Science Publishing Group: Animal and Veterinary Sciences: Table of Contents
<i> Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AVS) </i> is dedicated for publication of research articles in the field of biology of animals and veterinary sciences. Articles in support areas, such as genetics, soils, agricultural economics and marketing, legal aspects and the environment also are encouraged. AVS is an important source of researcher to study articles on protection of animal production practices, herd health and monitoring the spread of disease and prevention in both domestic and wild animals.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/avs Science Publishing Group: Animal and Veterinary Sciences: Table of Contents
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Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Lepidoptera Fauna in Aegean Region of Turkey
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130101.11
In this study, the fauna of Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea (Lepidoptera) in Aegean region (Southwest Turkey) has been investigated. Information regarding field studies which were carried out during years 2003 and 2004 was given. The specimens of the order Lepidoptera have been collected from 35 different localities. It has been determined that these specimens are belonging to 87 species distributed in 7 families. The distribution of species (according to families) were given as: Papilionidae (3); Pieridae (12); Libytheidae (1); Argynnidae (11); Satyridae (18); Lycaenidae (25) and Hesperiidae (8).
In this study, the fauna of Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea (Lepidoptera) in Aegean region (Southwest Turkey) has been investigated. Information regarding field studies which were carried out during years 2003 and 2004 was given. The specimens of the order Lepidoptera have been collected from 35 different localities. It has been determined that these specimens are belonging to 87 species distributed in 7 families. The distribution of species (according to families) were given as: Papilionidae (3); Pieridae (12); Libytheidae (1); Argynnidae (11); Satyridae (18); Lycaenidae (25) and Hesperiidae (8).
Lepidoptera Fauna in Aegean Region of Turkey
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130101.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yusuf Hüseyinoğlu
Lepidoptera Fauna in Aegean Region of Turkey
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Faunistic Study on Lepidoptera from Different Regions of Anatolia, Turkey
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This study was carried out in Ankara, Antalya, Denizli, Isparta, Istanbul, Kırşehir, Konya, Malatya, Nevşehir and Ordu (Turkey), during the years of 2003-2006 in order to collect data on Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea species, their distribution and current status. Butterflies samples were caught with sweep nets from 18 localities during the field work. 77 species belonging to 6 families and 2 super families were identified. According to identification results the numbers of species (belonging to families) were given as: Papilionidae (3); Pieridae (13); Argynnidae (12); Satyridae (22); Lycaenidae (22) and Hesperiidae (5).
This study was carried out in Ankara, Antalya, Denizli, Isparta, Istanbul, Kırşehir, Konya, Malatya, Nevşehir and Ordu (Turkey), during the years of 2003-2006 in order to collect data on Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea species, their distribution and current status. Butterflies samples were caught with sweep nets from 18 localities during the field work. 77 species belonging to 6 families and 2 super families were identified. According to identification results the numbers of species (belonging to families) were given as: Papilionidae (3); Pieridae (13); Argynnidae (12); Satyridae (22); Lycaenidae (22) and Hesperiidae (5).
Faunistic Study on Lepidoptera from Different Regions of Anatolia, Turkey
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130101.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yusuf Hüseyinoğlu
Faunistic Study on Lepidoptera from Different Regions of Anatolia, Turkey
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11
11
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20130101.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130101.12
© Science Publishing Group
Ethological Problems and Learning Disability Due to Aluminum Toxicity in Rats
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A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley adult rats were used to investigate the effect of aluminum toxicity on behavioral patterns of adult female rats and learning ability of offspring. Rats were allotted into 4 groups, group one received 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=10), group two received 3g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=10), group thr.ee received 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride in drinking water (n=10) and control group did not receive anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=5) from 8th day of pregnancy till weaning of pups. The obtained results showed that feeding time increased significantly in 2g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride groups than control one, while, litter licking frequency and nursing time increased significantly in 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride than other groups. On contrary lying time decreased significantly in rats treated with 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride than other groups, licking and scratching decreased in 3g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride groups. In considering, the time spent in closed arms by offspring, pups spent significantly much time than control group, while, time spent in open arms of elevated plus maze decreased significantly in all treated groups than control group. On the other hand, number of entries in open arms significantly decreased in treated groups than control one.
A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley adult rats were used to investigate the effect of aluminum toxicity on behavioral patterns of adult female rats and learning ability of offspring. Rats were allotted into 4 groups, group one received 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=10), group two received 3g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=10), group thr.ee received 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride in drinking water (n=10) and control group did not receive anhydrous aluminum chloride (n=5) from 8th day of pregnancy till weaning of pups. The obtained results showed that feeding time increased significantly in 2g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride groups than control one, while, litter licking frequency and nursing time increased significantly in 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride than other groups. On contrary lying time decreased significantly in rats treated with 2g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride than other groups, licking and scratching decreased in 3g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminum chloride groups. In considering, the time spent in closed arms by offspring, pups spent significantly much time than control group, while, time spent in open arms of elevated plus maze decreased significantly in all treated groups than control group. On the other hand, number of entries in open arms significantly decreased in treated groups than control one.
Ethological Problems and Learning Disability Due to Aluminum Toxicity in Rats
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130102.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Amira A. Goma
Usama E. Mahrous
Ethological Problems and Learning Disability Due to Aluminum Toxicity in Rats
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Transaminases and Effect of Freezing Rates on Their Leakage into Seminal Plasma of Sirohi Bucks
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Seminal plasma transaminases (GOT and GPT) were assessed in diluted (Tris-egg yolk-citric acid-fructose-glycerol extender 1:4) and thawed (400C for 15 seconds) semen of Sirohi bucks (control group). Diluted, cooled (from 250C up to 50C) and equilibrated (at 50C for 2 hours) semen straws were frozen @ 15, 20, 25 and 300C/minute for M1, M2, M3 and M4 groups respectively. These frozen straws were stored separately in LN2. Effect of freezing rates on leakage of tran-ferases was studied by assessing GOT and GPT in seminal plasma of thawed semen from M1, M2, M3 and M4 groups. The Mean + S.E. (C.V.%) values of transferases (GOT : GPT) in M1, M2, M3, M4 and control group were 313.00 + 8.40 (6.58) : 20.5 + 0.43 (5.12), 272.5 + 6.68 (6.01) : 16.33 + 1.02 (15.33), 255.00 + 10.1 (9.7) : 14.5 + 0.67 (11.33), 292.0 + 9.67 (8.09) : 19.67 + 0.70 (8.99) and 147.67 + 10.96 (18.17) ; 9.5 + 0.62 (15.96) units per 0.92 x 109 spermatozoa respectively. Least square analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) rise in the seminal plasma GOT enzyme levels in frozen thawed semen as compared to that in fresh diluted, cooled and equilibrated semen. Among the freezing mode groups lowest GOT and GPT values in seminal plasma was observed in M3 followed by M2, M4 and M1 groups in increasing order.
Seminal plasma transaminases (GOT and GPT) were assessed in diluted (Tris-egg yolk-citric acid-fructose-glycerol extender 1:4) and thawed (400C for 15 seconds) semen of Sirohi bucks (control group). Diluted, cooled (from 250C up to 50C) and equilibrated (at 50C for 2 hours) semen straws were frozen @ 15, 20, 25 and 300C/minute for M1, M2, M3 and M4 groups respectively. These frozen straws were stored separately in LN2. Effect of freezing rates on leakage of tran-ferases was studied by assessing GOT and GPT in seminal plasma of thawed semen from M1, M2, M3 and M4 groups. The Mean + S.E. (C.V.%) values of transferases (GOT : GPT) in M1, M2, M3, M4 and control group were 313.00 + 8.40 (6.58) : 20.5 + 0.43 (5.12), 272.5 + 6.68 (6.01) : 16.33 + 1.02 (15.33), 255.00 + 10.1 (9.7) : 14.5 + 0.67 (11.33), 292.0 + 9.67 (8.09) : 19.67 + 0.70 (8.99) and 147.67 + 10.96 (18.17) ; 9.5 + 0.62 (15.96) units per 0.92 x 109 spermatozoa respectively. Least square analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) rise in the seminal plasma GOT enzyme levels in frozen thawed semen as compared to that in fresh diluted, cooled and equilibrated semen. Among the freezing mode groups lowest GOT and GPT values in seminal plasma was observed in M3 followed by M2, M4 and M1 groups in increasing order.
Assessment of Transaminases and Effect of Freezing Rates on Their Leakage into Seminal Plasma of Sirohi Bucks
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130102.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sunanda Sharma
Narendra K. Sharma
N. K. Sinha
S. S. Sharma
Assessment of Transaminases and Effect of Freezing Rates on Their Leakage into Seminal Plasma of Sirohi Bucks
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Traumatic Multiple rib Fracture and Patella Ligaments Rupture in an Argentine Parade Horse-Case Report
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The objective of reporting this case is to describe the clinical signs and postmortem findings associated with multiple rib fracture and patella ligaments rupture in a gelding used for ceremonial military parade with a view to improving diagnostic skill of practitioners for a quick and appropriate plan for managing chest and patella traumas. In this case, 7 years old, 500kg body weight, Argentine gelding slipped off concreted stable-floor while it was being led out for a routine riding exercise. At the time of first presentation (19 hours post-accident), the clinical findings were; congested bilateral ocular mucous membranes with jaundice, base-wide conformation of forelimbs, head nodding, bilateral twitching around shoulders, reluctance to move, off-feed and refusal to drink water. Hyperpnoea, tachycardia and hyperthermia were also observed. There were no evidences of bruises, swellings or localized pain on general inspection and palpation at the time of presentation. In subsequent days groaning, teeth grinding, intermittent sternal recumbency and ‘dog sitting’ position were observed until the gelding died in early hours of day 6, post-accident. Postmortem findings were; proximal 3rd un-displaced, simple fracture of ribs no. 2 to 18 (17 ribs) in the left hemithorax, jaundice, hemorrhagic thighs and stifles with ruptured left patella ligaments. Diagnosis of ‘Traumatic multiple rib fracture and patella ligaments rupture was made at postmortem. In conclusion, it was suggested that when adult horse falls, thorough clinical examination, ultrasonography or less revealing radiography should be conducted while assessing thoracic and patella traumas in horses as some of the serious signs may not manifest at the time of accident. This will enable equine practitioners to plan early for conservative, surgical or medical management regime thereby reducing fatality.
The objective of reporting this case is to describe the clinical signs and postmortem findings associated with multiple rib fracture and patella ligaments rupture in a gelding used for ceremonial military parade with a view to improving diagnostic skill of practitioners for a quick and appropriate plan for managing chest and patella traumas. In this case, 7 years old, 500kg body weight, Argentine gelding slipped off concreted stable-floor while it was being led out for a routine riding exercise. At the time of first presentation (19 hours post-accident), the clinical findings were; congested bilateral ocular mucous membranes with jaundice, base-wide conformation of forelimbs, head nodding, bilateral twitching around shoulders, reluctance to move, off-feed and refusal to drink water. Hyperpnoea, tachycardia and hyperthermia were also observed. There were no evidences of bruises, swellings or localized pain on general inspection and palpation at the time of presentation. In subsequent days groaning, teeth grinding, intermittent sternal recumbency and ‘dog sitting’ position were observed until the gelding died in early hours of day 6, post-accident. Postmortem findings were; proximal 3rd un-displaced, simple fracture of ribs no. 2 to 18 (17 ribs) in the left hemithorax, jaundice, hemorrhagic thighs and stifles with ruptured left patella ligaments. Diagnosis of ‘Traumatic multiple rib fracture and patella ligaments rupture was made at postmortem. In conclusion, it was suggested that when adult horse falls, thorough clinical examination, ultrasonography or less revealing radiography should be conducted while assessing thoracic and patella traumas in horses as some of the serious signs may not manifest at the time of accident. This will enable equine practitioners to plan early for conservative, surgical or medical management regime thereby reducing fatality.
Traumatic Multiple rib Fracture and Patella Ligaments Rupture in an Argentine Parade Horse-Case Report
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130103.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
U. M. Garba
M. Bisalla
A. Audu
E. U. Onwuhafua
Traumatic Multiple rib Fracture and Patella Ligaments Rupture in an Argentine Parade Horse-Case Report
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© Science Publishing Group
A Post-Mortem Qualitative Radiographic Study of the Foot with Special Reference to the Digital Lesions in Culling Lame Cows
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This cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on 43 samples of culled lame cows with digit disorders which were collected from slaughterhouse. After recording information for each cow, at least four radiographs were taken from amputated limb. New bone formation, osteolysis, soft tissue swelling and gas density were indices considered for assessing the severity of the disease. The prevalence rate of claw lesion among all cases was 69.7 per cent. Most lesions were mainly due to the effect of non-infectious lesions such as toe ulcer (3; 6.9 %), white line disease (5; 11.6 %), heel ulcer (6; 13.9 %), abaxial groove lesions (7; 16.2 %) and sole ulcers (9; 20.9 %), respectively. There were 20.5 % and 79.5 % cows with locomotion scores of 4 and 5, respectively. The most prominent radiographic abnormalities were noted in the P3 region of culling lame cows: widened vascular channels (23.2 %), extensor process entheseophyte (62.7 %), flexor tuberosity entheseophyte (65.1 %), osteolysis at the tip of the pedal bone (9.3 %), osteolysis of the plantar tuberisity (58.1 %) and abaxial wall (6.9 %), chip fracture (2.3 %), pathologic fracture (18.6 %), symmetric swelling (23.2 %), asymmetric swelling (69.7 %) and gas density into the claw (9.3 %). Septic arthritis and increase in joint width (18.6 %), bony ankylosis and subluxation (13.9 %) were noted in the Joints. In conclusion, radiography revealed the extent of osseous changes in cattle affected with laminitis, provided valuable additional information and confirmed the diagnosis and prognosis where a normal clinical examina¬tion seems inadequate.
This cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on 43 samples of culled lame cows with digit disorders which were collected from slaughterhouse. After recording information for each cow, at least four radiographs were taken from amputated limb. New bone formation, osteolysis, soft tissue swelling and gas density were indices considered for assessing the severity of the disease. The prevalence rate of claw lesion among all cases was 69.7 per cent. Most lesions were mainly due to the effect of non-infectious lesions such as toe ulcer (3; 6.9 %), white line disease (5; 11.6 %), heel ulcer (6; 13.9 %), abaxial groove lesions (7; 16.2 %) and sole ulcers (9; 20.9 %), respectively. There were 20.5 % and 79.5 % cows with locomotion scores of 4 and 5, respectively. The most prominent radiographic abnormalities were noted in the P3 region of culling lame cows: widened vascular channels (23.2 %), extensor process entheseophyte (62.7 %), flexor tuberosity entheseophyte (65.1 %), osteolysis at the tip of the pedal bone (9.3 %), osteolysis of the plantar tuberisity (58.1 %) and abaxial wall (6.9 %), chip fracture (2.3 %), pathologic fracture (18.6 %), symmetric swelling (23.2 %), asymmetric swelling (69.7 %) and gas density into the claw (9.3 %). Septic arthritis and increase in joint width (18.6 %), bony ankylosis and subluxation (13.9 %) were noted in the Joints. In conclusion, radiography revealed the extent of osseous changes in cattle affected with laminitis, provided valuable additional information and confirmed the diagnosis and prognosis where a normal clinical examina¬tion seems inadequate.
A Post-Mortem Qualitative Radiographic Study of the Foot with Special Reference to the Digital Lesions in Culling Lame Cows
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130104.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohsen Nouri
Alireza Vajhi
Seyyed Hossein Marjanmehr
Iradj Nowrouzian
Davoud Faskhoudi
A Post-Mortem Qualitative Radiographic Study of the Foot with Special Reference to the Digital Lesions in Culling Lame Cows
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© Science Publishing Group
Ultrasonographic Determination of Follicle Development and Resumption of Ovarian Activity in Postpartum Bulgarian Murrah Buffaloes during the Breeding Season
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130105.12
The aim of the present study was to determine follicle development and resumption of ovarian activity in Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes by transrectal ultrasonographic monitoring of the ovaries during the first 50 days after after calving throughout the breeding season. The investigation included 18 clinically healthy Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes divided into two groups: Group I (n=8, primiparous buffaloes) and Group II (n=10, multiparous buffaloes). A transrectal ultrasonography was made at 3-day intervals between 1st and the 50th postpartum days. The evaluation of follicular development was based on the visualization of small, medium or large follicles. Ovulation was recorded when the first detected large follicle disappeared during the followed examinations and a corpus luteum in the same place was observed. After data processing, the mean diameter (mm) of small, medium and large follicles was determined. The average intervals (days) from parturition to the first identification of medium, large follicles and corpus luteum were also estimated and cumulative percentage of animals in both groups, according to the ovarian structures, and the time of their detection was calculated. The obtained results showed presence of small follicles during the experimental period. The mean diameters of medium and large follicles in multiparous animals were greater (P<0.05) than respective sizes in primiparous animals. The mean interval between calving and first ovulation trended to be shorter in multiparous in comparison with primiparous buffaloes. On postpartum day 46 cumulative percentage of multiparous animals with detected corpus luteum was higher (P<0.05) than estimated in primiparous animals. In conclusion, the follicular growth between clinically healthy primiparous and multiparous Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes during the first fifty days after calving throughout breeding season was different. The faster development of ovulatory follicles followed by ovulation and corpus luteum formation in multiparous than in primiparous bufaloes indicated an earlier resumption of the ovarian activity after calving. The obtained data could be used in development of different schedules for reproductive optimization in dairy buffaloes.
