injection-confirmation at 24 and 48 hpf pictures analyses showed that overexpression of miR-145 repressed expression of meis1. Bioinformatics analysis predicts a target binding sequence for miR-145 at the 3-UTR of meis1. Deletion of the miR-145 target sequence eliminated the repression of meis1 expression mediated by miR-145. These findings create miR-145 as a novel miRNA that regulates haematopoiesis and vascular development by repressing expression of meis1.
MiR-145 Regulates Hematopoiesis during Zebrafish Development
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140203.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-09-10
© Science Publishing Group
Ziyad Tariq Muhseen
Nibras Najm Abbood
MiR-145 Regulates Hematopoiesis during Zebrafish Development
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2014-09-10
2014-09-10
10.11648/j.bio.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Immunopharmacological Activity of Calcitriol Pre-Treated RAW264.7 Cell Line Stimulated by Phorbol 12-Myristate13-Acetate (PMA) and Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (FMLP) Agonist
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140204.11
The study investigates the effect of calcitriol treatment on oxygen consumption rate as generated by agonist stimulation of RAW 264.7 cell lines and its usefulness in eliciting reduced oxygen consumption in high respiratory burst-dependent disease state. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) were used to artificially stimulate oxygen consumption in cultured pro-monocytic RAW264.7 cell line. Samples of the cultured cells were previously prepared with calcitriol (1, 25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3) followed by a 72-hour incubation period. The percentage oxygen consumption was measured using the Clark oxygen electrode. There was a significant increase in oxygen consumption in FMLP treated cells (P<0.05) when compared with the PMA and the control groups. The PMA calcitriol-treated cells showed 24% oxygen consumption rate more than the control while FMLP treated cells was 57% higher. The result demonstrated that calcitriol, a known stimulant used to prep most cells for agonists stimulation of oxygen consumption may serve as a physiological moderator of oxygen consumption in immune cells when co-administered with agonist (PMA and/or FMLP). This may result to increased pathogen attack in a diseased state.
The study investigates the effect of calcitriol treatment on oxygen consumption rate as generated by agonist stimulation of RAW 264.7 cell lines and its usefulness in eliciting reduced oxygen consumption in high respiratory burst-dependent disease state. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) were used to artificially stimulate oxygen consumption in cultured pro-monocytic RAW264.7 cell line. Samples of the cultured cells were previously prepared with calcitriol (1, 25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3) followed by a 72-hour incubation period. The percentage oxygen consumption was measured using the Clark oxygen electrode. There was a significant increase in oxygen consumption in FMLP treated cells (P<0.05) when compared with the PMA and the control groups. The PMA calcitriol-treated cells showed 24% oxygen consumption rate more than the control while FMLP treated cells was 57% higher. The result demonstrated that calcitriol, a known stimulant used to prep most cells for agonists stimulation of oxygen consumption may serve as a physiological moderator of oxygen consumption in immune cells when co-administered with agonist (PMA and/or FMLP). This may result to increased pathogen attack in a diseased state.
Immunopharmacological Activity of Calcitriol Pre-Treated RAW264.7 Cell Line Stimulated by Phorbol 12-Myristate13-Acetate (PMA) and Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (FMLP) Agonist
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140204.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Samson Ayodeji Olofinsae
Bartholomew Okechukwu Ibeh
Habu Josiah Bitrus
Jatinder Ahluwalia
Immunopharmacological Activity of Calcitriol Pre-Treated RAW264.7 Cell Line Stimulated by Phorbol 12-Myristate13-Acetate (PMA) and Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (FMLP) Agonist
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2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.bio.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Review Article: Oxidative Stress Versus Antioxidants
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140205.11
Oxidative stress is a phenomenon that reflects an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and so-called oxidants, and their elimination by protective mechanisms. These are referred to as antioxidative systems which can detoxify the reactive intermediates, or repair the resulting damage causing toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all cell components. Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling that can cause disruptions in normal cellular signaling mechanisms. In humans, oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory diseases, as well as psychological diseases or aging processes. It is presently accepted that the reactive oxygen species can be beneficial. Depending on the type of oxidants, intensity and time of redox imbalance, as well as on the type of cells, oxidative stress can play a role in the regulation of other important processes. This is achieved through modulation of signal pathways, influencing synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, repair processes, inflammation, or via the immune system, as a way to attack and kill pathogens. This limits the potential for apoptosis and cell proliferation, and thus affects malignant processes. Imprudent administration of antioxidants may therefore have a negative impact on the organism.
Oxidative stress is a phenomenon that reflects an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and so-called oxidants, and their elimination by protective mechanisms. These are referred to as antioxidative systems which can detoxify the reactive intermediates, or repair the resulting damage causing toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all cell components. Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling that can cause disruptions in normal cellular signaling mechanisms. In humans, oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory diseases, as well as psychological diseases or aging processes. It is presently accepted that the reactive oxygen species can be beneficial. Depending on the type of oxidants, intensity and time of redox imbalance, as well as on the type of cells, oxidative stress can play a role in the regulation of other important processes. This is achieved through modulation of signal pathways, influencing synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, repair processes, inflammation, or via the immune system, as a way to attack and kill pathogens. This limits the potential for apoptosis and cell proliferation, and thus affects malignant processes. Imprudent administration of antioxidants may therefore have a negative impact on the organism.
Review Article: Oxidative Stress Versus Antioxidants
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140205.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2014-12-03
© Science Publishing Group
Said M. Al-Dalaen
Aiman I. Al-Qtaitat
Review Article: Oxidative Stress Versus Antioxidants
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2014-12-03
2014-12-03
10.11648/j.bio.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Perspectives of Constant Gradient Magnetic Fields Applications in Biotechnology
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140206.11
Elastic hard magnetic materials based resin-bond magnets with the determined space configuration of the magnetic field required for a three-dimensional cell growth which is essential for the tissue engineering have been produced. Technical tests of the samples as well as the theoretical study of the distribution of stray fields produced by ferromagnetic particles correspondingly distributed in the film have been carried out. In vitro еxperimental investigations of the gradient magnetic field influence on a cell differentiation on transplanted epithelial-like kidney cells culture of a pig embryo has been carried out. It has been shown that the adhesion, morphology and proliferation rate of the cells is determined not only by the magnetic field value but also by its gradient direction. It has been established that the cell adhesion efficiency is the highest when the magnetic field gradient is directed from the Petri dish bottom to the air-culture medium interface. The obtained results prove the possibility of an implementation of new gradient magnetic fields based methods in biotechnology and in particular in tissue engineering.
Elastic hard magnetic materials based resin-bond magnets with the determined space configuration of the magnetic field required for a three-dimensional cell growth which is essential for the tissue engineering have been produced. Technical tests of the samples as well as the theoretical study of the distribution of stray fields produced by ferromagnetic particles correspondingly distributed in the film have been carried out. In vitro еxperimental investigations of the gradient magnetic field influence on a cell differentiation on transplanted epithelial-like kidney cells culture of a pig embryo has been carried out. It has been shown that the adhesion, morphology and proliferation rate of the cells is determined not only by the magnetic field value but also by its gradient direction. It has been established that the cell adhesion efficiency is the highest when the magnetic field gradient is directed from the Petri dish bottom to the air-culture medium interface. The obtained results prove the possibility of an implementation of new gradient magnetic fields based methods in biotechnology and in particular in tissue engineering.