The aim of the present study was to determine follicle development and resumption of ovarian activity in Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes by transrectal ultrasonographic monitoring of the ovaries during the first 50 days after after calving throughout the breeding season. The investigation included 18 clinically healthy Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes divided into two groups: Group I (n=8, primiparous buffaloes) and Group II (n=10, multiparous buffaloes). A transrectal ultrasonography was made at 3-day intervals between 1st and the 50th postpartum days. The evaluation of follicular development was based on the visualization of small, medium or large follicles. Ovulation was recorded when the first detected large follicle disappeared during the followed examinations and a corpus luteum in the same place was observed. After data processing, the mean diameter (mm) of small, medium and large follicles was determined. The average intervals (days) from parturition to the first identification of medium, large follicles and corpus luteum were also estimated and cumulative percentage of animals in both groups, according to the ovarian structures, and the time of their detection was calculated. The obtained results showed presence of small follicles during the experimental period. The mean diameters of medium and large follicles in multiparous animals were greater (P<0.05) than respective sizes in primiparous animals. The mean interval between calving and first ovulation trended to be shorter in multiparous in comparison with primiparous buffaloes. On postpartum day 46 cumulative percentage of multiparous animals with detected corpus luteum was higher (P<0.05) than estimated in primiparous animals. In conclusion, the follicular growth between clinically healthy primiparous and multiparous Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes during the first fifty days after calving throughout breeding season was different. The faster development of ovulatory follicles followed by ovulation and corpus luteum formation in multiparous than in primiparous bufaloes indicated an earlier resumption of the ovarian activity after calving. The obtained data could be used in development of different schedules for reproductive optimization in dairy buffaloes.
Ultrasonographic Determination of Follicle Development and Resumption of Ovarian Activity in Postpartum Bulgarian Murrah Buffaloes during the Breeding Season
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130105.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Stanimir Angelov Yotov
Anatoli Stefanov Atanasov
Ultrasonographic Determination of Follicle Development and Resumption of Ovarian Activity in Postpartum Bulgarian Murrah Buffaloes during the Breeding Season
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© Science Publishing Group
Intra-Abdominal Laparoscopic Vasectomy by Electrocauterization in Free Range Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130105.13
The aim of present study was to evaluate intra-abdominal laparoscopic technique in free range male rhesus macaque in terms of rapidity and specificity of the technique . Two hundred twenty free range rhesus macaques were captured by cage trapping method. Anesthesia was achieved using xylazine @2mg/kg and ketamine @ 10mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. One midline and two lateral pre-umblical surgical ports were created. A telescope was inserted through midline port while cutting and grasping forceps were inserted through the lateral ports. About 3-4cm long fragment of vas deferens was removed by cutting and cauterization, using atraumatic thermo-cautery forceps and a scissors connected to an electrocautery unit. The induction time, duration of anaesthesia and recovery time was 2.10 ± 0.20 min, 72 ±0.28 min and 38±0.12 min respectively. Surgical time for laparoscopic vasectomy was found to be 2±0.32 min. The method was found to be simple, easy and faster method of vasectomy in the male rhesus macaques.
The aim of present study was to evaluate intra-abdominal laparoscopic technique in free range male rhesus macaque in terms of rapidity and specificity of the technique . Two hundred twenty free range rhesus macaques were captured by cage trapping method. Anesthesia was achieved using xylazine @2mg/kg and ketamine @ 10mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. One midline and two lateral pre-umblical surgical ports were created. A telescope was inserted through midline port while cutting and grasping forceps were inserted through the lateral ports. About 3-4cm long fragment of vas deferens was removed by cutting and cauterization, using atraumatic thermo-cautery forceps and a scissors connected to an electrocautery unit. The induction time, duration of anaesthesia and recovery time was 2.10 ± 0.20 min, 72 ±0.28 min and 38±0.12 min respectively. Surgical time for laparoscopic vasectomy was found to be 2±0.32 min. The method was found to be simple, easy and faster method of vasectomy in the male rhesus macaques.
Intra-Abdominal Laparoscopic Vasectomy by Electrocauterization in Free Range Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130105.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vijay Kumar
Vipin Kumar
Intra-Abdominal Laparoscopic Vasectomy by Electrocauterization in Free Range Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
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© Science Publishing Group
Gross-Pathologic and Therapeutic Implications for Uncomplicated White Line Disease in Dairy Cows: A Case Series Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130105.11
This short communication describes the gross-pathologic and therapeutic implications of uncomplicated white line diseasein one large dairy herd with records of lameness events over a 7 months period in the vicinity of Tehran, Iran.White line lesions were confirmed on 232 of cows with the lameness score of 3 and 4. The prevalence rate of WL lesions in axial wall at zone 1, apex of toe at zone 1 and abaxial wall at zone 1, 2 and 3 were 53 cases (23.0 %), 44 cases (19.0 %) and 130 cases (58.0 %), respectively. Fourteen percent have been trimmed incorrectly and the sole becomes too thin during trimming. Full treatment results achieved in 87.0 % of cases in an average of 28 days.This study showed that laminitis- associated white line disease response well to appropriate therapy and proper trimming can play an important role for lameness prevention strategies in large dairy herds.
This short communication describes the gross-pathologic and therapeutic implications of uncomplicated white line diseasein one large dairy herd with records of lameness events over a 7 months period in the vicinity of Tehran, Iran.White line lesions were confirmed on 232 of cows with the lameness score of 3 and 4. The prevalence rate of WL lesions in axial wall at zone 1, apex of toe at zone 1 and abaxial wall at zone 1, 2 and 3 were 53 cases (23.0 %), 44 cases (19.0 %) and 130 cases (58.0 %), respectively. Fourteen percent have been trimmed incorrectly and the sole becomes too thin during trimming. Full treatment results achieved in 87.0 % of cases in an average of 28 days.This study showed that laminitis- associated white line disease response well to appropriate therapy and proper trimming can play an important role for lameness prevention strategies in large dairy herds.
Gross-Pathologic and Therapeutic Implications for Uncomplicated White Line Disease in Dairy Cows: A Case Series Study
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130105.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohsen Nouri
Fateme Katouli
Fahime Zibaee
Iradj Nowrouzian
Seyed Mohamad Karbalaee Seyed Javad
Gross-Pathologic and Therapeutic Implications for Uncomplicated White Line Disease in Dairy Cows: A Case Series Study
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© Science Publishing Group
“Arcon Method” Summary
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130106.12
Arcon Method is a training and intervention system for search and rescue dogs (earthquakes, avalanches, landslides, hurricanes, explosions...), narcotic detection dogs, explosive detection dogs, anti-personnel mines detection dogs and endangered animal species detection dogs.
Arcon Method is a training and intervention system for search and rescue dogs (earthquakes, avalanches, landslides, hurricanes, explosions...), narcotic detection dogs, explosive detection dogs, anti-personnel mines detection dogs and endangered animal species detection dogs.
“Arcon Method” Summary
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130106.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Jaime Parejo Garcia
“Arcon Method” Summary
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130106.12
© Science Publishing Group
Observations on Healing Process of Wall Ulcers with Concurrent Digital Dermatitis in 52 Cattle: Gross and Light Microscopic Pathology
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130106.13
This paper describes the healing process of the axial and abaxial wall ulcers in cases of concurrent digital dermatitis by gross, histopathologic and therapeutic implications. Fifty two cases showed wall ulcers (13%); the prevalence rate of affected cases by abaxial wall ulcer and axial wall ulcer were 3.2 and 9.7 %, respectively. The herd had endemic digital dermatitis with prevalence in the adult herd of over 34.2 %. All the ‘non-healing’ claw disorders observed in this study were particularly severe, penetrating the horn and involving the corium. In most of cases the fissure was filled with granulated tissue. In 5 (9.6 %), 6 (11.5 %), 6 (11.5 %) and 2 (3.8 %) of all cattle the claw lesions did not heal after 2, 3, 4 and 6 months, respecitively. In 8 (15.3 %) lesions the exposed corium was never covered by new horn during the 8 month. Microscopically, there was extremely proliferative epidermis, 2-3 times as high as in the controls with severe acanthosis and rete ridge formation. Stratum corneum was hyperplastic. The evidences of healing as reduce of inflammatory reactions in dermis and repair of epidermis were observed at least after 4 weeks in early lesions. Atypical digital dermatitis must be considered an emergency.
This paper describes the healing process of the axial and abaxial wall ulcers in cases of concurrent digital dermatitis by gross, histopathologic and therapeutic implications. Fifty two cases showed wall ulcers (13%); the prevalence rate of affected cases by abaxial wall ulcer and axial wall ulcer were 3.2 and 9.7 %, respectively. The herd had endemic digital dermatitis with prevalence in the adult herd of over 34.2 %. All the ‘non-healing’ claw disorders observed in this study were particularly severe, penetrating the horn and involving the corium. In most of cases the fissure was filled with granulated tissue. In 5 (9.6 %), 6 (11.5 %), 6 (11.5 %) and 2 (3.8 %) of all cattle the claw lesions did not heal after 2, 3, 4 and 6 months, respecitively. In 8 (15.3 %) lesions the exposed corium was never covered by new horn during the 8 month. Microscopically, there was extremely proliferative epidermis, 2-3 times as high as in the controls with severe acanthosis and rete ridge formation. Stratum corneum was hyperplastic. The evidences of healing as reduce of inflammatory reactions in dermis and repair of epidermis were observed at least after 4 weeks in early lesions. Atypical digital dermatitis must be considered an emergency.
Observations on Healing Process of Wall Ulcers with Concurrent Digital Dermatitis in 52 Cattle: Gross and Light Microscopic Pathology
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130106.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohsen Nouri
Javad Ashrafi-Helan
Observations on Healing Process of Wall Ulcers with Concurrent Digital Dermatitis in 52 Cattle: Gross and Light Microscopic Pathology
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20130106.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130106.13
© Science Publishing Group
Breed and Season Effects on the Claw Lesions of Dairy Cows in Ardebil, Iran
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130106.11
Seasonal and breed effects on the prevalence and type of claw lesions were investigated on 24854 cases of culled cows at central abattoir in the vicinity of Ardebil in Iran during twelve consecutive months. After recording information for each case, the feet were amputated and ground surface of the claws were pared for more morphopathological study. The prevalence rate of claw lesion among all cases was 24.2 per cent. The claws lesion in local cows (24.4 %) was more than imported Holstein cows (22.5 %) (P< 0.05). Most lesions occurred in the feet; the commonest were heel horn erosion (48.3 %), white line disease (25.1 %), laminitis (12.2 %), sole ulcer (10.3 %) and septic traumatic pododermatitis (4.1 %). There was a significant effect of the frequent claw lesions in each breed (P< 0.05). Heel horn erosion was the commonest lesion in Holstein cows (41.2 %) and local cows (49.1 %) and septic traumatic pododermatitis in Holstein cows (4.7 %) and laminitis in local cows (3.4 %) were the lowest lesions. White line disease was ranked second in Holstein cows (24.2 %) and local cows (25.1 %). Significant differences were not seen between the season and claw lesions (P> 0.05). However, data analysis also revealed that claw lesions occurred with greater frequency during the warm season in local and Holstein cows. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that lameness is an important problem in dairy herd in Ardebil. Poor management in hoof trimming, locomotion monitoring and poor quality of floors were the common causes of claw lesions.
Seasonal and breed effects on the prevalence and type of claw lesions were investigated on 24854 cases of culled cows at central abattoir in the vicinity of Ardebil in Iran during twelve consecutive months. After recording information for each case, the feet were amputated and ground surface of the claws were pared for more morphopathological study. The prevalence rate of claw lesion among all cases was 24.2 per cent. The claws lesion in local cows (24.4 %) was more than imported Holstein cows (22.5 %) (P< 0.05). Most lesions occurred in the feet; the commonest were heel horn erosion (48.3 %), white line disease (25.1 %), laminitis (12.2 %), sole ulcer (10.3 %) and septic traumatic pododermatitis (4.1 %). There was a significant effect of the frequent claw lesions in each breed (P< 0.05). Heel horn erosion was the commonest lesion in Holstein cows (41.2 %) and local cows (49.1 %) and septic traumatic pododermatitis in Holstein cows (4.7 %) and laminitis in local cows (3.4 %) were the lowest lesions. White line disease was ranked second in Holstein cows (24.2 %) and local cows (25.1 %). Significant differences were not seen between the season and claw lesions (P> 0.05). However, data analysis also revealed that claw lesions occurred with greater frequency during the warm season in local and Holstein cows. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that lameness is an important problem in dairy herd in Ardebil. Poor management in hoof trimming, locomotion monitoring and poor quality of floors were the common causes of claw lesions.
Breed and Season Effects on the Claw Lesions of Dairy Cows in Ardebil, Iran
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20130106.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Taghi Madadzadeh
Mohsen Nouri
Iradj Nowrouzian
Breed and Season Effects on the Claw Lesions of Dairy Cows in Ardebil, Iran
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20130106.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20130106.11
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Clinical Manifestation of Newcastle Disease in Traditional Poultry of Chad
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140201.12
Since its discovery in 1926, the virus of Newcastle disease (NDV) has been well described by several authors. But the control of this disease remains today a topical issue. It causes economic losses in industrialized and developing countries. The clinical manifestation of NDV differs from one species to another. This article places a state of clinical manifestation of the virus of Newcastle disease in traditional avian population, raised in the same breeding conditions. That avian population has been made up of chickens, ducks, guinea fowl and pigeons. The clinical manifestation of NDV has been observed by species, age and in epidemiological units (EpUn). The choice of EpUn has been done randomly. A total of 372 EpUn with a workforce of 13608 volatile have been observed. Young people aged at least 6 months have been 51.5% , 5.6%, 0.4% and 1.3% of the total, for chickens, ducks, guinea fowl and pigeons respectively. According to this order, adults over 6 months represented 28%, 5.4%, 4.8% and 3%. The clinical manifestation of the NDV has been observed in all domestic poultry species. Mortality varied between 26 and 99% in chickens; 17 and 75% in ducks; 8 and 100% in guinea fowls, and 11 and 100% among pigeons. Young volatiles have been more sensitive to NDV than adults. Mortality varied between 33 and 99% in young chickens, 21 and 75% in young ducks; 22 and 100% in young guinea fowl; 18 and 100% among young pigeons. In adults the rate varied respectively between 26 and 78%; 17 and 47%; 8 and 26%, 11 and 73% in the same species. Among this population of young volatiles, ducklings have been less sensitive than other young. Maternal antibodies seem to persist beyond a month and a half, while the chicks aged a month could present the clinical manifestations of the disease. Animal concentration, climatic changes, socio-economic activities of man and other emergence of ND factors seem to play an important role in the clinical manifestation of NDV from traditional domestic poultry. Knowledge of the clinical manifestation of this disease among the traditional bird population is one of the essential elements of its control.