Perspectives of Constant Gradient Magnetic Fields Applications in Biotechnology
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140206.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-01-14
© Science Publishing Group
Tamara A. Ignatyeva
Victor N. Voyevodin
Anatoly N. Goltsev
Victoria V. Kiroshka
Alexander M. Bovda
Valery V. Kalynovskii
Alexey N. Velikodny
Peter A. Kutsenko
Vladimir Golub
Yuri Dzhedzheria
Irina Sharai
Perspectives of Constant Gradient Magnetic Fields Applications in Biotechnology
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2015-01-14
2015-01-14
10.11648/j.bio.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Plasma Protein Z Levels in Healthy and High-Risk Newborn Infants
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140206.12
Objectives: To evaluate plasma protein Z (PZ) levels in healthy and high-risk newborn infants. Background: Protein Z (PZ) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein , As is the case with other coagulation proteins and inhibitors, protein Z is consumed during disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Functionally protein Z has been shown to be a direct requirement for the binding of thrombin to endothelial phospholipids , Protein Z also serves as a cofactor for the inhibition of coagulation factor Xa by a plasma serein called protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), The inhibitory function is exerted by the Protein Z- dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), which circulates in the human plasma in a complex with PZ , The physiological function of protein Z is still rather ill-defined and may play role in high risk newborn. Methods: This study was conducted on 85 newborns divided in 4 groups ,(group I newborns affected by respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) , group II newborns from mothers with pre-eclampsia, group III newborns small for gestational age (SGA) and group IV healthy term and preterm newborns normal for gestational age. Newborns with sepsis, congenital malformation or hemorrhagic disorders were excluded, Plasma PZ levels was measured. Results: In the neonates of the study groups, protein z level was significant lower in patient group than control group, in group I ( 0.79 ±0.32), group II (0.70± 0.30), group III (0.78 ±0.32) and group IV (1.44 ±0.43) (p value<0.001). Conclusion: PZ deficiency occurs in newborns affected by severe RDS, in newborns from preeclampsic mothers and in SGA newborns, probably owing to activated coagulation in the first two conditions and to reduced PZ synthesis in the last one.
Objectives: To evaluate plasma protein Z (PZ) levels in healthy and high-risk newborn infants. Background: Protein Z (PZ) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein , As is the case with other coagulation proteins and inhibitors, protein Z is consumed during disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Functionally protein Z has been shown to be a direct requirement for the binding of thrombin to endothelial phospholipids , Protein Z also serves as a cofactor for the inhibition of coagulation factor Xa by a plasma serein called protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), The inhibitory function is exerted by the Protein Z- dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), which circulates in the human plasma in a complex with PZ , The physiological function of protein Z is still rather ill-defined and may play role in high risk newborn. Methods: This study was conducted on 85 newborns divided in 4 groups ,(group I newborns affected by respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) , group II newborns from mothers with pre-eclampsia, group III newborns small for gestational age (SGA) and group IV healthy term and preterm newborns normal for gestational age. Newborns with sepsis, congenital malformation or hemorrhagic disorders were excluded, Plasma PZ levels was measured. Results: In the neonates of the study groups, protein z level was significant lower in patient group than control group, in group I ( 0.79 ±0.32), group II (0.70± 0.30), group III (0.78 ±0.32) and group IV (1.44 ±0.43) (p value<0.001). Conclusion: PZ deficiency occurs in newborns affected by severe RDS, in newborns from preeclampsic mothers and in SGA newborns, probably owing to activated coagulation in the first two conditions and to reduced PZ synthesis in the last one.
Plasma Protein Z Levels in Healthy and High-Risk Newborn Infants
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20140206.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-01-21
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed Anower Khattab
Fathia Mohamed El Nemr
Rania Salah El Zayat
Mohmmed Soliman Rizk
Shimaa Fetouh Elbakly
Plasma Protein Z Levels in Healthy and High-Risk Newborn Infants
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2015-01-21
2015-01-21
10.11648/j.bio.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20140206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Blast Wave Induced Flows in Semicircular Canals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150301.11
Dynamics of endolymph and cupula in a semicircular canal subject to high frequency oscillations imposed on the endolymph at the open section of the canal is investigated. Deformation of cupula inside the endolymph fluid is simulated numerically.A high frequency and high amplitude periodic oscillations may result in the formation of vortical motions inside the semicircular canals. The number of vortices increases with the oscillation frequency. As a result of asymmetry of the canal geometry, there is an asymmetry in the pressure variation across the cupula resulting in a net motion of cupula in a specific direction during each cycle. The motion of the cupula depends on the vibration amplitude and frequency.
Dynamics of endolymph and cupula in a semicircular canal subject to high frequency oscillations imposed on the endolymph at the open section of the canal is investigated. Deformation of cupula inside the endolymph fluid is simulated numerically.A high frequency and high amplitude periodic oscillations may result in the formation of vortical motions inside the semicircular canals. The number of vortices increases with the oscillation frequency. As a result of asymmetry of the canal geometry, there is an asymmetry in the pressure variation across the cupula resulting in a net motion of cupula in a specific direction during each cycle. The motion of the cupula depends on the vibration amplitude and frequency.
Blast Wave Induced Flows in Semicircular Canals
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20150301.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-01-23
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Movassat
Nasser Ashgriz
Bob Cheung
Blast Wave Induced Flows in Semicircular Canals
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1
7
7
2015-01-23
2015-01-23
10.11648/j.bio.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
A Comparative Study of the Physiological Parameters and Efficiency of the Various Types of Hemodialyzers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150302.11
The work presented in this paper is intended to compare the physiological parameters and ''efficiency'' (the capacity to remove Urea, while ''Flux'' refers to the capacity to remove water, and indirectly, the capacity to remove molecules of middle molecular weight for the three basic types of dialyzer (twin coil, parallel plate, and hollow fiber). A comparative study of the operational parameters ,that is, ( clearance, resistance, permeability (which means efficiency with removing molecules of small molecular weight ),membrane surface area, time, and clearance ratio (extraction ratio). The most desirable property of a hemodialysis membrane is high mass transfer of toxic solutes to reduce the dialysis time, blood compatibility and limited protein adsorption capacity. This was achieved in the hollow fiber dialyzer which has relatively high mass transfer as compared to that of the parallel plate and also for the twin coil dialyzer all having about the same membrane surface area. Dialysis treatment was given to 65 patients with kidney failure; 25 patients for the study of clearance and permeability, and 40 patients for the study of dialysis adequacy. The treatment time was found to be approximately about half the time for the hollow fiber dialyzer as compared to the Kiil and Kolff dialyzers of about the same membrane surface area. This reduction in treatment time is extremely advantageous for the patient endurance and comfort.
The work presented in this paper is intended to compare the physiological parameters and ''efficiency'' (the capacity to remove Urea, while ''Flux'' refers to the capacity to remove water, and indirectly, the capacity to remove molecules of middle molecular weight for the three basic types of dialyzer (twin coil, parallel plate, and hollow fiber). A comparative study of the operational parameters ,that is, ( clearance, resistance, permeability (which means efficiency with removing molecules of small molecular weight ),membrane surface area, time, and clearance ratio (extraction ratio). The most desirable property of a hemodialysis membrane is high mass transfer of toxic solutes to reduce the dialysis time, blood compatibility and limited protein adsorption capacity. This was achieved in the hollow fiber dialyzer which has relatively high mass transfer as compared to that of the parallel plate and also for the twin coil dialyzer all having about the same membrane surface area. Dialysis treatment was given to 65 patients with kidney failure; 25 patients for the study of clearance and permeability, and 40 patients for the study of dialysis adequacy. The treatment time was found to be approximately about half the time for the hollow fiber dialyzer as compared to the Kiil and Kolff dialyzers of about the same membrane surface area. This reduction in treatment time is extremely advantageous for the patient endurance and comfort.
A Comparative Study of the Physiological Parameters and Efficiency of the Various Types of Hemodialyzers
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20150302.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Albert E. Yousif
Farah M. Abdul-Kareem
Ali J. Mudhaffer
A Comparative Study of the Physiological Parameters and Efficiency of the Various Types of Hemodialyzers
3
2
16
16
2015-06-30
2015-06-30
10.11648/j.bio.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Histochemical Changes in the Cerebellum of Wistar Rats Administered with Oral Doses of Zidovudine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150303.11
Zidovudine is a drugs used in the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) infection in sub-Saharan Africa in combination with other drugs. The objective of this research was to investigate the potential harmful effects of this drug on the histology of the cerebellum of Wistar rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into 2 groups of 10 rats each. Group A served as the control and was administered with 1 ml of distill water, while group B was administered with 8.57mg/kg of zidovudine daily for 30 days, after which the rats where sacrificed and each cerebellum was harvested, processed and stained using haematoxylin and Eosin (H/E), silver impregnation method. Paraffin impregnated Glial Fibrilar Acidic Protein (GFAP), Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and Neurofilament (NF) immunochemistry methods. Stained slides were viewed using light microscope. Results showed that, the cerebellum of Groups B animals were affected with moderate to severe shrinking and distortion of the Purkinje cells and granular cells, when compared with the control. Group B animals, also showed more expression of GFAP, NSE and NF staining in their cerebellum than the control. This suggests that zidovudine is harmful to the cerebellum and should be taken with caution
Zidovudine is a drugs used in the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) infection in sub-Saharan Africa in combination with other drugs. The objective of this research was to investigate the potential harmful effects of this drug on the histology of the cerebellum of Wistar rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into 2 groups of 10 rats each. Group A served as the control and was administered with 1 ml of distill water, while group B was administered with 8.57mg/kg of zidovudine daily for 30 days, after which the rats where sacrificed and each cerebellum was harvested, processed and stained using haematoxylin and Eosin (H/E), silver impregnation method. Paraffin impregnated Glial Fibrilar Acidic Protein (GFAP), Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and Neurofilament (NF) immunochemistry methods. Stained slides were viewed using light microscope. Results showed that, the cerebellum of Groups B animals were affected with moderate to severe shrinking and distortion of the Purkinje cells and granular cells, when compared with the control. Group B animals, also showed more expression of GFAP, NSE and NF staining in their cerebellum than the control. This suggests that zidovudine is harmful to the cerebellum and should be taken with caution
Histochemical Changes in the Cerebellum of Wistar Rats Administered with Oral Doses of Zidovudine
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20150303.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-08-20
© Science Publishing Group
Aniekan Imo Peter
Gabriel Joseph Ekandem
Anozeng Oyono Igiri
Moses Bassey Ekong
Dianabasi King Udoh
Histochemical Changes in the Cerebellum of Wistar Rats Administered with Oral Doses of Zidovudine
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3
21
21
2015-08-20
2015-08-20
10.11648/j.bio.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Different Work Regimes of an Organic Thin Film Transistor OTFT and Possible Applications in Bioelectronics
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.12
This paper presents an organic semiconductor transistor, with a vertical current modulation and a horizontal conduction. The simulations show a stronger top gate influence and establish four work regimes, depending on the top and bottom gates biasing. In the most favorable regime for the holes channel, under the reverse biased n+p junction, the holes/electrons current densities ratio reaches 0.168/269. However, an ambipolar OTFT function occurs under the reverse biasing of the vertical junction, with a top n-layer and a bottom p-layer. Due to the asymmetrical doping profile, the n+ channel conduction prevails in all the regimes. Therefore, the maximum current density of 1900A/cm2 is ensured by a double n channel, when both gates are positive biased. After simulations, three distinct work regimes are revealed by this single device: a SOI behavior with volume channel, a JFET with neutral median channel and an OTFT with one or more interface channels.
This paper presents an organic semiconductor transistor, with a vertical current modulation and a horizontal conduction. The simulations show a stronger top gate influence and establish four work regimes, depending on the top and bottom gates biasing. In the most favorable regime for the holes channel, under the reverse biased n+p junction, the holes/electrons current densities ratio reaches 0.168/269. However, an ambipolar OTFT function occurs under the reverse biasing of the vertical junction, with a top n-layer and a bottom p-layer. Due to the asymmetrical doping profile, the n+ channel conduction prevails in all the regimes. Therefore, the maximum current density of 1900A/cm2 is ensured by a double n channel, when both gates are positive biased. After simulations, three distinct work regimes are revealed by this single device: a SOI behavior with volume channel, a JFET with neutral median channel and an OTFT with one or more interface channels.
Different Work Regimes of an Organic Thin Film Transistor OTFT and Possible Applications in Bioelectronics
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-03-12
© Science Publishing Group
Cristian Ravariu
Daniela Dragomirescu
Different Work Regimes of an Organic Thin Film Transistor OTFT and Possible Applications in Bioelectronics
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13
13
2015-03-12
2015-03-12
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Micro-Technological Steps During the Fabrication of an AcHE Biosensor Designated to the Environment Monitoring
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.11
Unfortunately, the pesticides pollute a large palette from environment: plants, organisms, soil and water. Using monitoring tools, like chemical biosensors, the use of pesticides can be put under control. Microelectronics offers the convenient transducers. Borrowing micro-technological processes, the enzymatic biosensors can be easily integrated onto the Silicon wafers. This paper proposes a biosensor for paraoxon pesticide detection, as a small piece from a decontamination soil technology plan. The paper reveals the pesticide detection principle, by paraoxon hydrolysis assisted by the Acetyl-cholinesterase enzyme, as key receptor. The enzyme is entrapped on a porous thin layer by adsorption. An advantageous method of the porous intermediate material anchored onto the Si-substrate, converting p-type Si in Si-porous by anodization, is described. Then, some technological steps, with tests and microscopy analysis are presented. Finally, the preliminary tests of the developed biosensor with the AcHE enzyme immobilized onto the Si-porous layer, are discussed.