Since its discovery in 1926, the virus of Newcastle disease (NDV) has been well described by several authors. But the control of this disease remains today a topical issue. It causes economic losses in industrialized and developing countries. The clinical manifestation of NDV differs from one species to another. This article places a state of clinical manifestation of the virus of Newcastle disease in traditional avian population, raised in the same breeding conditions. That avian population has been made up of chickens, ducks, guinea fowl and pigeons. The clinical manifestation of NDV has been observed by species, age and in epidemiological units (EpUn). The choice of EpUn has been done randomly. A total of 372 EpUn with a workforce of 13608 volatile have been observed. Young people aged at least 6 months have been 51.5% , 5.6%, 0.4% and 1.3% of the total, for chickens, ducks, guinea fowl and pigeons respectively. According to this order, adults over 6 months represented 28%, 5.4%, 4.8% and 3%. The clinical manifestation of the NDV has been observed in all domestic poultry species. Mortality varied between 26 and 99% in chickens; 17 and 75% in ducks; 8 and 100% in guinea fowls, and 11 and 100% among pigeons. Young volatiles have been more sensitive to NDV than adults. Mortality varied between 33 and 99% in young chickens, 21 and 75% in young ducks; 22 and 100% in young guinea fowl; 18 and 100% among young pigeons. In adults the rate varied respectively between 26 and 78%; 17 and 47%; 8 and 26%, 11 and 73% in the same species. Among this population of young volatiles, ducklings have been less sensitive than other young. Maternal antibodies seem to persist beyond a month and a half, while the chicks aged a month could present the clinical manifestations of the disease. Animal concentration, climatic changes, socio-economic activities of man and other emergence of ND factors seem to play an important role in the clinical manifestation of NDV from traditional domestic poultry. Knowledge of the clinical manifestation of this disease among the traditional bird population is one of the essential elements of its control.
Analysis of Clinical Manifestation of Newcastle Disease in Traditional Poultry of Chad
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140201.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
BAN-BO Bebanto Antipas
BIDJEH Kebkiba
NADJILEM Digamtar
Alhaji Mahamat Souleymane
Andarawous Ballah Tina
Analysis of Clinical Manifestation of Newcastle Disease in Traditional Poultry of Chad
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20140201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Poultry Welfare in Developed and Developing Countries
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140201.11
Poultry welfare acquired a lot of attention in the last years especially in Europe. That appears in the activities of Animal Welfare organisations in addition to the governments of European Union which include researches and performing legislations and standards for keeping poultry. In addition, emerge of kind of consumers preferring organic foods, which are the products of poultry that mostly kept in free range system, encourage develop of poultry welfare concern. On the other hand, in the developing countries particularly in Africa the concern of animal welfare appeared recently as a proposal by the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa after the 2nd Global Conference on Animal Welfare held in Cairo in (2008) and the Workshop for OIE National Animal Welfare Focal Points for Africa held in Addis Ababa in (2010). In Africa as many other developing countries free range keeping of local chickens is the major system of production till few years ago. Then producers went forward modern production and introduced technology into poultry farming and they became aware about poultry health and growth performance. Therefore researches are concentrating on improvement of production by manipulating problems related to import of new breeds to the tropics. Hence, to establish and progress animal welfare concern in developing countries more effort by members of this Working Group will be required.
Poultry welfare acquired a lot of attention in the last years especially in Europe. That appears in the activities of Animal Welfare organisations in addition to the governments of European Union which include researches and performing legislations and standards for keeping poultry. In addition, emerge of kind of consumers preferring organic foods, which are the products of poultry that mostly kept in free range system, encourage develop of poultry welfare concern. On the other hand, in the developing countries particularly in Africa the concern of animal welfare appeared recently as a proposal by the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa after the 2nd Global Conference on Animal Welfare held in Cairo in (2008) and the Workshop for OIE National Animal Welfare Focal Points for Africa held in Addis Ababa in (2010). In Africa as many other developing countries free range keeping of local chickens is the major system of production till few years ago. Then producers went forward modern production and introduced technology into poultry farming and they became aware about poultry health and growth performance. Therefore researches are concentrating on improvement of production by manipulating problems related to import of new breeds to the tropics. Hence, to establish and progress animal welfare concern in developing countries more effort by members of this Working Group will be required.
Poultry Welfare in Developed and Developing Countries
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140201.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Talha ELsadig Abbas
Poultry Welfare in Developed and Developing Countries
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Social Factors and Quality Attributes Influencing Preference for Production of Local Poultry in Butaleja and Tororo, Eastern Uganda
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140201.13
Micronutrient deficiency is prevalent among the low-income rural and peri-urban dwellers in Uganda, largely attributed to decreasingly adequate intake of food of animal origin. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-cultural factors that influence preference for production of local poultry in Butaleja and Tororo districts. A total of 193 respondents comprising poultry farmers (178) and extension workers (15) were interviewed using valid structured questionnaire. The results of survey revealed that 74.5% of respondents were male, majority of whom were above 39 years 52.2%. More significantly preference for production was influenced by economic value 78.5%. Turkey was ranked most valued source of income 82.3% while duck meat 76.7 %source of food in rural families. Disease incursions 71.4% and difficulty to manage 73.4% were significant (p<0.001) aversion factors. Further, results showed that knowledge was infrequently transferred to duck enterprise 93.3%. The most significant (p<0.001) challenge was diseases and pests at 95.5%. The logistic regression model indicated high preference for important value as source of household income, the most robust predicator of likelihood of producing local poultry. Similarly, the model demonstrated that farmers’ dislike was strongly attributed to lack of knowledge and skills and beliefs. In conclusion preference for local poultry production depends on social values as source of income. In addition duck meat is increasingly becoming a significant source of food in rural families. Therefore, we suggest further indepth studies, beliefs updating and poultry sector support.
Micronutrient deficiency is prevalent among the low-income rural and peri-urban dwellers in Uganda, largely attributed to decreasingly adequate intake of food of animal origin. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-cultural factors that influence preference for production of local poultry in Butaleja and Tororo districts. A total of 193 respondents comprising poultry farmers (178) and extension workers (15) were interviewed using valid structured questionnaire. The results of survey revealed that 74.5% of respondents were male, majority of whom were above 39 years 52.2%. More significantly preference for production was influenced by economic value 78.5%. Turkey was ranked most valued source of income 82.3% while duck meat 76.7 %source of food in rural families. Disease incursions 71.4% and difficulty to manage 73.4% were significant (p<0.001) aversion factors. Further, results showed that knowledge was infrequently transferred to duck enterprise 93.3%. The most significant (p<0.001) challenge was diseases and pests at 95.5%. The logistic regression model indicated high preference for important value as source of household income, the most robust predicator of likelihood of producing local poultry. Similarly, the model demonstrated that farmers’ dislike was strongly attributed to lack of knowledge and skills and beliefs. In conclusion preference for local poultry production depends on social values as source of income. In addition duck meat is increasingly becoming a significant source of food in rural families. Therefore, we suggest further indepth studies, beliefs updating and poultry sector support.
Social Factors and Quality Attributes Influencing Preference for Production of Local Poultry in Butaleja and Tororo, Eastern Uganda
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140201.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
James. Higenyi
John. David. Kabasa
Charles. Muyanja
Social Factors and Quality Attributes Influencing Preference for Production of Local Poultry in Butaleja and Tororo, Eastern Uganda
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140201.13
© Science Publishing Group
Microbial contamination Load of Hatching Eggs in Butaleja, Eastern Uganda
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.12
The continued malnutrition and poverty challenges in the poor rural households of Uganda have led to adoption of the policy on modernization of agriculture from subsistence to commercial production as a strategic intervention. As such, the poultry industry has received much attention because of its short generation interval, high rate of productivity, limited land demand, low economic values, minimal cultural/ religious taboos, and manure which complements crop-livestock subsystems. As a result, the sector has evolved with emergence of innovative hatchery technologies. Hatchability and chick quality problems are emerging concerns in hatcheries under village production system. Microbial infection critically influences hatchability and quality of chicks in hatcheries. The objective of this study was to determine microbial contaminations in hatching eggs and predict the effect on hatchability in Butaleja district of Uganda. Experimental and descriptive survey tools were employed. Results reveal that, important microbial contaminants in hatching eggs included Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aerogenous, Staphylococcus aureus and fungal microbes. Prevalence evaluation of the microbes showed the following; Escherichia coli (19%), fungi (3%), Proteus (2%), Pseudomonas aerogenous (9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18%) on outer shell surface and Pseudomonas aerogenous (4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4%) inside the egg. The key risk factors identified were associated with location of the farm, breed type, poor farm hygiene, prolonged egg storage days, lack of laying nests and predominance of free-range system. It is important to implement farmers’ education campaigns to disseminate knowledge and skills on modern poultry production and management practices together with improvement of local breed to adopt the new innovation.
The continued malnutrition and poverty challenges in the poor rural households of Uganda have led to adoption of the policy on modernization of agriculture from subsistence to commercial production as a strategic intervention. As such, the poultry industry has received much attention because of its short generation interval, high rate of productivity, limited land demand, low economic values, minimal cultural/ religious taboos, and manure which complements crop-livestock subsystems. As a result, the sector has evolved with emergence of innovative hatchery technologies. Hatchability and chick quality problems are emerging concerns in hatcheries under village production system. Microbial infection critically influences hatchability and quality of chicks in hatcheries. The objective of this study was to determine microbial contaminations in hatching eggs and predict the effect on hatchability in Butaleja district of Uganda. Experimental and descriptive survey tools were employed. Results reveal that, important microbial contaminants in hatching eggs included Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aerogenous, Staphylococcus aureus and fungal microbes. Prevalence evaluation of the microbes showed the following; Escherichia coli (19%), fungi (3%), Proteus (2%), Pseudomonas aerogenous (9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18%) on outer shell surface and Pseudomonas aerogenous (4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4%) inside the egg. The key risk factors identified were associated with location of the farm, breed type, poor farm hygiene, prolonged egg storage days, lack of laying nests and predominance of free-range system. It is important to implement farmers’ education campaigns to disseminate knowledge and skills on modern poultry production and management practices together with improvement of local breed to adopt the new innovation.
Microbial contamination Load of Hatching Eggs in Butaleja, Eastern Uganda
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140202.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
James Higenyi
John David Kabasa
Microbial contamination Load of Hatching Eggs in Butaleja, Eastern Uganda
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of the Proximate, Mineral, Phytochemical and Amino Acid Composition of Bidens Pilosa as Potential Feed/Feed Additive for Non-Ruminant Livestock
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.11
Bidens pilosa are popular weeds in the South West Region of Nigeria which are self-propagated by glueing itself on farmer’s dresses and animal’s skin. Bidens pilosa leaf meal (BPLM) were analyzed to determine proximate nutrient content, amino acid composition, phytochemicals and mineral constituents. The protein content of the leafmeal from the plant is 15.86%, These values are high compared to those for some common Nigerian weeds used as forage plants. Leaves had high percentage of crude fibre (18.13%). Carbohydrates, lipid, moisture and ash contents were within the range expected for dry leafy vegetable. Five (5) essential amino acids were found in varying proportions in the protein of Bidens pilosa Leafmeal. The phytochemicals analyzed indicated the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, phenols and glycoside in the BPLM were lower than the range of values reported for most vegetables. Hence may serve as a good source of feed or feed additive for non-ruminants such as pigs, rabbits and guinea pigs.
Bidens pilosa are popular weeds in the South West Region of Nigeria which are self-propagated by glueing itself on farmer’s dresses and animal’s skin. Bidens pilosa leaf meal (BPLM) were analyzed to determine proximate nutrient content, amino acid composition, phytochemicals and mineral constituents. The protein content of the leafmeal from the plant is 15.86%, These values are high compared to those for some common Nigerian weeds used as forage plants. Leaves had high percentage of crude fibre (18.13%). Carbohydrates, lipid, moisture and ash contents were within the range expected for dry leafy vegetable. Five (5) essential amino acids were found in varying proportions in the protein of Bidens pilosa Leafmeal. The phytochemicals analyzed indicated the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, phenols and glycoside in the BPLM were lower than the range of values reported for most vegetables. Hence may serve as a good source of feed or feed additive for non-ruminants such as pigs, rabbits and guinea pigs.
Evaluation of the Proximate, Mineral, Phytochemical and Amino Acid Composition of Bidens Pilosa as Potential Feed/Feed Additive for Non-Ruminant Livestock
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140202.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Philip Cheriose Nzien Alikwe
Elijah Ige Ohimain
Soladoye Mohammed Omotosho
Evaluation of the Proximate, Mineral, Phytochemical and Amino Acid Composition of Bidens Pilosa as Potential Feed/Feed Additive for Non-Ruminant Livestock
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Social and Quality Attributes Influencing Consumption of Native Poultry in Eastern Uganda
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.15
Poultry consumers in Uganda are increasingly interested in consumption of native chicken compared to duck and turkey meat. By far the most important driving force for selective consumption is preference. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence preference for consumption of native poultry in Butaleja and Tororo districts. A field survey of rural and peri-urban poultry consumers and food service providers was conducted through semi-structured interviews using questionnaires; and a total of 195 respondents were covered. The assessment parameters included: socio-economic factors, acceptability, purchase and consumption preference criteria, aversion reasons, choice and frequency of consumption and limitations. The results of survey revealed high acceptability of all native poultry meat types 80.35%. The main economic activity of consumers was non-salary employment 71.3%. The most significant (p<0.001) attributes that guided consumer purchasing behaviour and consumption were eating quality attributes 26.26% , product availability 26.74% and product size 50.62% . In addition, consumption preference for duck meat was very significantly (p<0.05) associated with location, tribe and religion. The use of the poultry products by food service providers was dependent on customer preference 65% and price 71.4%. The main reasons for aversion to use and consume the turkey and duck meat were: perception of sanitary conditions 44% and product unavailability 21.9%. Consumers frequently ate chicken 1 to 2 times 55.8% in a month and none at all for duck and turkey meat 73.7%. The main significant (p<0.001) limitations to frequency of consumption were product unavailability 57.32%and market price 42.51%. Consumer concerns of good health 52.8% and sensory quality 61.1% influenced their choices to buy and eat prepared poultry form. In conclusion, socio-economic factors, perception of quality cues and quality attributes influence purchasing and consumption preference. Therefore, sensitization campaigns on nutritional quality, modern production and value addition is necessary.
Poultry consumers in Uganda are increasingly interested in consumption of native chicken compared to duck and turkey meat. By far the most important driving force for selective consumption is preference. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence preference for consumption of native poultry in Butaleja and Tororo districts. A field survey of rural and peri-urban poultry consumers and food service providers was conducted through semi-structured interviews using questionnaires; and a total of 195 respondents were covered. The assessment parameters included: socio-economic factors, acceptability, purchase and consumption preference criteria, aversion reasons, choice and frequency of consumption and limitations. The results of survey revealed high acceptability of all native poultry meat types 80.35%. The main economic activity of consumers was non-salary employment 71.3%. The most significant (p<0.001) attributes that guided consumer purchasing behaviour and consumption were eating quality attributes 26.26% , product availability 26.74% and product size 50.62% . In addition, consumption preference for duck meat was very significantly (p<0.05) associated with location, tribe and religion. The use of the poultry products by food service providers was dependent on customer preference 65% and price 71.4%. The main reasons for aversion to use and consume the turkey and duck meat were: perception of sanitary conditions 44% and product unavailability 21.9%. Consumers frequently ate chicken 1 to 2 times 55.8% in a month and none at all for duck and turkey meat 73.7%. The main significant (p<0.001) limitations to frequency of consumption were product unavailability 57.32%and market price 42.51%. Consumer concerns of good health 52.8% and sensory quality 61.1% influenced their choices to buy and eat prepared poultry form. In conclusion, socio-economic factors, perception of quality cues and quality attributes influence purchasing and consumption preference. Therefore, sensitization campaigns on nutritional quality, modern production and value addition is necessary.
Social and Quality Attributes Influencing Consumption of Native Poultry in Eastern Uganda
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140202.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
James. Higenyi
John. David. Kabasa
Charles. Muyanja
Social and Quality Attributes Influencing Consumption of Native Poultry in Eastern Uganda
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48
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20140202.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.15
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus spp. in Cows with Mastitis in Germi, Iran
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.13
Streptococci are frequently isolated from bovine mastitis in dairy cows with only limited information about the antimicrobial susceptibility of these organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis in Germi, Iran; and determine their susceptibility to some antibiotics. 700 milk samples collected from traditional and industrial dairy cattle husbandry suspected of having mastitic udders were submitted to laboratory for bacteriologic identification by biochemical and serological methods. The susceptibility patterns were studied by agar disk diffusion methods (ADDM). A total of 525 (75%) of the milk samples streptococci isolate belonging to 3 species namely S. agalactiae (52.95%), S. dysgalactiae (25.57%) and S. uberis (18.48%). All of isolates were resistant to streptomycin. Sensitivity to other antibiotics tested was varied. In comparison with other antibiotics amoxicillin and cephalexin were the most effective, in vitro. These species of streptococcus are of great public importance and the antibiotic susceptibility tests should be performed together with the identification of the bacterial agents in order to achieve effective treatment.