Unfortunately, the pesticides pollute a large palette from environment: plants, organisms, soil and water. Using monitoring tools, like chemical biosensors, the use of pesticides can be put under control. Microelectronics offers the convenient transducers. Borrowing micro-technological processes, the enzymatic biosensors can be easily integrated onto the Silicon wafers. This paper proposes a biosensor for paraoxon pesticide detection, as a small piece from a decontamination soil technology plan. The paper reveals the pesticide detection principle, by paraoxon hydrolysis assisted by the Acetyl-cholinesterase enzyme, as key receptor. The enzyme is entrapped on a porous thin layer by adsorption. An advantageous method of the porous intermediate material anchored onto the Si-substrate, converting p-type Si in Si-porous by anodization, is described. Then, some technological steps, with tests and microscopy analysis are presented. Finally, the preliminary tests of the developed biosensor with the AcHE enzyme immobilized onto the Si-porous layer, are discussed.
Micro-Technological Steps During the Fabrication of an AcHE Biosensor Designated to the Environment Monitoring
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-03-12
© Science Publishing Group
Cristian Ravariu
Elena Manea
Alina Popescu
Cecilia Podaru
Catalin Parvulescu
Micro-Technological Steps During the Fabrication of an AcHE Biosensor Designated to the Environment Monitoring
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6
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2015-03-12
2015-03-12
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Electronic Tool Interferences with Electrophysiology for the Psychiatric Disorders Monitoring
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.13
The paper presents a hardware solution of the in vivo electrophysiological signals acquiring and processing, using a continuous data acquisition on PC. The originality of the paper comes from architecture proposal, with some new blocks, which selective amplify and filter biosignals. One of the major problems in the electrophysiological signals monitoring is the impossibility to record the weak signals from deep organs that are covered by noise and by strong cardiac or muscular artefact signals. The analogical processing block is based on a dynamic range compressor, containing the automatic gain control block, so that the high power signals are less amplified than the low components. The following block is a clipper since to capture all the transitions that escape from the dynamic range compressor. At clipper output a low-pass filter is connected since to abruptly cut the high specific bio-frequencies. The data vector recording is performing by strong internal resources microcontroller including ten bits A/D conversion port. Through some specific measurements and calibration the chain can be used to capture and then interprets the neuronal signal with well applications in public health monitoring like psychiatric disorders.
The paper presents a hardware solution of the in vivo electrophysiological signals acquiring and processing, using a continuous data acquisition on PC. The originality of the paper comes from architecture proposal, with some new blocks, which selective amplify and filter biosignals. One of the major problems in the electrophysiological signals monitoring is the impossibility to record the weak signals from deep organs that are covered by noise and by strong cardiac or muscular artefact signals. The analogical processing block is based on a dynamic range compressor, containing the automatic gain control block, so that the high power signals are less amplified than the low components. The following block is a clipper since to capture all the transitions that escape from the dynamic range compressor. At clipper output a low-pass filter is connected since to abruptly cut the high specific bio-frequencies. The data vector recording is performing by strong internal resources microcontroller including ten bits A/D conversion port. Through some specific measurements and calibration the chain can be used to capture and then interprets the neuronal signal with well applications in public health monitoring like psychiatric disorders.
Electronic Tool Interferences with Electrophysiology for the Psychiatric Disorders Monitoring
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.13
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-04-03
© Science Publishing Group
Florin Babarada
Cristian Ravariu
Dan Prelipceanu
Bogdan Patrichi
Daniela Manuc
Aurora Salageanu
Iuliana Caras
Electronic Tool Interferences with Electrophysiology for the Psychiatric Disorders Monitoring
3
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21
21
2015-04-03
2015-04-03
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Radiation Dose Risk and Diagnostic Benefit in Imaging Investigations
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.14
The paper presents many facets of medical imaging investigations radiological risks. The total volume of prescribed medical investigations proves a serious lack in monitoring and tracking of the cumulative radiation doses in many health services. Modern radiological investigations equipment is continuously reducing the total dose of radiation due to improved technologies, so a decrease in per caput dose can be noticed, but the increasing number of investigations has determined a net increase of the annual collective dose. High doses of radiation are cumulated from Computed Tomography investigations. An integrated system for radiation safety of the patients investigated by radiological imaging methods, based on smart cards and Public Key Infrastructure allow radiation absorbed dose data storage.
The paper presents many facets of medical imaging investigations radiological risks. The total volume of prescribed medical investigations proves a serious lack in monitoring and tracking of the cumulative radiation doses in many health services. Modern radiological investigations equipment is continuously reducing the total dose of radiation due to improved technologies, so a decrease in per caput dose can be noticed, but the increasing number of investigations has determined a net increase of the annual collective dose. High doses of radiation are cumulated from Computed Tomography investigations. An integrated system for radiation safety of the patients investigated by radiological imaging methods, based on smart cards and Public Key Infrastructure allow radiation absorbed dose data storage.
Radiation Dose Risk and Diagnostic Benefit in Imaging Investigations
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.14
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-04-12
© Science Publishing Group
Lidia Dobrescu
Gheorghe-Cristian Rădulescu
Radiation Dose Risk and Diagnostic Benefit in Imaging Investigations
3
3
26
26
2015-04-12
2015-04-12
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.14
© Science Publishing Group
A SSVEP Based EEG Signal Analysis to Discriminate the Effects of Music Levels on Executional Attention
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.15
In this work the electrical activity in brain or known as electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is being analyzed to study the various effects of sound on the human brain activity. The effect is in the form of variation in either frequency or in the power of different EEG bands. A biological EEG signal stimulated by Music listening reflects the state of mind, impacts the analytical brain and the subjective-artistic brain. A two channel EEG acquisition unit is being used to extract brain signal with high transfer rate as well as good SNR. This paper focused on three types of brain waves which are theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta wave (13-30 Hz). The analysis is carried out using Power Spectral density (PSD), Correlation co-efficient analysis. The outcome of this research depicted that high amplitude Alpha and low amplitude Beta wave and low amplitude Alpha and high amplitude Beta wave is associated with melody and rock music respectively meanwhile theta has no effect. High power of alpha waves and low power of beta waves that obtained during low levels of sound (Melody) indicate that subjects were in relaxed state. When subjects exposed to high level of sound (Rock), beta waves power increased indicating subjects in disturbed state. Meanwhile, the decrease of alpha wave magnitude showed that subjects in tense. Thus the subject’s executional attention level is determined by analyzing the different components of EEG signal.
In this work the electrical activity in brain or known as electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is being analyzed to study the various effects of sound on the human brain activity. The effect is in the form of variation in either frequency or in the power of different EEG bands. A biological EEG signal stimulated by Music listening reflects the state of mind, impacts the analytical brain and the subjective-artistic brain. A two channel EEG acquisition unit is being used to extract brain signal with high transfer rate as well as good SNR. This paper focused on three types of brain waves which are theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta wave (13-30 Hz). The analysis is carried out using Power Spectral density (PSD), Correlation co-efficient analysis. The outcome of this research depicted that high amplitude Alpha and low amplitude Beta wave and low amplitude Alpha and high amplitude Beta wave is associated with melody and rock music respectively meanwhile theta has no effect. High power of alpha waves and low power of beta waves that obtained during low levels of sound (Melody) indicate that subjects were in relaxed state. When subjects exposed to high level of sound (Rock), beta waves power increased indicating subjects in disturbed state. Meanwhile, the decrease of alpha wave magnitude showed that subjects in tense. Thus the subject’s executional attention level is determined by analyzing the different components of EEG signal.
A SSVEP Based EEG Signal Analysis to Discriminate the Effects of Music Levels on Executional Attention
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.15
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-06-01
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Kamrul Hasan
Md. Shazzad Hossain
Tarun Kanti Ghosh
Mohiuddin Ahmad
A SSVEP Based EEG Signal Analysis to Discriminate the Effects of Music Levels on Executional Attention
3
3
33
33
2015-06-01
2015-06-01
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Haemato-Protective and Hypolipidemic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Libyan Propolis Against Sodium Nitrite Induced Haematotoxicity and Hyperlipidemia in Guinea Pigs
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150304.11
Flavonoids and various phenolics are the most important pharmacologically active constituents in propolis capable of scavenging free radicals. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of sodium nitrite induced haematotoxicity and hyperlipidemia in Guinea pigs. In this study, Twenty four adult male Guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2<sup>nd</sup> was the propolis group orally received propolis (200 mg/kg body wt), the 3<sup>rd</sup> was the experimental and received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight, the 4<sup>th</sup> one co-administered sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight with propolis (200 mg/kg body wt) daily for 35 days. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of haematological parameters and serum lipids profile. In sodium nitrite treated animals, there were severe haematological changes and dyslipidemia. Haematologically, Guinea pigs that received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 35days had significantly (p<0.05) lower red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and platelets count than those in the control animals. On the other hand, mean corpuscular volume of sodium nitrite treated animals was significantly (p<0.05) elevated as compared to the control animals. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipids cholesterol, very low density lipids cholesterol concentrations, and the atherogenic ratios based on lipid profile parameters (Castelli’s risk index I, Castelli’s risk index II, atherogenic coefficient and atherogenic index of plasma) were increased and serum high density lipids cholesterol concentration was decreased in sodium nitrite treated group. Co-administration of propolis significantly improved of all haematological and lipid profile parameters, and atherogenic ratios parameters. It can be concluded that, sodium nitrite had adverse effects on haematological, lipid profile parameters, and the atherogenic ratios parameters. Propolis supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration of these abnormalities in sodium nitrite treated male Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the use of sodium nitrite must be limited and use of propolis as antioxidant to prevent the toxic effect. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of haematotoxicity, hyperlipidemia, atherogenic and potential usefulness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a protective agent against sodium nitrite induced haematotoxicity, dyslipidemia and atherogenic in clinical trials.
Flavonoids and various phenolics are the most important pharmacologically active constituents in propolis capable of scavenging free radicals. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of sodium nitrite induced haematotoxicity and hyperlipidemia in Guinea pigs. In this study, Twenty four adult male Guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2<sup>nd</sup> was the propolis group orally received propolis (200 mg/kg body wt), the 3<sup>rd</sup> was the experimental and received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight, the 4<sup>th</sup> one co-administered sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight with propolis (200 mg/kg body wt) daily for 35 days. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of haematological parameters and serum lipids profile. In sodium nitrite treated animals, there were severe haematological changes and dyslipidemia. Haematologically, Guinea pigs that received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 35days had significantly (p<0.05) lower red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and platelets count than those in the control animals. On the other hand, mean corpuscular volume of sodium nitrite treated animals was significantly (p<0.05) elevated as compared to the control animals. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipids cholesterol, very low density lipids cholesterol concentrations, and the atherogenic ratios based on lipid profile parameters (Castelli’s risk index I, Castelli’s risk index II, atherogenic coefficient and atherogenic index of plasma) were increased and serum high density lipids cholesterol concentration was decreased in sodium nitrite treated group. Co-administration of propolis significantly improved of all haematological and lipid profile parameters, and atherogenic ratios parameters. It can be concluded that, sodium nitrite had adverse effects on haematological, lipid profile parameters, and the atherogenic ratios parameters. Propolis supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration of these abnormalities in sodium nitrite treated male Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the use of sodium nitrite must be limited and use of propolis as antioxidant to prevent the toxic effect. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of haematotoxicity, hyperlipidemia, atherogenic and potential usefulness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a protective agent against sodium nitrite induced haematotoxicity, dyslipidemia and atherogenic in clinical trials.
Haemato-Protective and Hypolipidemic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Libyan Propolis Against Sodium Nitrite Induced Haematotoxicity and Hyperlipidemia in Guinea Pigs
doi:10.11648/j.bio.20150304.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-09-09
© Science Publishing Group
Azab Elsayed Azab
Nuri Mohamed Lashkham
Mohamed Omar Albasha
Haemato-Protective and Hypolipidemic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Libyan Propolis Against Sodium Nitrite Induced Haematotoxicity and Hyperlipidemia in Guinea Pigs
3
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32
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2015-09-09
2015-09-09
10.11648/j.bio.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ischemic Stroke: Short Term Safety and Efficacy Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.11
Background: Preclinical and animal studies provide considerable hope for stem cell therapy in cerebrovascular stroke. This study was designed as a pilot study to explore this provisional data. Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells were chosen due to their proven angiogenic, paracrine and neuroregenerative functions. Subjects and Methods: The present study included 32 patients with ischemic stroke fulfilling the following criteria: Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with established stroke in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery territory. 2. Six months at least after the onset of acute ischemic stroke. 3. CT brain at the onset denoting acute ischemic stroke. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Hemorrhagic stroke. 2. Conditions which mimick stroke,e.g., multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, arteriovenous malformations, trauma, tumours. Patients were randomly divided into control group (11 patients) and study group (21 patients) which was further divided according to the time between the onset of the stroke and the beginning of the study into: Group I : onset of the stroke and the beginning of the study :6-12 months( 12 patients: 6 males and 6 females). Group II: onset of stroke and the beginning of the study :13-36 months (9 patients: 5 males and 4 females). Control Group: 11 stroke patients : 6 males and 5 females. Time from onset of stroke to beginning of the study ranged from 6-30 months. Both study and control group were subjected to thorough clinical and laboratory assessment , CT brain, National institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and th Barthel active daily life (ADL) scale at the start of therapy, and at 1,3,6 and 12 months after the start of therapy. Stem Cell Injection: 10 million autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs were injected via lumbar puncture in the study group. Results and Conclusions: Changes in Follow-up Parameters: 1. Changes in NIHSS score: Control group showed non-significant decrease in NIHSS score starting from the 3rd month. On the other hand, study group showed highly significant decrease in NIHSS score starting from 6th month, more in group I. 2. Changes in ADL score: ADL score showed non-significant increase starting from 3rd month in the control group, while it showed a highly significant increase in the study group starting from 6th month, more pronounced in group I. Intrathecal administration of MSCs is safe and enhances regeneration in ischemic stroke patients.