Streptococci are frequently isolated from bovine mastitis in dairy cows with only limited information about the antimicrobial susceptibility of these organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis in Germi, Iran; and determine their susceptibility to some antibiotics. 700 milk samples collected from traditional and industrial dairy cattle husbandry suspected of having mastitic udders were submitted to laboratory for bacteriologic identification by biochemical and serological methods. The susceptibility patterns were studied by agar disk diffusion methods (ADDM). A total of 525 (75%) of the milk samples streptococci isolate belonging to 3 species namely S. agalactiae (52.95%), S. dysgalactiae (25.57%) and S. uberis (18.48%). All of isolates were resistant to streptomycin. Sensitivity to other antibiotics tested was varied. In comparison with other antibiotics amoxicillin and cephalexin were the most effective, in vitro. These species of streptococcus are of great public importance and the antibiotic susceptibility tests should be performed together with the identification of the bacterial agents in order to achieve effective treatment.
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus spp. in Cows with Mastitis in Germi, Iran
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140202.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Gharari Kia
Ghasemi Mehdi
Radjabalizade Keyvan
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus spp. in Cows with Mastitis in Germi, Iran
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35
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20140202.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.13
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Performances of Ethiopian Lowland Afar and Blackhead Ogaden Lambs
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.14
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of increased concentrate supplementation on nutrient intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, duration of feeding and profitability of Ethiopian Afar and Blackhead Ogaden (BHO) lambs. Forty-eight lambs (24/breed) initially weighing 17.84±1.6 kg were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (T) in Complete Randomized Design. Each lamb was fed on tef straw ad libtium and supplemented with 150, 300, 450 g d-1 of concentrate (containing 19.4% crude protein (CP) and 11.28 MJ ME kg-1DM) in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Intake and growth trial lasted for 126 days, followed by digestibility trial of 7 days. Dry matter (DM) intake increased (p<0.0001) with increasing concentrate offer in lambs in general, but higher (p<0.05) in Afar than in BHO lambs. Intake of CP peaked at the highest level of supplementation. Increased (p<0.0001) digestibility of DM, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were noted at higher concentrate offer in Afar lambs. Average daily gain of lambs increased (p<0.0001) with increased concentrate, and lambs reached the target weight (25-30kg) for export market relatively within short period of feeding at higher than lower level of concentrate supplementation. Given equal level of concentrate, Afar lambs reached the target weight in less days of feeding than BHO lambs. Increasing concentrate has resulted in increased slaughter weight (SW), hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percent (DP) and lean-to-fat ratio (LFR) in Afar lambs, while it improved SW, HCW and DP in BHO lambs. This study indicated that increased meat production measured in terms of live weight change and carcass yield in Afar and BHO lambs can be achieved at high concentrate supplementation with profit.
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of increased concentrate supplementation on nutrient intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, duration of feeding and profitability of Ethiopian Afar and Blackhead Ogaden (BHO) lambs. Forty-eight lambs (24/breed) initially weighing 17.84±1.6 kg were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (T) in Complete Randomized Design. Each lamb was fed on tef straw ad libtium and supplemented with 150, 300, 450 g d-1 of concentrate (containing 19.4% crude protein (CP) and 11.28 MJ ME kg-1DM) in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Intake and growth trial lasted for 126 days, followed by digestibility trial of 7 days. Dry matter (DM) intake increased (p<0.0001) with increasing concentrate offer in lambs in general, but higher (p<0.05) in Afar than in BHO lambs. Intake of CP peaked at the highest level of supplementation. Increased (p<0.0001) digestibility of DM, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were noted at higher concentrate offer in Afar lambs. Average daily gain of lambs increased (p<0.0001) with increased concentrate, and lambs reached the target weight (25-30kg) for export market relatively within short period of feeding at higher than lower level of concentrate supplementation. Given equal level of concentrate, Afar lambs reached the target weight in less days of feeding than BHO lambs. Increasing concentrate has resulted in increased slaughter weight (SW), hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percent (DP) and lean-to-fat ratio (LFR) in Afar lambs, while it improved SW, HCW and DP in BHO lambs. This study indicated that increased meat production measured in terms of live weight change and carcass yield in Afar and BHO lambs can be achieved at high concentrate supplementation with profit.
Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Performances of Ethiopian Lowland Afar and Blackhead Ogaden Lambs
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140202.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Getahun Kebede Yadete
Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Performances of Ethiopian Lowland Afar and Blackhead Ogaden Lambs
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41
41
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.avs.20140202.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140202.14
© Science Publishing Group
Heavy Metals Monitoring Using Commercially Important Crustacean and Mollusks collected from Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Coasts
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.11
The objectives of this study was to determine and compare the concentration levels of five selective essential trace metals ( Fe, Cu, Zn, Co and Se) and three non-essential metals (Hg, Pb and Cd) in the edible muscle tissues of commercially important species of male and female crustaceans (Erugosquilla massavensis, Penaeus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus monoceros, Portunus pelagicus) and mollusks (Sepia spp. And Cardium edule). It was carried out also to evaluate the bioaccumulation process of the elements based on the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) as an attempt to use these organisms as bioindicators of pollution of Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and the Arabian gulf and to ensure the seafood safety from these regions. The obtained results revealed that significant variations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Hg, Pb and Cd levels in edible muscles of crustacean and mollusk organisms were observed at different localities surveyed, as well as between sex of each species and environmental areas. The present data also, show that MPI factor of essential metals were higher than that of non-essential heavy metals in all studied organisms. Moreover, MPI values suggested that mantis shrimps E. massavensis and bivalve mollusks C. edule have a greater capacity for metal bioaccumulation than shrimps, crab and cephalopod mollusks, so E. massavensis and C. edule are more vulnerable to metal pollution than the other studied species. Therefore, it is suggested that E. massavensis and C. edule can be used as bioindicators of metal pollution
The objectives of this study was to determine and compare the concentration levels of five selective essential trace metals ( Fe, Cu, Zn, Co and Se) and three non-essential metals (Hg, Pb and Cd) in the edible muscle tissues of commercially important species of male and female crustaceans (Erugosquilla massavensis, Penaeus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus monoceros, Portunus pelagicus) and mollusks (Sepia spp. And Cardium edule). It was carried out also to evaluate the bioaccumulation process of the elements based on the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) as an attempt to use these organisms as bioindicators of pollution of Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and the Arabian gulf and to ensure the seafood safety from these regions. The obtained results revealed that significant variations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Hg, Pb and Cd levels in edible muscles of crustacean and mollusk organisms were observed at different localities surveyed, as well as between sex of each species and environmental areas. The present data also, show that MPI factor of essential metals were higher than that of non-essential heavy metals in all studied organisms. Moreover, MPI values suggested that mantis shrimps E. massavensis and bivalve mollusks C. edule have a greater capacity for metal bioaccumulation than shrimps, crab and cephalopod mollusks, so E. massavensis and C. edule are more vulnerable to metal pollution than the other studied species. Therefore, it is suggested that E. massavensis and C. edule can be used as bioindicators of metal pollution
Heavy Metals Monitoring Using Commercially Important Crustacean and Mollusks collected from Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Coasts
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140203.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-04-18
© Science Publishing Group
Hala A. Abdel- Salam
Salwa A. H. Hamdi
Heavy Metals Monitoring Using Commercially Important Crustacean and Mollusks collected from Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Coasts
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61
2014-04-18
2014-04-18
10.11648/j.avs.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Dairy Cattle Husbandry and Breeding Management Practices of Lowland and Mid-Highland Agro-Ecologies of Borana Zone
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.12
This survey was carried out in Borana zone to assess the existing breed/breed strain and herd structure, husbandry practices for the animal, rate of inbreeding, and reproductive and productive performance of dairy cattle. Hence, various strains of Borana cattle and cattle type of neighboring adjacent zone, namely Qorti, Geleba, cross of Qorti and Geleba, Guji and Konso subtype, were observed, except non existence of Konso in mid-highland, in both agro-ecologies. Qorti was the true and preferred cattle strain for its potential milk production capacity however it was at decreasing trend due to the feed shortage resultant from the change in climatic condition combined with shrinkage of grazing land. Respectively, the coefficient of inbreeding was 0.0059 and 0.0088 for the lowland and mid-highland area which seemed to be less than the maximum acceptable level however the prevalence of inbreeding was inhabitable as long as there was uncontrolled mating practice. The average age of sexual maturity, calving interval, reproductive life time and crops of calves during the life time of female were 3.9 and 3.7 years, 16.8 and 13.8 months, 11.5 and 10.9 years, and 7.1 and 6.6 calves in the lowland and mid-highland area, respectively. Average age of sexual maturity and the reproductive life time of the breeding bull were 4.6 and 4.2, and 9.86 and 7.68 years in the lowland, and mid-highland areas, respectively. Milk production of both agro-ecologies and the seasons of the year were characterized by paramount variation and hence a cow could produce daily 1.85 and 1.10 liter during the wet, and 0.35 and 0.95 liter during the dry season from the lowland and mid-highland area, respectively. Therefore, the higher proportion of cows and young animals in the herd endeavor large crops of calves for rapid herd growth and enhance cattle productivity of the country, provided that there is appropriately and efficiently enacting of multifaceted strategies to improve the reproductive performance and combat the danger of genetic dilution from cattle type of adjacent zone, and the problem of feed shortage and nutritive value deterioration.
This survey was carried out in Borana zone to assess the existing breed/breed strain and herd structure, husbandry practices for the animal, rate of inbreeding, and reproductive and productive performance of dairy cattle. Hence, various strains of Borana cattle and cattle type of neighboring adjacent zone, namely Qorti, Geleba, cross of Qorti and Geleba, Guji and Konso subtype, were observed, except non existence of Konso in mid-highland, in both agro-ecologies. Qorti was the true and preferred cattle strain for its potential milk production capacity however it was at decreasing trend due to the feed shortage resultant from the change in climatic condition combined with shrinkage of grazing land. Respectively, the coefficient of inbreeding was 0.0059 and 0.0088 for the lowland and mid-highland area which seemed to be less than the maximum acceptable level however the prevalence of inbreeding was inhabitable as long as there was uncontrolled mating practice. The average age of sexual maturity, calving interval, reproductive life time and crops of calves during the life time of female were 3.9 and 3.7 years, 16.8 and 13.8 months, 11.5 and 10.9 years, and 7.1 and 6.6 calves in the lowland and mid-highland area, respectively. Average age of sexual maturity and the reproductive life time of the breeding bull were 4.6 and 4.2, and 9.86 and 7.68 years in the lowland, and mid-highland areas, respectively. Milk production of both agro-ecologies and the seasons of the year were characterized by paramount variation and hence a cow could produce daily 1.85 and 1.10 liter during the wet, and 0.35 and 0.95 liter during the dry season from the lowland and mid-highland area, respectively. Therefore, the higher proportion of cows and young animals in the herd endeavor large crops of calves for rapid herd growth and enhance cattle productivity of the country, provided that there is appropriately and efficiently enacting of multifaceted strategies to improve the reproductive performance and combat the danger of genetic dilution from cattle type of adjacent zone, and the problem of feed shortage and nutritive value deterioration.
Assessment of Dairy Cattle Husbandry and Breeding Management Practices of Lowland and Mid-Highland Agro-Ecologies of Borana Zone
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140203.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-04-21
© Science Publishing Group
Dejene Takele Gebissa
Assessment of Dairy Cattle Husbandry and Breeding Management Practices of Lowland and Mid-Highland Agro-Ecologies of Borana Zone
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69
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2014-04-21
2014-04-21
10.11648/j.avs.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Mathematical Model of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Considering the Seasonal Breeding
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.13
This study was aimed at developing mathematical model of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and considering effective measures to prevent CAE’s infection spread. This model took account of the fluctuation of infection rate due to seasonal breeding. New CAE model was constructed based on the sexually transmitted disease (STD) model. The new model was implemented the new function represented cyclical changes of infection rate to include the changes of the seasonal breeding. And definition equation of basic reproductive numbers (R0) was constructed in reference previous study. In order to consider effective measures to prevent CAE’s infection, the spread of CAE’s infection was performed simulation.
This study was aimed at developing mathematical model of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and considering effective measures to prevent CAE’s infection spread. This model took account of the fluctuation of infection rate due to seasonal breeding. New CAE model was constructed based on the sexually transmitted disease (STD) model. The new model was implemented the new function represented cyclical changes of infection rate to include the changes of the seasonal breeding. And definition equation of basic reproductive numbers (R0) was constructed in reference previous study. In order to consider effective measures to prevent CAE’s infection, the spread of CAE’s infection was performed simulation.
Mathematical Model of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Considering the Seasonal Breeding
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140203.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-04-21
© Science Publishing Group
Teppei Hirata
Yoshihito Yonahara
Faramarz Asharif
Takeshi Miyagi
Tsutomu Omatsu
Yasushi Shiroma
Tetsuya Mizutani
Yasunori Nagata
Shiro Tamaki
Mathematical Model of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Considering the Seasonal Breeding
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2014-04-21
2014-04-21
10.11648/j.avs.20140203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Degummed Crude Canola Oil Supplementation Affects Fat Depot Melting Points in Purebred and First-Cross Merino Sheep
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.14
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that degummed crude canola oil (DCCO) will lower fat melting points (FMP) of both visceral and subcutaneous fats in lambs. Twenty-four lambs comprising purebred and first-cross Merino progeny from Dorset, White Suffolk and Merino sires mated to purebred Merino ewes were supplemented with varying levels of DCCO over a nine-week period. The experimental treatment groups were: Control (1kg plain wheat-based pellets only), Medium (500g plain wheat-based pellets + 500g wheat-based pellets containing DCCO), and High (1kg wheat-based pellets containing DCCO at a concentration of 50ml/kg) supplementation levels. The flock comprised eight wether and ewe lambs per treatment. However, at the end of the trial, four Merino ewes were retained in the flock for breeding purposes, while the remaining twenty lambs were slaughtered in a commercial abattoir. Visceral fat samples were taken from the kidney region and subcutaneous fat samples were taken from the Longissimus dorsi muscle. FMP was determined using temperature slip point methodology in the laboratory. DCCO had significant effects on the FMP of both subcutaneous (p 0.0002) and visceral (p<0.0001) fats, with the lowest FMP achieved at high levels of supplementation in both fat depots. Significant sire breed differences (p<0.0001) were also detected in which Dorset-sired progeny had the highest melting points in both fat depots. The results of this study indicate that within fat depots, DCCO supplementation produced softer fats with lower melting points, suggesting potentially healthier fats likely to contain higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids.
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that degummed crude canola oil (DCCO) will lower fat melting points (FMP) of both visceral and subcutaneous fats in lambs. Twenty-four lambs comprising purebred and first-cross Merino progeny from Dorset, White Suffolk and Merino sires mated to purebred Merino ewes were supplemented with varying levels of DCCO over a nine-week period. The experimental treatment groups were: Control (1kg plain wheat-based pellets only), Medium (500g plain wheat-based pellets + 500g wheat-based pellets containing DCCO), and High (1kg wheat-based pellets containing DCCO at a concentration of 50ml/kg) supplementation levels. The flock comprised eight wether and ewe lambs per treatment. However, at the end of the trial, four Merino ewes were retained in the flock for breeding purposes, while the remaining twenty lambs were slaughtered in a commercial abattoir. Visceral fat samples were taken from the kidney region and subcutaneous fat samples were taken from the Longissimus dorsi muscle. FMP was determined using temperature slip point methodology in the laboratory. DCCO had significant effects on the FMP of both subcutaneous (p 0.0002) and visceral (p<0.0001) fats, with the lowest FMP achieved at high levels of supplementation in both fat depots. Significant sire breed differences (p<0.0001) were also detected in which Dorset-sired progeny had the highest melting points in both fat depots. The results of this study indicate that within fat depots, DCCO supplementation produced softer fats with lower melting points, suggesting potentially healthier fats likely to contain higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids.