Background: Preclinical and animal studies provide considerable hope for stem cell therapy in cerebrovascular stroke. This study was designed as a pilot study to explore this provisional data. Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells were chosen due to their proven angiogenic, paracrine and neuroregenerative functions. Subjects and Methods: The present study included 32 patients with ischemic stroke fulfilling the following criteria: Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with established stroke in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery territory. 2. Six months at least after the onset of acute ischemic stroke. 3. CT brain at the onset denoting acute ischemic stroke. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Hemorrhagic stroke. 2. Conditions which mimick stroke,e.g., multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, arteriovenous malformations, trauma, tumours. Patients were randomly divided into control group (11 patients) and study group (21 patients) which was further divided according to the time between the onset of the stroke and the beginning of the study into: Group I : onset of the stroke and the beginning of the study :6-12 months( 12 patients: 6 males and 6 females). Group II: onset of stroke and the beginning of the study :13-36 months (9 patients: 5 males and 4 females). Control Group: 11 stroke patients : 6 males and 5 females. Time from onset of stroke to beginning of the study ranged from 6-30 months. Both study and control group were subjected to thorough clinical and laboratory assessment , CT brain, National institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and th Barthel active daily life (ADL) scale at the start of therapy, and at 1,3,6 and 12 months after the start of therapy. Stem Cell Injection: 10 million autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs were injected via lumbar puncture in the study group. Results and Conclusions: Changes in Follow-up Parameters: 1. Changes in NIHSS score: Control group showed non-significant decrease in NIHSS score starting from the 3rd month. On the other hand, study group showed highly significant decrease in NIHSS score starting from 6th month, more in group I. 2. Changes in ADL score: ADL score showed non-significant increase starting from 3rd month in the control group, while it showed a highly significant increase in the study group starting from 6th month, more pronounced in group I. Intrathecal administration of MSCs is safe and enhances regeneration in ischemic stroke patients.
Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ischemic Stroke: Short Term Safety and Efficacy Study
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.11
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Abo Elkheir W
Reda M. A.
Montaser I. A.
Salem A. E.
Sakr M. A.
Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ischemic Stroke: Short Term Safety and Efficacy Study
3
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6
6
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.11
© Science Publishing Group
Two-Step Induction of Dopaminergic Neurone Differentiation of Leukapharesis-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.12
Background: Neurodegenerative diseases represent a great medical challenge with marked consequences on quality of life of the patients and their families. Parkinson's disease (PD) constitutes a relatively common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by defect in dopaminergic neurons. The regenerative effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) stimulated research into their effect in treatment of PD. Subjects and Methods: Leukapharesis-derived MSC were isolated from 10 leukapharesis products using plastic adherence. Isolated MSCs were passaged, and passage III cells were induced to dopaminergic neurones using two-step protocol applying sequentially nerve growth factor and addition of ascorbic acid. Neuronal induction was evaluated by immunostaining against neurofilament protein, while dopaminergic neurons induction was evaluated using immunostaining against tyrosine hydroxylase. Results and Conclusions: MSCs were isolated in a rate of 0.12%-0.15% of leukapharesis cells, with viability ranging from 70-96%. NF positivity was 15.38±3.84, while the percentage of cells stained for TH was 5.94±0.65.MSCs could be successfully induced to dopaminergic neuron-like cells in vitro.
Background: Neurodegenerative diseases represent a great medical challenge with marked consequences on quality of life of the patients and their families. Parkinson's disease (PD) constitutes a relatively common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by defect in dopaminergic neurons. The regenerative effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) stimulated research into their effect in treatment of PD. Subjects and Methods: Leukapharesis-derived MSC were isolated from 10 leukapharesis products using plastic adherence. Isolated MSCs were passaged, and passage III cells were induced to dopaminergic neurones using two-step protocol applying sequentially nerve growth factor and addition of ascorbic acid. Neuronal induction was evaluated by immunostaining against neurofilament protein, while dopaminergic neurons induction was evaluated using immunostaining against tyrosine hydroxylase. Results and Conclusions: MSCs were isolated in a rate of 0.12%-0.15% of leukapharesis cells, with viability ranging from 70-96%. NF positivity was 15.38±3.84, while the percentage of cells stained for TH was 5.94±0.65.MSCs could be successfully induced to dopaminergic neuron-like cells in vitro.
Two-Step Induction of Dopaminergic Neurone Differentiation of Leukapharesis-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.12
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Zeinab M. Ismail
Menna M. Abdel-Dayem
Nagla M. Salama
Hala Gabr
Dalia I. Ismail
Ahmed S. Abdelhafiz
Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary
Two-Step Induction of Dopaminergic Neurone Differentiation of Leukapharesis-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
3
4
17
17
2015-05-06
2015-05-06
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Role of Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Enhancement of Peripheral Nerve Injuries Repair
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.13
Background: About 50% of peripheral nerve injuries leave permenant disability. Trials to enhance nerve repair using stem cells are undergoing. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are good candidates for cellular-induced regeneration. Aim of the Work: The aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of ADSCs on enhancing repair of peripheral nerve injuries. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on 18 patients with recent trauma involving nerve injuries at the wrist region. Patients were divided into: Group I: underwent surgical end-to-end closure GroupII: underwent surgical end-to-end closure and injection of ADSCs into the nerve sheath and surrounding tissue. Both groups were followed up using clinical assessment using Sensory Recovery Grading and Muscle Strength Grading systems in addition to electrophysiological nerve conduction tests. Results and Conclusions: This study collected a range of 1 to 2 x106 ADSCs from an average of 100-150 ml fat. After 1 year, stem cell group showed significantly higher motor and sensory improvement in ulnar nerve injury; while in the median nerve injury, stem cell group showed higher motor recovery with no difference in sensory recovery.
Background: About 50% of peripheral nerve injuries leave permenant disability. Trials to enhance nerve repair using stem cells are undergoing. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are good candidates for cellular-induced regeneration. Aim of the Work: The aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of ADSCs on enhancing repair of peripheral nerve injuries. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on 18 patients with recent trauma involving nerve injuries at the wrist region. Patients were divided into: Group I: underwent surgical end-to-end closure GroupII: underwent surgical end-to-end closure and injection of ADSCs into the nerve sheath and surrounding tissue. Both groups were followed up using clinical assessment using Sensory Recovery Grading and Muscle Strength Grading systems in addition to electrophysiological nerve conduction tests. Results and Conclusions: This study collected a range of 1 to 2 x106 ADSCs from an average of 100-150 ml fat. After 1 year, stem cell group showed significantly higher motor and sensory improvement in ulnar nerve injury; while in the median nerve injury, stem cell group showed higher motor recovery with no difference in sensory recovery.
The Role of Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Enhancement of Peripheral Nerve Injuries Repair
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.13
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Ayad H.
Zahra M.
Gabr H.
Ismaeil A.
Abo Elkheir Y.
The Role of Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Enhancement of Peripheral Nerve Injuries Repair
3
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23
23
2015-06-30
2015-06-30
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.13
© Science Publishing Group
Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Derived MSC Therapy in Cerebral Palsy: Safety and Short Term Efficacy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.14
Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder caused by injury or abnormal development of the brain at or immediately after birth. Current management of CP may improve the symptoms, such as muscle tone and gait, but is not directed to the original damage. Cellular therapy is evolving as a regenerative tool in many diseases with neural damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proven to transdifferentiate into neural lineage and improve neurodegeneration in animal models and in few clinical trials. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of autologous MSC therapy in cases of CP. Subjects and Methods: this study is a randomized controlled trial enrolling 100 CP patients aged 1-7 years. Patients were assigned into two groups: Study group (44 patients after drop out cases) and control group (50 patients). All patients were subjected to history taking and clinical assessment. The study groups underwent bone marrow aspiration and MSC separation. MSCs were injected intrathecally. Follow-up was done using Child Health Questionnaire, Gross Motor Function classification System and Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Results: Overall assessment revealed improvement in motor, cognitive, or social parameters in 8 patients (18.18%). Study group showed improvement in Child Health Questionnaire, Gross Motor Function Classification, but not Pediatric Evaluation of Disablity Inventory. No correlation was found between improvement and age or gender. Complications observed were transient related to injection, no neurological or radiological complications were observed. Conclusions: Autologous MSC injection in CP patients showed short-term safety, with variable efficacy in improving motor and cognitive defects.
Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder caused by injury or abnormal development of the brain at or immediately after birth. Current management of CP may improve the symptoms, such as muscle tone and gait, but is not directed to the original damage. Cellular therapy is evolving as a regenerative tool in many diseases with neural damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proven to transdifferentiate into neural lineage and improve neurodegeneration in animal models and in few clinical trials. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of autologous MSC therapy in cases of CP. Subjects and Methods: this study is a randomized controlled trial enrolling 100 CP patients aged 1-7 years. Patients were assigned into two groups: Study group (44 patients after drop out cases) and control group (50 patients). All patients were subjected to history taking and clinical assessment. The study groups underwent bone marrow aspiration and MSC separation. MSCs were injected intrathecally. Follow-up was done using Child Health Questionnaire, Gross Motor Function classification System and Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Results: Overall assessment revealed improvement in motor, cognitive, or social parameters in 8 patients (18.18%). Study group showed improvement in Child Health Questionnaire, Gross Motor Function Classification, but not Pediatric Evaluation of Disablity Inventory. No correlation was found between improvement and age or gender. Complications observed were transient related to injection, no neurological or radiological complications were observed. Conclusions: Autologous MSC injection in CP patients showed short-term safety, with variable efficacy in improving motor and cognitive defects.
Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Derived MSC Therapy in Cerebral Palsy: Safety and Short Term Efficacy
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.14
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Hala Gabr
Wael Abou El-Kheir
Osama Ghannam
Mohamed Esewy El-Fiki
Yehia Salah
Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Derived MSC Therapy in Cerebral Palsy: Safety and Short Term Efficacy
3
4
29
29
2015-06-30
2015-06-30
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.14
© Science Publishing Group
Allogenic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Type III Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Case Report
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.15
Rationale : Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is the most common genetic disorder and presents the most common cause of infant mortality. To date, patient management is symptomatic and focuses on improvement of independence and treatment of complications. Stem cell therapy represents a novel therapeutic option for many neurological diseases. Presenting concerns of the patient: This patient with type III SMA presented with generalized hypotonia and muscle weakness with inability to raise hands and legs, support back or neck, in addition to respiratory distress. Diagnosis: Clinical examination showed hypotonia and loss of reflexes. Creatine kinase levelxxx, electrophysiologyxx. Interventions: Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were injected in a dose of xxx intrathecally and a dose of xxx injected systemically. Outcomes: The patient showed improvement of GFM score and upgrading of the GFMC grade from Grade V to Grade III in 3 months. Improved quality of life was reflected in improvement of the PEDI scores. Improvement was noticed in respiration. No complications were encountered. Improvement was maintained until date. Conclusions: Allogenic MSC therapy may present a new therapeutic strategy for SMA patients. Controlled clinical trials are recommended to document the safety and efficacy of the procedure.
Rationale : Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is the most common genetic disorder and presents the most common cause of infant mortality. To date, patient management is symptomatic and focuses on improvement of independence and treatment of complications. Stem cell therapy represents a novel therapeutic option for many neurological diseases. Presenting concerns of the patient: This patient with type III SMA presented with generalized hypotonia and muscle weakness with inability to raise hands and legs, support back or neck, in addition to respiratory distress. Diagnosis: Clinical examination showed hypotonia and loss of reflexes. Creatine kinase levelxxx, electrophysiologyxx. Interventions: Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were injected in a dose of xxx intrathecally and a dose of xxx injected systemically. Outcomes: The patient showed improvement of GFM score and upgrading of the GFMC grade from Grade V to Grade III in 3 months. Improved quality of life was reflected in improvement of the PEDI scores. Improvement was noticed in respiration. No complications were encountered. Improvement was maintained until date. Conclusions: Allogenic MSC therapy may present a new therapeutic strategy for SMA patients. Controlled clinical trials are recommended to document the safety and efficacy of the procedure.
Allogenic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Type III Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Case Report
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.15
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Abo Elkheir W.
Gabr H.
Salah Y.
Allogenic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Type III Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Case Report
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33
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2015-06-30
2015-06-30
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.15
© Science Publishing Group
Stem Cell Transplantation for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: What Have We Learned from Previous Experience
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.16
Spinal cord injuries represent one of the most devastating illnesses that can affect the human body. Before the advent of the regenerative medicine era, it was regarded as an untreatable condition. Stem cell plasticity and translational medicine research open a new window of hope for this category of patients. Clinical trials of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injuries are now more than a decade old. However, the diversity of clinical trial design, cell type, dose and route of injection, make it extremely difficult to draw decisions from these previous experience. This review tries to collect as much evidence as we can from previous studies in order to suggest paths for future research in this setting.
Spinal cord injuries represent one of the most devastating illnesses that can affect the human body. Before the advent of the regenerative medicine era, it was regarded as an untreatable condition. Stem cell plasticity and translational medicine research open a new window of hope for this category of patients. Clinical trials of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injuries are now more than a decade old. However, the diversity of clinical trial design, cell type, dose and route of injection, make it extremely difficult to draw decisions from these previous experience. This review tries to collect as much evidence as we can from previous studies in order to suggest paths for future research in this setting.
Stem Cell Transplantation for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: What Have We Learned from Previous Experience
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.16
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-07-06
© Science Publishing Group
Elhawary S.
Wagih A.
Essam B.
Tarek I.
Aamer M.
Ellessy R. M.
Stem Cell Transplantation for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: What Have We Learned from Previous Experience
3
4
42
42
2015-07-06
2015-07-06
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.16
© Science Publishing Group
Neurogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Neural Induction Medium: A Morphological and Histochemical Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.17
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells present in all tissues. They are present in bone marrow, and can differentiate in vitro into neurons, glial cells and myofibroblasts . MSCs have been proposed as sources of stem cells for regeneration of the CNS. Thus, one of the goals of regenerative medicine is to regenerate damaged brain tissue and spinal cord by harnessing the power of stem cells to initiate neurogenesis in damaged areas of the brain. Objective: The aim of this work is to study in-vitro induced neurogenesis using MSCs as model of stem cells. Methodology : Bone marrow-MSCs were isolated, expanded and passaged. MSCs were identified using morphology and flowcytometric analysis. Co-expression of Oct ¾ was done. MSCs were induced to neural lineage using Neural Induction Media (NIM) : a cocktail of retinoic acid dissolved in DEMSO, recombinant human Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) basic, recombinant human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) . Neural induction was verified morphologically, and immunologically using GFAP positivity and nestin expression. Results: BM-MSCs express CD44 and OCT ¾ which decrease with age. MSCs induced with NIM show morphological changes consistent with neurogenesis, positive GFAP and nestin expression as compared to the uninduced cells. Conclusion: MSCs isolated from bone marrow aspirate and can be differentiated into GFAP positive neural cells.