Degummed Crude Canola Oil Supplementation Affects Fat Depot Melting Points in Purebred and First-Cross Merino Sheep
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140203.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-04-28
© Science Publishing Group
Aaron Ross Flakemore
Peter David McEvoy
Razaq Oladimeji Balogun
Bunmi Sherifat Malau-Aduli
Peter Nichols
Aduli Enoch Othniel Malau-Aduli
Degummed Crude Canola Oil Supplementation Affects Fat Depot Melting Points in Purebred and First-Cross Merino Sheep
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2014-04-28
2014-04-28
10.11648/j.avs.20140203.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.14
© Science Publishing Group
Response of Broiler Chicken to Diets Containing Different Mixture Powder Levels of Red Pepper and Black Pepper as Natural Feed Additive
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.15
The effect of feeding different mixture powder levels of red and black pepper as natural feed additives on productive performance, carcass characteristics and economical efficiency were studied. A total of one hundred and sixty one-day old, unsexed (Ross-308) broiler chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Each group was further subdivided into five replicates at the rate of eight chicks per pen in complete randomized design. The birds were fed on two basal diets (starter and finisher diet). The red pepper (Capsicum annum.L) and black pepper (Piper nigrum.L) were added in different mixture levels to the basal diets resulting in four experimental groups. The first group (A) fed on basal diets without feed additives (control diet). The other groups (B), (C) and (D) were fed on basal diets supplemented with different mixture powder levels of 0.4% (0.2% red pepper + 0.2% black pepper), 0.6% (0.3% red pepper + 0.3% black pepper) and 1% (0.5% red pepper + 0.5% black pepper) respectively. The experimental diets were fed for 6-weeks duration. Health of the stock and performance parameters were recorded. At the end of the experiment, the birds were slaughtered, dressed then used for different parameters and economical evaluation were calculated. The results showed that, the diet with 1% mixture powder of red and black peppers had significantly (P<0.05) heaviest body weight gain, higher feed intake, best feed conversion ratio, highest dressing percentage, highest percentage of commercial cuts (breast, drumstick and thigh) with the highest percentages of liver and gizzard. The birds fed with the control diet produced significantly (P<0.05) highest abdnominal fat percentage. The mortality rate was not significantly affected by the inclusion of mixture of red and black peppers powder in broiler diet. The highest profitability ratio (1.81) was obtained by the diet supplemented with 1% mixture powder level. It was concluded that using a mixture as feed additives at level 1% enhance the overall performance and carcass quality of broiler chicken.
The effect of feeding different mixture powder levels of red and black pepper as natural feed additives on productive performance, carcass characteristics and economical efficiency were studied. A total of one hundred and sixty one-day old, unsexed (Ross-308) broiler chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Each group was further subdivided into five replicates at the rate of eight chicks per pen in complete randomized design. The birds were fed on two basal diets (starter and finisher diet). The red pepper (Capsicum annum.L) and black pepper (Piper nigrum.L) were added in different mixture levels to the basal diets resulting in four experimental groups. The first group (A) fed on basal diets without feed additives (control diet). The other groups (B), (C) and (D) were fed on basal diets supplemented with different mixture powder levels of 0.4% (0.2% red pepper + 0.2% black pepper), 0.6% (0.3% red pepper + 0.3% black pepper) and 1% (0.5% red pepper + 0.5% black pepper) respectively. The experimental diets were fed for 6-weeks duration. Health of the stock and performance parameters were recorded. At the end of the experiment, the birds were slaughtered, dressed then used for different parameters and economical evaluation were calculated. The results showed that, the diet with 1% mixture powder of red and black peppers had significantly (P<0.05) heaviest body weight gain, higher feed intake, best feed conversion ratio, highest dressing percentage, highest percentage of commercial cuts (breast, drumstick and thigh) with the highest percentages of liver and gizzard. The birds fed with the control diet produced significantly (P<0.05) highest abdnominal fat percentage. The mortality rate was not significantly affected by the inclusion of mixture of red and black peppers powder in broiler diet. The highest profitability ratio (1.81) was obtained by the diet supplemented with 1% mixture powder level. It was concluded that using a mixture as feed additives at level 1% enhance the overall performance and carcass quality of broiler chicken.
Response of Broiler Chicken to Diets Containing Different Mixture Powder Levels of Red Pepper and Black Pepper as Natural Feed Additive
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140203.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-05-22
© Science Publishing Group
Safa Mohamed A/Wahab El-Tazi
Response of Broiler Chicken to Diets Containing Different Mixture Powder Levels of Red Pepper and Black Pepper as Natural Feed Additive
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86
86
2014-05-22
2014-05-22
10.11648/j.avs.20140203.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140203.15
© Science Publishing Group
Detection of DNA Damage in White Spot Syndrome Virus –Infected Shrimp (Peneaus Mondon) by Using Comet Assay
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.11
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of a disease which has recently caused high shrimp morbidity, mortality and severe damage to shrimp cultures. In this study a strain of WSSV from tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was used to detect DNA damage in muscle cells by using Comet Assay. The term "comet" refers to the pattern of DNA migration through the electrophoresis gel, which often resembles a comet. The present results declare that Comet Assay is a rapid, simple, visual and sensitive technique for detecting and analyzing DNA in damaged cells. In WSSV infected shrimps, damaged cells looked like a tiny comet under a microscope. When DNA is broken in infected cells it forms a tail that moves away from the unbroken DNA. The amount of DNA damage in cells was estimated from comet tail length as the extent of migration of the genetic material. Significant increases in intensity percentage of DNA tail portion, tail length and tail moments of infected shrimps were observed in comparison with normal healthy shrimps. Furthermore, the clinical signs of white spot disease were also discussed in this study.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of a disease which has recently caused high shrimp morbidity, mortality and severe damage to shrimp cultures. In this study a strain of WSSV from tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was used to detect DNA damage in muscle cells by using Comet Assay. The term "comet" refers to the pattern of DNA migration through the electrophoresis gel, which often resembles a comet. The present results declare that Comet Assay is a rapid, simple, visual and sensitive technique for detecting and analyzing DNA in damaged cells. In WSSV infected shrimps, damaged cells looked like a tiny comet under a microscope. When DNA is broken in infected cells it forms a tail that moves away from the unbroken DNA. The amount of DNA damage in cells was estimated from comet tail length as the extent of migration of the genetic material. Significant increases in intensity percentage of DNA tail portion, tail length and tail moments of infected shrimps were observed in comparison with normal healthy shrimps. Furthermore, the clinical signs of white spot disease were also discussed in this study.
Detection of DNA Damage in White Spot Syndrome Virus –Infected Shrimp (Peneaus Mondon) by Using Comet Assay
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Hala Ali Abdel-Salam
Detection of DNA Damage in White Spot Syndrome Virus –Infected Shrimp (Peneaus Mondon) by Using Comet Assay
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93
2014-06-05
2014-06-05
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Risk Factors in Cattle and Humans, at and around Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.12
A cross-sectional study was carried out from February, 2012 to June, 2013 using comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test on 440 individual live cattle kept in 118 housholds/farms to determine the prevalence of, and to identify the risk factors associated with, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) infection in cattle and to assess the public awareness on its zoonotic importance through structured questionnaires at and around Dilla town, southern Ethiopia. The herd and individual cattle prevalence of bovine tuberculin positivity were 15.3% (95%, Confidence interval (CI): 8.7 to 21.8) and 4.3% (95%, CI: 2.4 to 6.2), respectively at cut-off greater than 4 mm. The herd prevalence of BTB varied significantly among herd size (P=0.019) and management conditions (P=0.031). Herds which had 5-9 and more than 9 cattle were six (Odds ratio (OR) = 6.4) and twelve (OR=12.0) times more reactive to bovine tuberculin testing than herds that had less than or equals to four cattle in their farms. Among the animal related risk factors only breed (P=0.020) had a significant association with the prevalence of bovine tuberculin positivity with the highest odds ratio in Holstein breeds (OR= 6.1) as compared to Zebu and cross (Holstein X Zebu) breeds. Less than one third (29.7%; 35 of 118) of the respondents recognized BTB, and only 22.9% (27/118) of the respondents had understanding of its zoonotic implication. Awareness rising of cattle owners about BTB and its transmission, and the zoonotic implication of BTB is of extreme importance for effective implementation of TB control measures.
A cross-sectional study was carried out from February, 2012 to June, 2013 using comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test on 440 individual live cattle kept in 118 housholds/farms to determine the prevalence of, and to identify the risk factors associated with, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) infection in cattle and to assess the public awareness on its zoonotic importance through structured questionnaires at and around Dilla town, southern Ethiopia. The herd and individual cattle prevalence of bovine tuberculin positivity were 15.3% (95%, Confidence interval (CI): 8.7 to 21.8) and 4.3% (95%, CI: 2.4 to 6.2), respectively at cut-off greater than 4 mm. The herd prevalence of BTB varied significantly among herd size (P=0.019) and management conditions (P=0.031). Herds which had 5-9 and more than 9 cattle were six (Odds ratio (OR) = 6.4) and twelve (OR=12.0) times more reactive to bovine tuberculin testing than herds that had less than or equals to four cattle in their farms. Among the animal related risk factors only breed (P=0.020) had a significant association with the prevalence of bovine tuberculin positivity with the highest odds ratio in Holstein breeds (OR= 6.1) as compared to Zebu and cross (Holstein X Zebu) breeds. Less than one third (29.7%; 35 of 118) of the respondents recognized BTB, and only 22.9% (27/118) of the respondents had understanding of its zoonotic implication. Awareness rising of cattle owners about BTB and its transmission, and the zoonotic implication of BTB is of extreme importance for effective implementation of TB control measures.
Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Risk Factors in Cattle and Humans, at and around Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Gebremedhin Romha
Gebremedhin Gebre egziabher
Gobena Ameni
Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Risk Factors in Cattle and Humans, at and around Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia
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4
100
100
2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Dynamics of Vaginal pH in the Bitch during Proestrus and Estrus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.13
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the pH of vaginal secretions during proestrus and estrus in bitches and its association with the optimal time for insemination and the values of steroid hormones. Sixteen bitches from different breeds and age were included in this investigation. Vaginal pH of each bitch was measured once daily, starting from the first day of vulval bleeding and continuing until the first day of cytological diestrus. In each bitch vaginal smears were taken to determine the onset of estrus and diestrus and blood samples were taken to determine serum progesterone (ng/ml) and estradiol-17β (pg/ml) for detection of the onset of ovulation and their influence on values and the dynamics of vaginal pH. Vaginal pH values in the bitches at the first day of proestrus were between 7.4 and 8.7. This parameter decreased with the progress of the proestrus and the entering into the estrus. Compared to the rest of the estrus, at the time of ovulation and on the next day, a consistent decrease of mean values (6.61±0.15 and 6.63±0.15 respectively) was observed (р<0,01). Individually at the time of ovulation vaginal pH ranged between 6.5 and 6.8. In the days following ovulation a gradual increase in mean values was detected. At the first day of diestrus vaginal pH values were measured significantly higher than those in estrus (р<0,001) and were between 7.4 and 8.3 (7.74±0.26). In our study we found that the vaginal pH values in the bitch are lowest at the time of ovulation, with individual variations and exceptions.
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the pH of vaginal secretions during proestrus and estrus in bitches and its association with the optimal time for insemination and the values of steroid hormones. Sixteen bitches from different breeds and age were included in this investigation. Vaginal pH of each bitch was measured once daily, starting from the first day of vulval bleeding and continuing until the first day of cytological diestrus. In each bitch vaginal smears were taken to determine the onset of estrus and diestrus and blood samples were taken to determine serum progesterone (ng/ml) and estradiol-17β (pg/ml) for detection of the onset of ovulation and their influence on values and the dynamics of vaginal pH. Vaginal pH values in the bitches at the first day of proestrus were between 7.4 and 8.7. This parameter decreased with the progress of the proestrus and the entering into the estrus. Compared to the rest of the estrus, at the time of ovulation and on the next day, a consistent decrease of mean values (6.61±0.15 and 6.63±0.15 respectively) was observed (р<0,01). Individually at the time of ovulation vaginal pH ranged between 6.5 and 6.8. In the days following ovulation a gradual increase in mean values was detected. At the first day of diestrus vaginal pH values were measured significantly higher than those in estrus (р<0,001) and were between 7.4 and 8.3 (7.74±0.26). In our study we found that the vaginal pH values in the bitch are lowest at the time of ovulation, with individual variations and exceptions.
Dynamics of Vaginal pH in the Bitch during Proestrus and Estrus
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Anton Lazarinov Antonov
Julieta Dineva Dineva
Plamen Ivanchev Georgiev
Dynamics of Vaginal pH in the Bitch during Proestrus and Estrus
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4
104
104
2014-06-30
2014-06-30
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.13
© Science Publishing Group
Serum Urea, Creatinine and Enzymatic Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase in Nelore Cattle Raised in the Micro Upper Middle Gurguéia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.14
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on serum concentrations of urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase and provide possible reference values for Nelore cattle raised in the micro region Upper Middle Gurguéia. Blood samples from 55 cattle, clinically healthy and reared in extensive system were randomly collected and examined. Treatments were formed according to the sex of animals ranging in age from 12 to 24 months: males (n=13) and female (n=27), and among females according to age: Group I, animals aged 0-12 months (n=18) and Group II animals with 12 to 24 months (n=27). All biochemical analyzes were performed in semi-automatic biochemical analyzer according to the colorimetric method. The gender factor was decisive and exerted influence (p<0.05) on serum levels of urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase enzyme, with values within the reference, and the females were superior to urea and creatinine. When evaluated on the age variable, these blood parameters showed effect (p<0.05) concentrations of urea and alkaline phosphatase, and the amounts of urea; females from 0.0 to 12 months were below benchmarks. Serum levels of urea, creatinine and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase of cattle raised in the micro region Upper Middle Gurguéia are influenced by age and sex, their of determination specific region establishes parameters for better interpretation of research results, for a better interpretation of the parameters as well as to assist in the early diagnosis of possible diseases that may comprise the productive system.
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on serum concentrations of urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase and provide possible reference values for Nelore cattle raised in the micro region Upper Middle Gurguéia. Blood samples from 55 cattle, clinically healthy and reared in extensive system were randomly collected and examined. Treatments were formed according to the sex of animals ranging in age from 12 to 24 months: males (n=13) and female (n=27), and among females according to age: Group I, animals aged 0-12 months (n=18) and Group II animals with 12 to 24 months (n=27). All biochemical analyzes were performed in semi-automatic biochemical analyzer according to the colorimetric method. The gender factor was decisive and exerted influence (p<0.05) on serum levels of urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase enzyme, with values within the reference, and the females were superior to urea and creatinine. When evaluated on the age variable, these blood parameters showed effect (p<0.05) concentrations of urea and alkaline phosphatase, and the amounts of urea; females from 0.0 to 12 months were below benchmarks. Serum levels of urea, creatinine and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase of cattle raised in the micro region Upper Middle Gurguéia are influenced by age and sex, their of determination specific region establishes parameters for better interpretation of research results, for a better interpretation of the parameters as well as to assist in the early diagnosis of possible diseases that may comprise the productive system.
Serum Urea, Creatinine and Enzymatic Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase in Nelore Cattle Raised in the Micro Upper Middle Gurguéia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-07-10
© Science Publishing Group
Luana Araújo Saraiva
Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva
Patrick Elvis Paraguaio
Morgana Santos Araújo
Sheila Vilarindo de Sousa
Luciana Pereira Machado
Serum Urea, Creatinine and Enzymatic Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase in Nelore Cattle Raised in the Micro Upper Middle Gurguéia
2
4
108
108
2014-07-10
2014-07-10
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.14
© Science Publishing Group
Protein and Electrophoretic Analysis of Edible Muscle of Commercially Important Crustaceans and Mollusks Species from Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Costs
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.15
Crustaceans and mollusks are important components of the aquatic fauna. Furthermore, crustaceans and mollusks consumption have been increasing worldwide during the past decades. So, therefore, the present study was investigated the variation between total protein content and protein electrophoretic pattern in edible muscle of commercially important crustaceans (Erugosquilla massavensis, Peaneus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus monoceros and Portunus pelagicus) and mollusks (Sepia spp., Cardium edule) as an attempt to rank them as an alternative rich animal protein source for human. The recorded data declare that the highest protein percentage was observed in males E. massavensis followed by Sepia spp then P. pelagicus and shrimps. On the other hand, females E. massavensis and bivalve mollusks (C. edule) had less total protein contents in their muscles, additionally, the recorded data showed a variation in band numbers and estimated molecular weight of muscle protein between sexes of each species and among the studied species. The results of the present work clearly indicate that there are differences in the protein structure of the muscles in different species of crustaceans and mollusks with reference to the protein fractions and their molecular weights.
Crustaceans and mollusks are important components of the aquatic fauna. Furthermore, crustaceans and mollusks consumption have been increasing worldwide during the past decades. So, therefore, the present study was investigated the variation between total protein content and protein electrophoretic pattern in edible muscle of commercially important crustaceans (Erugosquilla massavensis, Peaneus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus monoceros and Portunus pelagicus) and mollusks (Sepia spp., Cardium edule) as an attempt to rank them as an alternative rich animal protein source for human. The recorded data declare that the highest protein percentage was observed in males E. massavensis followed by Sepia spp then P. pelagicus and shrimps. On the other hand, females E. massavensis and bivalve mollusks (C. edule) had less total protein contents in their muscles, additionally, the recorded data showed a variation in band numbers and estimated molecular weight of muscle protein between sexes of each species and among the studied species. The results of the present work clearly indicate that there are differences in the protein structure of the muscles in different species of crustaceans and mollusks with reference to the protein fractions and their molecular weights.
Protein and Electrophoretic Analysis of Edible Muscle of Commercially Important Crustaceans and Mollusks Species from Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Costs
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-07-16
© Science Publishing Group
Hala Ali Abdel-Salam
Protein and Electrophoretic Analysis of Edible Muscle of Commercially Important Crustaceans and Mollusks Species from Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Costs
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4
117
117
2014-07-16
2014-07-16
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.15
© Science Publishing Group
Identification and Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Cattle and Sheep in and Around Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.17
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2010 to May, 2011 on a total of 384 cattle and sheep to identify the major ectoparasites and to determine their prevalence in and around Bishoftu town, central Ethiopia. Out of 202 cattle and 182 sheep examined for ectoparasites, 95 (47.0%) cattle and 73 (40.1%) sheep were found to be infested with one or more ectoparasites. Overall eight genera of ectoparasites belonging to ticks (Boophilus, Amblyomma, Rhepicephalus and Hyalomma), lice (Damalina and Linognathus) and mange mite (Demodex spp and Psoroptes spp) were encountered in the study area. Prevalence of tick infestation was 35.2% (71/202) in cattle and 26.9% (49/182) in sheep. Among the risk factors assessed, female animals (cattle: χ2=5.4, P=0.020; sheep: χ2=5.5, P=0.019) and production system (cattle: χ2=29.4, P=0.000; sheep: χ2=10.3, P=0.001) were significantly associated with prevalence of tick infestation. The prevalence of pediculosis was 8.9% and 12.6% in bovine and ovine, respectively. Sex (χ2=19.3; P=0.000) and breed (χ2=4.6; P=0.033) in cattle, and production system in both cattle (χ2=5.5; P=0.020) and sheep (χ2=6.4; P=0.040) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of pediculosis. The prevalence of demodicosis and psoroptic mange in cattle was 6.6% and 0.6%, respectively. However, the only mange mite species encountered in sheep was Psoroptes with the prevalence rate of 2.2%. Age in cattle (χ2=14.0; P=0.000) and sheep (χ2=3.8; P=0.040), and body condition in cattle (χ2=7.7; P=0.021) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of mange mite infestation. The present study revealed that widespread occurrence of ectoparasites in cattle and sheep in the study area, and the major ectoparasites identified were tick, lice and mange mite, thus, improved management practice and well-coordinated control interventions are required.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2010 to May, 2011 on a total of 384 cattle and sheep to identify the major ectoparasites and to determine their prevalence in and around Bishoftu town, central Ethiopia. Out of 202 cattle and 182 sheep examined for ectoparasites, 95 (47.0%) cattle and 73 (40.1%) sheep were found to be infested with one or more ectoparasites. Overall eight genera of ectoparasites belonging to ticks (Boophilus, Amblyomma, Rhepicephalus and Hyalomma), lice (Damalina and Linognathus) and mange mite (Demodex spp and Psoroptes spp) were encountered in the study area. Prevalence of tick infestation was 35.2% (71/202) in cattle and 26.9% (49/182) in sheep. Among the risk factors assessed, female animals (cattle: χ2=5.4, P=0.020; sheep: χ2=5.5, P=0.019) and production system (cattle: χ2=29.4, P=0.000; sheep: χ2=10.3, P=0.001) were significantly associated with prevalence of tick infestation. The prevalence of pediculosis was 8.9% and 12.6% in bovine and ovine, respectively. Sex (χ2=19.3; P=0.000) and breed (χ2=4.6; P=0.033) in cattle, and production system in both cattle (χ2=5.5; P=0.020) and sheep (χ2=6.4; P=0.040) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of pediculosis. The prevalence of demodicosis and psoroptic mange in cattle was 6.6% and 0.6%, respectively. However, the only mange mite species encountered in sheep was Psoroptes with the prevalence rate of 2.2%. Age in cattle (χ2=14.0; P=0.000) and sheep (χ2=3.8; P=0.040), and body condition in cattle (χ2=7.7; P=0.021) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of mange mite infestation. The present study revealed that widespread occurrence of ectoparasites in cattle and sheep in the study area, and the major ectoparasites identified were tick, lice and mange mite, thus, improved management practice and well-coordinated control interventions are required.
Identification and Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Cattle and Sheep in and Around Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.17
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-07-26
© Science Publishing Group
Meseret Gebreselama
Fikre Zeru
Gebremedhin Romha
Identification and Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Cattle and Sheep in and Around Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia
2
4
129
129
2014-07-26
2014-07-26
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.17
© Science Publishing Group
Prospects of Value-Added Poultry Products Marketing in India
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.16
Poultry industry in India is making major forward changes in productivity enhancement, industry expansion, research and development changes and marketing network. As to the extent of farming sector growth, concurrent expansion of the processing and further processing is limited. Lack of expansion in processing due to low demand for processed foods leads to restriction in the production of quality products. Poultry industry having 8% and 12% growth rate in broiler and layer industry needs to plan for quality production of poultry meat products and by-products and also in egg products and egg by-products. Further sustainability and profitability of the industry depends upon the diversification. Need based technology for meat products like emulsion, sausage, restructured, cured, enrobed, retort-packed, heritage products and value- addition to edible by-products are well established. Likewise postharvest technology for pickled egg, salted chicken egg, albumin rings, egg roll, egg crepe and egg powder are also available. Added to the well planned growth of the industry, defined and refined technologies are available as a major strength for numerous value-added meat products, egg products and by-products. Further limited diversification of poultry products industry is attributed to lack of adequate infrastructure facilities for processing and storage. Expansion of marketing is possible with major policy support, creation of facilities and reaching the consumers with quality and safety products. Disturbances in poultry marketing network are mainly reasoned out for monopoly of traders and restricted profit to the consumers. Overall poultry products marketing mainly depends on organized marketing network, creation of processing infrastructure facilities, quality and safety compliance in food chain from production to consumption.
Poultry industry in India is making major forward changes in productivity enhancement, industry expansion, research and development changes and marketing network. As to the extent of farming sector growth, concurrent expansion of the processing and further processing is limited. Lack of expansion in processing due to low demand for processed foods leads to restriction in the production of quality products. Poultry industry having 8% and 12% growth rate in broiler and layer industry needs to plan for quality production of poultry meat products and by-products and also in egg products and egg by-products. Further sustainability and profitability of the industry depends upon the diversification. Need based technology for meat products like emulsion, sausage, restructured, cured, enrobed, retort-packed, heritage products and value- addition to edible by-products are well established. Likewise postharvest technology for pickled egg, salted chicken egg, albumin rings, egg roll, egg crepe and egg powder are also available. Added to the well planned growth of the industry, defined and refined technologies are available as a major strength for numerous value-added meat products, egg products and by-products. Further limited diversification of poultry products industry is attributed to lack of adequate infrastructure facilities for processing and storage. Expansion of marketing is possible with major policy support, creation of facilities and reaching the consumers with quality and safety products. Disturbances in poultry marketing network are mainly reasoned out for monopoly of traders and restricted profit to the consumers. Overall poultry products marketing mainly depends on organized marketing network, creation of processing infrastructure facilities, quality and safety compliance in food chain from production to consumption.
Prospects of Value-Added Poultry Products Marketing in India
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.16
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-07-26
© Science Publishing Group
Thyagarajan Desikan
Barathi Megarajan
Prospects of Value-Added Poultry Products Marketing in India
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4
123
123
2014-07-26
2014-07-26
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.16
© Science Publishing Group
Histological Effects of Different Levels of Sorghum Grain on the Liver and Kidney of Ghezel×Arkhar-Merino Crossbred Lambs
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.18
Sorghum grains with variable concentrations of tannin (antinutritional factor) are becoming an increasingly important source of energy in animal nutrition. A large intake of tannins may cause gastrointestinal irritation, kidney and liver damage. Our experiment was conducted to study the effects of replacement different levels of barley grain with sorghum grain on the kidney and liver tissue. In this study sixteen male Ghezel×Arkhar-merino crossbred lambs were used. Dietary treatment were contain alfalfa hay (20% total DM), as roughage part of the diets and grain part (80% total DM) had different levels of the barley grain substituted with sorghum grain during 90 days. Lambs were randomly assigned to to receive one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design assignment, in which sorghum grain was used in the levels of 60, 70 and 80 percent of total ration. The gross examination of kidney and liver did not reveal any significant histological changes. The microscopic results showed that, increases of the sorghum grain levels resulting histological changes in kidney and liver parenchyma. Histological examination of kidney of group A showed a little change as degeneration of brush borders in some of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells. In B group, results appeared which brush borders of PCT were destroyed therefore the high cuboidal cells of PCT were observed as low cuboidal epithelium and diameter of PCT increased. Hemorrhage and congestion is not observed in cortex but it was observed in medulla. In C group, degeneration of cells of PCT and DCT, hemorrhage in cortex, congestion in medulla which they are more in area near apex of renal pyramids were observed. Decrease length of cuboidal cells in medullary collecting ducts. Amyloidal sedimentation in PCT and DCT. In the liver of A and B group animals, histological structure of liver was normal, but sinusoidal abnormality was observed in A group and only a little congestion observed in some central venules in B group animals. Liver of C group animals had many histological changes as shrinkage of hepatocyte, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes around central venules, degeneration of some hepatic sinusoids, enlargement hepatic sinusoid in order to congestion and reduce length of hepatocytes, hemorrhage around central venuls, a little distribution of cirrhosis. In generally high level of sorghum grains in diet can induced hisological changs in kidney and liver of sheep.
Sorghum grains with variable concentrations of tannin (antinutritional factor) are becoming an increasingly important source of energy in animal nutrition. A large intake of tannins may cause gastrointestinal irritation, kidney and liver damage. Our experiment was conducted to study the effects of replacement different levels of barley grain with sorghum grain on the kidney and liver tissue. In this study sixteen male Ghezel×Arkhar-merino crossbred lambs were used. Dietary treatment were contain alfalfa hay (20% total DM), as roughage part of the diets and grain part (80% total DM) had different levels of the barley grain substituted with sorghum grain during 90 days. Lambs were randomly assigned to to receive one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design assignment, in which sorghum grain was used in the levels of 60, 70 and 80 percent of total ration. The gross examination of kidney and liver did not reveal any significant histological changes. The microscopic results showed that, increases of the sorghum grain levels resulting histological changes in kidney and liver parenchyma. Histological examination of kidney of group A showed a little change as degeneration of brush borders in some of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells. In B group, results appeared which brush borders of PCT were destroyed therefore the high cuboidal cells of PCT were observed as low cuboidal epithelium and diameter of PCT increased. Hemorrhage and congestion is not observed in cortex but it was observed in medulla. In C group, degeneration of cells of PCT and DCT, hemorrhage in cortex, congestion in medulla which they are more in area near apex of renal pyramids were observed. Decrease length of cuboidal cells in medullary collecting ducts. Amyloidal sedimentation in PCT and DCT. In the liver of A and B group animals, histological structure of liver was normal, but sinusoidal abnormality was observed in A group and only a little congestion observed in some central venules in B group animals. Liver of C group animals had many histological changes as shrinkage of hepatocyte, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes around central venules, degeneration of some hepatic sinusoids, enlargement hepatic sinusoid in order to congestion and reduce length of hepatocytes, hemorrhage around central venuls, a little distribution of cirrhosis. In generally high level of sorghum grains in diet can induced hisological changs in kidney and liver of sheep.
Histological Effects of Different Levels of Sorghum Grain on the Liver and Kidney of Ghezel×Arkhar-Merino Crossbred Lambs
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140204.18
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Hamid Karimi
Hossein Daghigh Kia
Ali Hosseinkhani
Histological Effects of Different Levels of Sorghum Grain on the Liver and Kidney of Ghezel×Arkhar-Merino Crossbred Lambs
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4
134
134
2014-08-08
2014-08-08
10.11648/j.avs.20140204.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140204.18
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Major Reproductive Disorders of Dairy Cattle in Urban and Per Urban Area of Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.11
The study which employed both questionnaire and observational survey was conducted in urban and per urban area of Hossana with the objectives of determining the prevalence of major reproductive health problems of dairy cattle and the possible risk factors in the selected dairy farms from November 2013 to April 2014. A total of 390 dairy cattle (349 cross and 41 local breed) which were kept under different management system (256 intensively, 60 semi intensively and 74 were extensive) were included, out of which 43.07 % (n=168) were found to be affected either with one or more of reproductive problems. Repeat breeder, anoestrus, Retained Fetal membrane (RFM), and dystocia were found to be the major reproductive health problems containing 13.08%, 12.06%, 7.18% and 5.9% prevalence rate respectively and other reproductive health problems observed with lower prevalence include vaginal prolapsed, abortion, mixed and uterine prolapsed having 3.44%, 2.56%, 1.03%, and 0.76% respectively in the study farms of the area. The overall prevalence of reproductive problems showed significant difference (p<0.05) with respect to body condition and parity of dairy cattle where major reproductive health problems were observed more frequently in poor body conditioned and pluriparus cows. Whereas breed and management system were not found to have a significant influence (p>0.05) on the occurrence of reproductive problems in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that awareness creation to farm owners, attendants and improved management such as, proper feeding, accurate heat detection, considering the size of sire and dam while using AI, and health management should be improved to minimize the occurrence of these problems and associated economic losses in the dairy farms of the area.
The study which employed both questionnaire and observational survey was conducted in urban and per urban area of Hossana with the objectives of determining the prevalence of major reproductive health problems of dairy cattle and the possible risk factors in the selected dairy farms from November 2013 to April 2014. A total of 390 dairy cattle (349 cross and 41 local breed) which were kept under different management system (256 intensively, 60 semi intensively and 74 were extensive) were included, out of which 43.07 % (n=168) were found to be affected either with one or more of reproductive problems. Repeat breeder, anoestrus, Retained Fetal membrane (RFM), and dystocia were found to be the major reproductive health problems containing 13.08%, 12.06%, 7.18% and 5.9% prevalence rate respectively and other reproductive health problems observed with lower prevalence include vaginal prolapsed, abortion, mixed and uterine prolapsed having 3.44%, 2.56%, 1.03%, and 0.76% respectively in the study farms of the area. The overall prevalence of reproductive problems showed significant difference (p<0.05) with respect to body condition and parity of dairy cattle where major reproductive health problems were observed more frequently in poor body conditioned and pluriparus cows. Whereas breed and management system were not found to have a significant influence (p>0.05) on the occurrence of reproductive problems in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that awareness creation to farm owners, attendants and improved management such as, proper feeding, accurate heat detection, considering the size of sire and dam while using AI, and health management should be improved to minimize the occurrence of these problems and associated economic losses in the dairy farms of the area.
Assessment of Major Reproductive Disorders of Dairy Cattle in Urban and Per Urban Area of Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140205.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Adane Haile
Yisehak Tsegaye
Niguse Tesfaye
Assessment of Major Reproductive Disorders of Dairy Cattle in Urban and Per Urban Area of Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia
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141
141
2014-08-24
2014-08-24
10.11648/j.avs.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Serologic and Virologic Investigation of BHV-1, BVDV and BHV-4 in Cattle with Metritis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.12
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible effects of Bovine Herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), and Bovine Herpes virus-4 (BHV-4) involving metritis in the selected unvaccinated dairy cattle herds in Afyon province of Turkey by serologically and virologically methods. A total of 63 dairy cattle with metritis were sampled in order to investigate the presence of BHV-1, BVDV and BHV-4 infections. The sera samples were tested for presence of antibodies to BHV-1, BVDV and BHV-4 using a commercially available indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Leukocyte samples were tested for presence of BVDV viral genome using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for BHV-1 and BHV-4 viral genome. Detectable antibodies were detected in 6 (9.52%) of 63 against BVDV and 51 (80.95%) of 63 against BHV-4. Detectable antibodies were detected against BVDV from 6 (9.52%) of 63 sera samples and BHV-4 from 51 (80.95%) of 63. No antibodies against BHV-1 were detected as well as the results of RT-PCR for BVDV, and PCR for BHV-1 were all negative. Positive PCR results found BHV-4 genome from 8 (12.69%) of 63 leukocyte samples. Presence of BVDV and BHV-4 antibodies in unvaccinated animals indicates that these cattle had contracted infection. In conclusion, BHV-4 infections may play a direct or indirect role in causing bovine metritis; therefore their importance in the etiology of metritis and their economic impact needs further attention.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible effects of Bovine Herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), and Bovine Herpes virus-4 (BHV-4) involving metritis in the selected unvaccinated dairy cattle herds in Afyon province of Turkey by serologically and virologically methods. A total of 63 dairy cattle with metritis were sampled in order to investigate the presence of BHV-1, BVDV and BHV-4 infections. The sera samples were tested for presence of antibodies to BHV-1, BVDV and BHV-4 using a commercially available indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Leukocyte samples were tested for presence of BVDV viral genome using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for BHV-1 and BHV-4 viral genome. Detectable antibodies were detected in 6 (9.52%) of 63 against BVDV and 51 (80.95%) of 63 against BHV-4. Detectable antibodies were detected against BVDV from 6 (9.52%) of 63 sera samples and BHV-4 from 51 (80.95%) of 63. No antibodies against BHV-1 were detected as well as the results of RT-PCR for BVDV, and PCR for BHV-1 were all negative. Positive PCR results found BHV-4 genome from 8 (12.69%) of 63 leukocyte samples. Presence of BVDV and BHV-4 antibodies in unvaccinated animals indicates that these cattle had contracted infection. In conclusion, BHV-4 infections may play a direct or indirect role in causing bovine metritis; therefore their importance in the etiology of metritis and their economic impact needs further attention.