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells present in all tissues. They are present in bone marrow, and can differentiate in vitro into neurons, glial cells and myofibroblasts . MSCs have been proposed as sources of stem cells for regeneration of the CNS. Thus, one of the goals of regenerative medicine is to regenerate damaged brain tissue and spinal cord by harnessing the power of stem cells to initiate neurogenesis in damaged areas of the brain. Objective: The aim of this work is to study in-vitro induced neurogenesis using MSCs as model of stem cells. Methodology : Bone marrow-MSCs were isolated, expanded and passaged. MSCs were identified using morphology and flowcytometric analysis. Co-expression of Oct ¾ was done. MSCs were induced to neural lineage using Neural Induction Media (NIM) : a cocktail of retinoic acid dissolved in DEMSO, recombinant human Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) basic, recombinant human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) . Neural induction was verified morphologically, and immunologically using GFAP positivity and nestin expression. Results: BM-MSCs express CD44 and OCT ¾ which decrease with age. MSCs induced with NIM show morphological changes consistent with neurogenesis, positive GFAP and nestin expression as compared to the uninduced cells. Conclusion: MSCs isolated from bone marrow aspirate and can be differentiated into GFAP positive neural cells.
Neurogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Neural Induction Medium: A Morphological and Histochemical Study
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.17
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-07-06
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmedy E.
Kandel S.
Gabr H.
Rizk S.
Khalifa . K
Kamal S.
Neurogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Neural Induction Medium: A Morphological and Histochemical Study
3
4
50
50
2015-07-06
2015-07-06
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.17
© Science Publishing Group
In Vitro Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells into Retinal Pigment Epithelium
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.18
Introduction: Dysfunction, degeneration, and loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are prominent features of subtypes of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) which is a cause of visual disability. In this condition, there is progressive visual loss that often leads to blindness. A variety of therapeutic approaches to delay the degenerative process are under development, the most promising of which is the stem cell regenerative therapy. Stem cells are self-renewing cells capable of transdifferentiation into a number of cell lineages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a type of stem cell with remarkable proliferative, regenerative and transdifferentiation ability. Aim of the Work: The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of bone marrow derived MSCs to differentiate into retinal pigmented epithelial cells in vitro as a step towards regeneration of degenerated retinal cells as in cases of retinitis pigmentosa. Patients and Methods: The present study was carried out on 20 bone marrow samples obtained from donors undergoing bone marrow aspirations, at EL-Maadi Military Hospital. 3 ml bone marrow were aspirated, mesenchymal stem cells were separated and induced to RPE lineage through culture in the presence of nicotinamide NIC and factors from the TGF-b superfamily (Activin A). The BMSC- derived pigmented-like cells were evaluated for the morphology, function, and marker expression of authentic RPE using RT-PCR for RPE65 mRNA. Results: Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in all samples demonstrated the morphologic characteristics as well as molecular markers of RPE cells after 8 weeks of culture with activin A and nicotinamide. Conclusion: In the present study, compelling evidences support the possibility of differentiation of bone marrow stem cells into retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) which have the morphology, function, and marker expression of authentic RPE.
Introduction: Dysfunction, degeneration, and loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are prominent features of subtypes of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) which is a cause of visual disability. In this condition, there is progressive visual loss that often leads to blindness. A variety of therapeutic approaches to delay the degenerative process are under development, the most promising of which is the stem cell regenerative therapy. Stem cells are self-renewing cells capable of transdifferentiation into a number of cell lineages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a type of stem cell with remarkable proliferative, regenerative and transdifferentiation ability. Aim of the Work: The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of bone marrow derived MSCs to differentiate into retinal pigmented epithelial cells in vitro as a step towards regeneration of degenerated retinal cells as in cases of retinitis pigmentosa. Patients and Methods: The present study was carried out on 20 bone marrow samples obtained from donors undergoing bone marrow aspirations, at EL-Maadi Military Hospital. 3 ml bone marrow were aspirated, mesenchymal stem cells were separated and induced to RPE lineage through culture in the presence of nicotinamide NIC and factors from the TGF-b superfamily (Activin A). The BMSC- derived pigmented-like cells were evaluated for the morphology, function, and marker expression of authentic RPE using RT-PCR for RPE65 mRNA. Results: Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in all samples demonstrated the morphologic characteristics as well as molecular markers of RPE cells after 8 weeks of culture with activin A and nicotinamide. Conclusion: In the present study, compelling evidences support the possibility of differentiation of bone marrow stem cells into retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) which have the morphology, function, and marker expression of authentic RPE.
In Vitro Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells into Retinal Pigment Epithelium
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.18
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-07-06
© Science Publishing Group
Nehal Draz
Makram F. Attalah
Hany M. Shaheen
Wael Abo Elkeir
In Vitro Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells into Retinal Pigment Epithelium
3
4
55
55
2015-07-06
2015-07-06
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.18
© Science Publishing Group
Stem Cells for Neuro-regeneration: State of the Art
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.19
Neuroregeneration (NR) is a long-sought medical dream which has intrigued vast research in the past decades. A traditional physiologic dogma that central nervous system does not regenerate has been strongly challenged in the recent years since the advent of the stem cell era. Stem cell research in the regenerative field passes through three main stages. The first stage is the in-vitro experiments which studies the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying stem cell-mediated NR. The second stage is the application of these data in experimental animal settings to provide "proof of concept" of stem cell therapy in animal models. The final step is the translation of these data in pilot clinical trials. In this review, we will try to gather the different data of stem cell-mediated NR from various experimental and clinical researches.
Neuroregeneration (NR) is a long-sought medical dream which has intrigued vast research in the past decades. A traditional physiologic dogma that central nervous system does not regenerate has been strongly challenged in the recent years since the advent of the stem cell era. Stem cell research in the regenerative field passes through three main stages. The first stage is the in-vitro experiments which studies the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying stem cell-mediated NR. The second stage is the application of these data in experimental animal settings to provide "proof of concept" of stem cell therapy in animal models. The final step is the translation of these data in pilot clinical trials. In this review, we will try to gather the different data of stem cell-mediated NR from various experimental and clinical researches.
Stem Cells for Neuro-regeneration: State of the Art
doi:10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.19
American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2015-07-09
© Science Publishing Group
Wagih A.
Elhawary S.
Ellessy R. M.
Esam B.
Tarek I.
Aamer M.
Stem Cells for Neuro-regeneration: State of the Art
3
4
70
70
2015-07-09
2015-07-09
10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=217&doi=10.11648/j.bio.s.2015030401.19
© Science Publishing Group