Serologic and Virologic Investigation of BHV-1, BVDV and BHV-4 in Cattle with Metritis
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140205.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-08-24
© Science Publishing Group
Sibel Yavru
Oguzhan Avci
Mehmet Kale
Serologic and Virologic Investigation of BHV-1, BVDV and BHV-4 in Cattle with Metritis
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5
145
145
2014-08-24
2014-08-24
10.11648/j.avs.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Detection of Respiratory Viral Antigens in Cattle Lung Tissues by Direct ELISA
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.13
Bovine Respiratory Disease is one of the most important diseases with serious financial losses for the cattle industry in worldwide. The aim of this study was to detect the associations between respiratory viruses; bovine herpes virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Para influenza virus 3 statuses of a herd and bovine respiratory disease occurrence. Present study describes virological distribution of bovine respiratory viruses in non-vaccinated cattle (for mentioned infections) of Central Anatolia, Turkey. A total of 24 lung tissue samples were collected during the December 2012 to January 2013 from cattle that died after manifesting clinical signs of respiratory system. Samples were successfully homogenized. Tissue samples were analyzed for detecting antigens by commercially available direct ELISA kit. BRSV antigens were detected in lung tissues 4 out of 24 tested cattle with a percentage of 16.6%, whereas BHV-1, BVDV and PI-3 were not found. BRSV may be common reason of respiratory diseases in herds. It has been also offered advice about prevention of respiratory viral infection for health planning. In conclusion, existence of BRSV infection is still defined and may play an important role in the respiratoric viral infection of cattle.
Bovine Respiratory Disease is one of the most important diseases with serious financial losses for the cattle industry in worldwide. The aim of this study was to detect the associations between respiratory viruses; bovine herpes virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Para influenza virus 3 statuses of a herd and bovine respiratory disease occurrence. Present study describes virological distribution of bovine respiratory viruses in non-vaccinated cattle (for mentioned infections) of Central Anatolia, Turkey. A total of 24 lung tissue samples were collected during the December 2012 to January 2013 from cattle that died after manifesting clinical signs of respiratory system. Samples were successfully homogenized. Tissue samples were analyzed for detecting antigens by commercially available direct ELISA kit. BRSV antigens were detected in lung tissues 4 out of 24 tested cattle with a percentage of 16.6%, whereas BHV-1, BVDV and PI-3 were not found. BRSV may be common reason of respiratory diseases in herds. It has been also offered advice about prevention of respiratory viral infection for health planning. In conclusion, existence of BRSV infection is still defined and may play an important role in the respiratoric viral infection of cattle.
Detection of Respiratory Viral Antigens in Cattle Lung Tissues by Direct ELISA
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140205.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-09-05
© Science Publishing Group
Oguzhan Avci
Sibel Yavru
Mehmet Ekik
Detection of Respiratory Viral Antigens in Cattle Lung Tissues by Direct ELISA
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5
149
149
2014-09-05
2014-09-05
10.11648/j.avs.20140205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.13
© Science Publishing Group
Determination of in Vitro Antiviral Activity of Nerium Oleander Distillate against to Parainfluenza-3 Virus
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.14
Chemical extract of Nerium oleander (NO) is identified as in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. However, there is no any study about antiviral effect of NO distillate (NOD). The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro effects of NOD alone and combined with acyclovir on Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus. Lyophilized NOD was dissolved at concentration of 10 mg/mL with distillated water and filtered. The thiazolyl blue test was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the NOD, and acyclovir. NOD did not cause cytotoxicity against to MDBK cells up to 10 mg/mL concentrations while acyclovir did not cause cytotoxicity up to 0.97 µg/mL. NOD (10 mg/mL), acyclovir (0.97 µg/mL) and NOD + acyclovir were treated with 100 TCID50 diluted PI-3 in 96-well plates. Antiviral activity of NOD was statistically (P<0.05) different from NOD + acyclovir against PI-3. The most effective results obtained from using single of NOD (P<0.05) while acyclovir was not effective (P>0.05). In conclusion, it is referred that NOD has antiviral effect and it can be evaluated in the treatment of PI-3 in future.
Chemical extract of Nerium oleander (NO) is identified as in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. However, there is no any study about antiviral effect of NO distillate (NOD). The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro effects of NOD alone and combined with acyclovir on Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus. Lyophilized NOD was dissolved at concentration of 10 mg/mL with distillated water and filtered. The thiazolyl blue test was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the NOD, and acyclovir. NOD did not cause cytotoxicity against to MDBK cells up to 10 mg/mL concentrations while acyclovir did not cause cytotoxicity up to 0.97 µg/mL. NOD (10 mg/mL), acyclovir (0.97 µg/mL) and NOD + acyclovir were treated with 100 TCID50 diluted PI-3 in 96-well plates. Antiviral activity of NOD was statistically (P<0.05) different from NOD + acyclovir against PI-3. The most effective results obtained from using single of NOD (P<0.05) while acyclovir was not effective (P>0.05). In conclusion, it is referred that NOD has antiviral effect and it can be evaluated in the treatment of PI-3 in future.
Determination of in Vitro Antiviral Activity of Nerium Oleander Distillate against to Parainfluenza-3 Virus
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140205.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-09-16
© Science Publishing Group
Oguzhan Avci
Burak Dik
Determination of in Vitro Antiviral Activity of Nerium Oleander Distillate against to Parainfluenza-3 Virus
2
5
153
153
2014-09-16
2014-09-16
10.11648/j.avs.20140205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.14
© Science Publishing Group
Participatory Methods in the Profiling of Livestock Diseases in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.15
This study was conducted with a view to collecting epidemiological data based on farmers’ understanding of livestock diseases in the rural communities of Plateau State. In typical developing nations, animal diseases seem to pose the greatest challenge to human and animal health and welfare. Unfortunately, most of such nations rely so much on inefficient “top to bottom” disease surveillance and eradication policies, as such, negative impacts of diseases are common. Participatory disease surveillance recognizes farmer opinion for timely disease control. Using various tools of participatory epidemiology, the occurrence of important livestock diseases and indigenous traditional knowledge were investigated. In 2009/2010, livestock diseases profiles and ethno-veterinary practices were evaluated in 90 randomly selected villages in Jos-Plateau. Endemic livestock diseases continued to cause significant economic losses to farmers in the Plateau. Institutionalization of participatory disease surveillance would better inform strategic livestock policy reforms and improve national diseases surveillance and reporting system in Nigeria.
This study was conducted with a view to collecting epidemiological data based on farmers’ understanding of livestock diseases in the rural communities of Plateau State. In typical developing nations, animal diseases seem to pose the greatest challenge to human and animal health and welfare. Unfortunately, most of such nations rely so much on inefficient “top to bottom” disease surveillance and eradication policies, as such, negative impacts of diseases are common. Participatory disease surveillance recognizes farmer opinion for timely disease control. Using various tools of participatory epidemiology, the occurrence of important livestock diseases and indigenous traditional knowledge were investigated. In 2009/2010, livestock diseases profiles and ethno-veterinary practices were evaluated in 90 randomly selected villages in Jos-Plateau. Endemic livestock diseases continued to cause significant economic losses to farmers in the Plateau. Institutionalization of participatory disease surveillance would better inform strategic livestock policy reforms and improve national diseases surveillance and reporting system in Nigeria.
Participatory Methods in the Profiling of Livestock Diseases in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140205.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Musa Ibrahim Waziri
Kaltungo Bilkisu Yunusa
Participatory Methods in the Profiling of Livestock Diseases in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria
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160
160
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.avs.20140205.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140205.15
© Science Publishing Group
Detection of Plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Fresh Raw Milk in Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.12
Aims: To determine the presence of plasmids in Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from fresh raw milk from healthy cattle in Nigeria and also determine its role in antibiotics resistance since this organism is a food borne pathogen of public health importance. Methods and results: Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes was done using selective enrichment and isolation protocol, as recommended by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Association of Analytical Chemists/ International Dairy Federation (AOAC/ IDF). Identification was by phenotypic characterization and confirmed using β-haemolytic activity, phosphatidyl inositol phospholipase-C (PIPLC) assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . Strains identified as Listeria monocytogenes from the six zones were determined and results expressed as rate of prevalence in graph. Twenty-three strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from 305 samples of fresh raw milk were screened for the presence of plasmid DNA using the method of Ehrenfeld and Clewel and agarose gel electrophoresis. One isolate was found to harbour one plasmid with molecular weight of 14.62kb. The plasmid was cured using different concentrations of acridine orange. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on both the wild strain (with plasmid) and cured strain using disc diffusion method of Bauer-Kirby and it was found that the wild strain was resistant to seven of the twelve antibiotics used while the cured strain was resistant to only one. Conclusions: There is a possibility of the presence of strains of Listeria monocytogenes that can harbour plasmids. This could confer antibiotic resistance to the strains and thus make antibiotic therapy unsuccessful. The increase in the number of antibiotics which the cured strain of Listeria monocytogenes was susceptible to in this study showed that plasmid may play a significant role in antibiotics resistance. The Fulani herdsmen who take fresh raw milk without boiling or pasteurization may serve as carriers of resistant strains of Listeria monocytogenes and help in its spread in the environment through faecal pollution.
Aims: To determine the presence of plasmids in Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from fresh raw milk from healthy cattle in Nigeria and also determine its role in antibiotics resistance since this organism is a food borne pathogen of public health importance. Methods and results: Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes was done using selective enrichment and isolation protocol, as recommended by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Association of Analytical Chemists/ International Dairy Federation (AOAC/ IDF). Identification was by phenotypic characterization and confirmed using β-haemolytic activity, phosphatidyl inositol phospholipase-C (PIPLC) assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . Strains identified as Listeria monocytogenes from the six zones were determined and results expressed as rate of prevalence in graph. Twenty-three strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from 305 samples of fresh raw milk were screened for the presence of plasmid DNA using the method of Ehrenfeld and Clewel and agarose gel electrophoresis. One isolate was found to harbour one plasmid with molecular weight of 14.62kb. The plasmid was cured using different concentrations of acridine orange. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on both the wild strain (with plasmid) and cured strain using disc diffusion method of Bauer-Kirby and it was found that the wild strain was resistant to seven of the twelve antibiotics used while the cured strain was resistant to only one. Conclusions: There is a possibility of the presence of strains of Listeria monocytogenes that can harbour plasmids. This could confer antibiotic resistance to the strains and thus make antibiotic therapy unsuccessful. The increase in the number of antibiotics which the cured strain of Listeria monocytogenes was susceptible to in this study showed that plasmid may play a significant role in antibiotics resistance. The Fulani herdsmen who take fresh raw milk without boiling or pasteurization may serve as carriers of resistant strains of Listeria monocytogenes and help in its spread in the environment through faecal pollution.
Detection of Plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Fresh Raw Milk in Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-10-27
© Science Publishing Group
Enurah Leonard Uwanibe
Aboaba Olusimbo Olugbo
Nwachukwu Simon Cyril Ugwumba
Smith Stella Ifeanyi
Fowora Adenike
Nwosuh Chika Ignatius
Detection of Plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Fresh Raw Milk in Nigeria
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174
174
2014-10-27
2014-10-27
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Investigations on Susceptibility of Marbled Rabbitfish Siganus Rivulatus to Various Infectious Marine Bacteria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.11
Disease management in aquaculture is complicated by the fact that various fish species generally vary in their susceptibility to pathogenic microorganisms, thus requiring that every species be studied independently. The present work was performed to investigate the susceptibility of marbled rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus to the potential bacterial pathogens: Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium marinum, Vibrio anguillarum, Streptococcus iniae, and Yersinia ruckeri. Fish were challenged with the various bacteria and survival and hematological responses were evaluated. Mortalities in all treatments were not significantly greater than the control. However, analyses of hematological parameters suggest that M. marinum is potentially pathogenic to S. rivulatus. Additionally, we investigated whether lesions found on wild fish collected from Beirut beach contained any of the five bacterial species of interest. None of these bacteria were present in the lesions, thus suggesting that lesions were caused by other microbes.
Disease management in aquaculture is complicated by the fact that various fish species generally vary in their susceptibility to pathogenic microorganisms, thus requiring that every species be studied independently. The present work was performed to investigate the susceptibility of marbled rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus to the potential bacterial pathogens: Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium marinum, Vibrio anguillarum, Streptococcus iniae, and Yersinia ruckeri. Fish were challenged with the various bacteria and survival and hematological responses were evaluated. Mortalities in all treatments were not significantly greater than the control. However, analyses of hematological parameters suggest that M. marinum is potentially pathogenic to S. rivulatus. Additionally, we investigated whether lesions found on wild fish collected from Beirut beach contained any of the five bacterial species of interest. None of these bacteria were present in the lesions, thus suggesting that lesions were caused by other microbes.
Investigations on Susceptibility of Marbled Rabbitfish Siganus Rivulatus to Various Infectious Marine Bacteria
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-10-27
© Science Publishing Group
Rabiah Hamze
Nivin Nasser
Mike Osta
Zeina Kassaify
Imad Patrick Saoud
Investigations on Susceptibility of Marbled Rabbitfish Siganus Rivulatus to Various Infectious Marine Bacteria
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6
168
168
2014-10-27
2014-10-27
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Morphometric Values of the Native Duck and Gooses' Heads: A Computed Tomography Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.13
Computed tomography (CT) is used for anthropomorphometrical studies for creating macroscopic and microscopic models and revealing the phenotypic differences quickly in small animals. This study aimed to determine the morphometric differences of the head native duck and goose, and to presented measurements (length and volume) of their heads, using CT images. For this purpose, the heads of ten male geese and ducks were used. Moreover, nine different anatomic structures were measured on the CT images, and six indexes were calculated. Consequently, each parameter of duck and goose heads showed significant difference between each other, except head volume and greatest high (p<0.05 or 0.01). Besides, it was settled that the calculated indexes had statistically differences among the native goose and ducks' head (p<0.05 or 0.01). According to this result, it was concluded that the morphometric CT measurements would be used to difference of the native goose and ducks’ head.
Computed tomography (CT) is used for anthropomorphometrical studies for creating macroscopic and microscopic models and revealing the phenotypic differences quickly in small animals. This study aimed to determine the morphometric differences of the head native duck and goose, and to presented measurements (length and volume) of their heads, using CT images. For this purpose, the heads of ten male geese and ducks were used. Moreover, nine different anatomic structures were measured on the CT images, and six indexes were calculated. Consequently, each parameter of duck and goose heads showed significant difference between each other, except head volume and greatest high (p<0.05 or 0.01). Besides, it was settled that the calculated indexes had statistically differences among the native goose and ducks' head (p<0.05 or 0.01). According to this result, it was concluded that the morphometric CT measurements would be used to difference of the native goose and ducks’ head.
The Morphometric Values of the Native Duck and Gooses' Heads: A Computed Tomography Study
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-11-14
© Science Publishing Group
Mustafa Orhun Dayan
Yasin Demiraslan
Yalcin Akbulut
Mahmut Duymus
Murat Sirri Akosman
The Morphometric Values of the Native Duck and Gooses' Heads: A Computed Tomography Study
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178
178
2014-11-14
2014-11-14
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Genetic Parameters and Genetic Gain for the Reproduction Traits in Latvian Landrace and Yorkshire Sows Populations
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.15
The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the reproduction traits of Landrace and Yorkshire sows and to analyze the genetic gain in these Latvian swine populations. Records of 14 577 first-parity and 27 359 later-parities Landrace sows and 6039 first-parity and 12 360 later-parities Yorkshire sows born between 2000 and 2012 were included in the analysis. The number of piglets born alive and 21-day litter weight at first and later parities, and weaning–conception interval between the first and second parity were included in the study. The genetic parameters were estimated using a single-trait animal model for the first parity and a single-trait repeatability animal model for later parities using REML procedure. Compared to heritability estimates for number born alive, heritabilities for litter weight were higher in both populations: in the first parity 0.10±0.015 vs. 0.31±0.021 for Landrace, and 0.05±0.016 vs. 0.23±0.028 for Yorkshire; in later parities 0.10±0.010 vs. 0.23±0.013 for Landrace, and 0.10±0.017 vs. 0.20±0.022 for Yorkshire. The heritability of reproduction traits was low; however, during the last ten years, reproduction traits in nucleus herds were improving. The results show that genetic progress in the last five years has been relatively low.
The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the reproduction traits of Landrace and Yorkshire sows and to analyze the genetic gain in these Latvian swine populations. Records of 14 577 first-parity and 27 359 later-parities Landrace sows and 6039 first-parity and 12 360 later-parities Yorkshire sows born between 2000 and 2012 were included in the analysis. The number of piglets born alive and 21-day litter weight at first and later parities, and weaning–conception interval between the first and second parity were included in the study. The genetic parameters were estimated using a single-trait animal model for the first parity and a single-trait repeatability animal model for later parities using REML procedure. Compared to heritability estimates for number born alive, heritabilities for litter weight were higher in both populations: in the first parity 0.10±0.015 vs. 0.31±0.021 for Landrace, and 0.05±0.016 vs. 0.23±0.028 for Yorkshire; in later parities 0.10±0.010 vs. 0.23±0.013 for Landrace, and 0.10±0.017 vs. 0.20±0.022 for Yorkshire. The heritability of reproduction traits was low; however, during the last ten years, reproduction traits in nucleus herds were improving. The results show that genetic progress in the last five years has been relatively low.
Genetic Parameters and Genetic Gain for the Reproduction Traits in Latvian Landrace and Yorkshire Sows Populations
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-11-25
© Science Publishing Group
Liga Paura
Daina Jonkus
Ugis Permanickis
Genetic Parameters and Genetic Gain for the Reproduction Traits in Latvian Landrace and Yorkshire Sows Populations
2
6
188
188
2014-11-25
2014-11-25
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.15
© Science Publishing Group
Detection of Virulence Genes in Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Broilers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.16
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonellae in broilers farms in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. A total of 1000 samples were collected from 200 broiler chickens (40 apparently healthy, 80 diseased chickens and 80 freshly dead broiler chickens).The samples were liver, caecum, heart blood, spleen & kidney. The colonial morphology, microscopical and biochemical identifications of the isolates revealed the presence of 37 out of 200 chickens (18.5%) salmonella species isolates, representing: 3 from apparently healthy chicken (7.5%), 21 from diseased chickens (26.25%) and 13 from freshly dead broiler chickens (16.25%).The rate of recovery of Salmonellae from the different internal organs showed that high recovery rate was from liver, caecum, spleen, heart then kidney as the follow (9.5%), (5.5%), (4.5%), (3%) and (2%), respectively. The serotyping of the isolated salmonellae from chickens were eight S. enteritidis, one S. maccles Field, two S. wingrove, one S. eingedi, three S. rissen,two S. derby, two S. vejle, one S. magherafelt, two S. berta, two S. enterica sub.spp salamae, one S. gueuletapee, one S. blegdam, five S. kentucky, two S. newport, two S. agona and two S. virchow were isolated from broilers. PCR assay was carried out for six serovars (S. enteritidis, S. maccles Field, S. rissen, S. derby, S. magherafelt and S. enterica sub.spp salamae) to detect the presence of invA, sopB and stn gene, All serovars had the three genes. Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, colistin sulphate and enrofloxacin were found to be the most effective antimicrobials against the tested isolates; while a high resistance to erythromycin and flumequine were shown. High prevalence of Salmonella in broilers and multidrug resistance, constituting a major concern for public health. Further surveillance programs and research are a necessity to understand their epidemiology and to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp.
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonellae in broilers farms in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. A total of 1000 samples were collected from 200 broiler chickens (40 apparently healthy, 80 diseased chickens and 80 freshly dead broiler chickens).The samples were liver, caecum, heart blood, spleen & kidney. The colonial morphology, microscopical and biochemical identifications of the isolates revealed the presence of 37 out of 200 chickens (18.5%) salmonella species isolates, representing: 3 from apparently healthy chicken (7.5%), 21 from diseased chickens (26.25%) and 13 from freshly dead broiler chickens (16.25%).The rate of recovery of Salmonellae from the different internal organs showed that high recovery rate was from liver, caecum, spleen, heart then kidney as the follow (9.5%), (5.5%), (4.5%), (3%) and (2%), respectively. The serotyping of the isolated salmonellae from chickens were eight S. enteritidis, one S. maccles Field, two S. wingrove, one S. eingedi, three S. rissen,two S. derby, two S. vejle, one S. magherafelt, two S. berta, two S. enterica sub.spp salamae, one S. gueuletapee, one S. blegdam, five S. kentucky, two S. newport, two S. agona and two S. virchow were isolated from broilers. PCR assay was carried out for six serovars (S. enteritidis, S. maccles Field, S. rissen, S. derby, S. magherafelt and S. enterica sub.spp salamae) to detect the presence of invA, sopB and stn gene, All serovars had the three genes. Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, colistin sulphate and enrofloxacin were found to be the most effective antimicrobials against the tested isolates; while a high resistance to erythromycin and flumequine were shown. High prevalence of Salmonella in broilers and multidrug resistance, constituting a major concern for public health. Further surveillance programs and research are a necessity to understand their epidemiology and to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp.
Detection of Virulence Genes in Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Broilers
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.16
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-12-03
© Science Publishing Group
Ezzat M. E.
Shabana I. I.
Esawy A. M.
Elsotohy M. E.
Detection of Virulence Genes in Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Broilers
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6
193
193
2014-12-03
2014-12-03
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.16
© Science Publishing Group
Morphological Plasticity of Ticks’ Salivary Glands and the Meaning of Hematophagy in Hosts Immunized with Glandular Extract of Females Fed for 4 Days
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.17
A histochemical analysis was performed in this study in order to detect proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, acid phosphatase and calcium in the secretion produced by the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae) fed for 2, 4 and 6 days in New Zealand White rabbits which had been previously immunized with glandular extract obtained from females fed for 4 days (SGE4). The results revealed that such glands presented alterations in their secretory cycle, which occurred: a) by the inactivity of some c1 cells (in the glands of females fed for 2 days) and c4 (in those fed for 4 days) and b) by the modification in the constitution of the secretion of females fed for 2-6 days. It was verified that, in the glands of females fed for 2 days, there was an increase in proteins and calcium; a reduction in lipids and the contents of polysaccharides and acid phosphatase remained unaltered. In those fed for 4 days there was an increase in proteins, calcium and acid phosphatase; reduction in the lipids, and the content of polysaccharides remained unaltered. In the females fed for 6 days an increase in the components was observed; however, there was a reduction in lipids and acid phosphatase. In addition, it was verified that, in a decrescent order of histochemical alterations, the most affected cells were: f; c2, c3, c5; a, d and c4, e in the glands of females fed for 2 days; c5; a, c2, c3, d and c1, e in the glands of females fed for 4 days and a, c1, c2, d and e, c3 in the glands of females fed for 6 days. The data here obtained clearly show that the most pronounced histochemical modifications were detected in the glands of females fed for 2 and 6 days; however, the modifications observed in the females fed for 4 days must also be considered, once they were significant as well. This has probably occurred because the hosts were inoculated with SGE4, obtained from the salivary glands of females fed for 4 days, intermediate stage of the glandular cycle, which contains antigens that are common to glandular tissues of females fed for 2 and 6 days.
A histochemical analysis was performed in this study in order to detect proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, acid phosphatase and calcium in the secretion produced by the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae) fed for 2, 4 and 6 days in New Zealand White rabbits which had been previously immunized with glandular extract obtained from females fed for 4 days (SGE4). The results revealed that such glands presented alterations in their secretory cycle, which occurred: a) by the inactivity of some c1 cells (in the glands of females fed for 2 days) and c4 (in those fed for 4 days) and b) by the modification in the constitution of the secretion of females fed for 2-6 days. It was verified that, in the glands of females fed for 2 days, there was an increase in proteins and calcium; a reduction in lipids and the contents of polysaccharides and acid phosphatase remained unaltered. In those fed for 4 days there was an increase in proteins, calcium and acid phosphatase; reduction in the lipids, and the content of polysaccharides remained unaltered. In the females fed for 6 days an increase in the components was observed; however, there was a reduction in lipids and acid phosphatase. In addition, it was verified that, in a decrescent order of histochemical alterations, the most affected cells were: f; c2, c3, c5; a, d and c4, e in the glands of females fed for 2 days; c5; a, c2, c3, d and c1, e in the glands of females fed for 4 days and a, c1, c2, d and e, c3 in the glands of females fed for 6 days. The data here obtained clearly show that the most pronounced histochemical modifications were detected in the glands of females fed for 2 and 6 days; however, the modifications observed in the females fed for 4 days must also be considered, once they were significant as well. This has probably occurred because the hosts were inoculated with SGE4, obtained from the salivary glands of females fed for 4 days, intermediate stage of the glandular cycle, which contains antigens that are common to glandular tissues of females fed for 2 and 6 days.
Morphological Plasticity of Ticks’ Salivary Glands and the Meaning of Hematophagy in Hosts Immunized with Glandular Extract of Females Fed for 4 Days
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.17
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-12-15
© Science Publishing Group
Karim Christina Scopinho Furquim
Maria Izabel Camargo Mathias
Gislaine Cristina Roma
Letícia Maria Gráballos Ferraz Hebling
Gervásio Henrique Bechara
Morphological Plasticity of Ticks’ Salivary Glands and the Meaning of Hematophagy in Hosts Immunized with Glandular Extract of Females Fed for 4 Days
2
6
207
207
2014-12-15
2014-12-15
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.17
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Clinoptilolite on Long Bone Morphometry in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.14
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of clinoptilolite long bone morphometry in Japanese quail. In the study, 100 female Japanese quails were used. The animals were slaughtered in 42nd day of study. The long bones of the animals were macerated by boiling. Twenty-three values were measured from the bones. Consequently, it was determined that the addition of clinoptilolite to feed ration in various ratios caused some statistical changes in the morphometry of long bones. The reason of this case is considered as high silicate ingredient available in clinoptilolite.
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of clinoptilolite long bone morphometry in Japanese quail. In the study, 100 female Japanese quails were used. The animals were slaughtered in 42nd day of study. The long bones of the animals were macerated by boiling. Twenty-three values were measured from the bones. Consequently, it was determined that the addition of clinoptilolite to feed ration in various ratios caused some statistical changes in the morphometry of long bones. The reason of this case is considered as high silicate ingredient available in clinoptilolite.
The Effect of Clinoptilolite on Long Bone Morphometry in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-11-17
© Science Publishing Group
Yasin Demiraslan
Tuncay Tufan
Mehmet Sari
Yalcin Akbulut
Mustafa Orhun Dayan
Abdulsamed Kukurt
The Effect of Clinoptilolite on Long Bone Morphometry in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
2
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183
183
2014-11-17
2014-11-17
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.14
© Science Publishing Group
Diet-Dependent Rumen Epithelial NHE1 and NHE3 Expression in Sheep
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.18
The objective of this study was to characterize the immunohistochemical localization of Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms (NHE1 and NHE3) in the rumen epithelium of Sheep after changing the diet from hay (ad libitum) to a mixed hay/concentrate diet. A total of 24 sheep were fed mixed hay/concentrate for different periods ranging from 0 weeks (control; hay ad libitum) to 12 weeks (1-1.5 kg hay plus 780 g concentrate per day in two equal portions). NHE3-immunostaining was found to be more intense at both stratum granulosum (deep layer) and stratum spinosum (superficial layer), with decreasing intensity through stratum spinosum (deep or suprabasal layer) and stratum basal. Stratum corneum was negative. Distribution of NHE3 isoform was different within the different strata. In stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum (superficial layer), NHE3 isoform was distributed predominant at the apical surface /membrane of the cells. Meanwhile, in both stratum spinosum (deep layer) and stratum basale, intracellular NHE3 isoform was predominantly. The degree of antibody reaction was weak in hay-fed sheep and in all concentrate-fed groups, except in 2 and 4 weeks concentrate-fed groups, in which the degree of the antibody reaction was moderate and strong, respectively. NHE1 isoform was not detected in the sheep-rumen epithelium.
The objective of this study was to characterize the immunohistochemical localization of Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms (NHE1 and NHE3) in the rumen epithelium of Sheep after changing the diet from hay (ad libitum) to a mixed hay/concentrate diet. A total of 24 sheep were fed mixed hay/concentrate for different periods ranging from 0 weeks (control; hay ad libitum) to 12 weeks (1-1.5 kg hay plus 780 g concentrate per day in two equal portions). NHE3-immunostaining was found to be more intense at both stratum granulosum (deep layer) and stratum spinosum (superficial layer), with decreasing intensity through stratum spinosum (deep or suprabasal layer) and stratum basal. Stratum corneum was negative. Distribution of NHE3 isoform was different within the different strata. In stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum (superficial layer), NHE3 isoform was distributed predominant at the apical surface /membrane of the cells. Meanwhile, in both stratum spinosum (deep layer) and stratum basale, intracellular NHE3 isoform was predominantly. The degree of antibody reaction was weak in hay-fed sheep and in all concentrate-fed groups, except in 2 and 4 weeks concentrate-fed groups, in which the degree of the antibody reaction was moderate and strong, respectively. NHE1 isoform was not detected in the sheep-rumen epithelium.
Diet-Dependent Rumen Epithelial NHE1 and NHE3 Expression in Sheep
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.18
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-12-23
© Science Publishing Group
Rasha S. Ahmed
Holger Martens
Christoph Muelling
Diet-Dependent Rumen Epithelial NHE1 and NHE3 Expression in Sheep
2
6
212
212
2014-12-23
2014-12-23
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.18
© Science Publishing Group
Low Sero-Prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Bulls Originated from Borena Pastoral Area of Southern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.19
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly infectious cattle disease, which is widespread in pastoral areas of Africa and it is a major problem for Ethiopian livestock. Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 on bulls’ originated from Borena pastoral area to determine seroprevalence of CBPP. Of the total 40 batches tested for the presence of antibodies using c-ELISA, 25(62.5%) of them contained at least one seropositive bull. From the total of 38,187 bulls tested, 150 (0.4%) bulls were found positive. There was statistically significant (χ2=63.45, df= 9, p=0.000) difference in the occurrence of CBPP among the 10 sites of feedlots operation at individual animal level. In both at herd and individual level, the highest CBPP prevalence was recorded in herd size >1000, and the difference was found statistically significant (P<0.05). There was statistically significant (χ2=23.73, df=9, p= 0.005) difference of CBPP prevalence between months of the year. The present low prevalence CBPP in the cattle feedlots indicate the disease is decreasing progressively in Borena pastoral area. This offered a great opportunity to livestock producers through live animal and meat export. Prompt diagnosis, isolation and stamping out of the outbreaks, intensive surveillance, followed by strict cattle movement control should be implemented by Ethiopian Veterinary Services to eradicate the disease.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly infectious cattle disease, which is widespread in pastoral areas of Africa and it is a major problem for Ethiopian livestock. Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 on bulls’ originated from Borena pastoral area to determine seroprevalence of CBPP. Of the total 40 batches tested for the presence of antibodies using c-ELISA, 25(62.5%) of them contained at least one seropositive bull. From the total of 38,187 bulls tested, 150 (0.4%) bulls were found positive. There was statistically significant (χ2=63.45, df= 9, p=0.000) difference in the occurrence of CBPP among the 10 sites of feedlots operation at individual animal level. In both at herd and individual level, the highest CBPP prevalence was recorded in herd size >1000, and the difference was found statistically significant (P<0.05). There was statistically significant (χ2=23.73, df=9, p= 0.005) difference of CBPP prevalence between months of the year. The present low prevalence CBPP in the cattle feedlots indicate the disease is decreasing progressively in Borena pastoral area. This offered a great opportunity to livestock producers through live animal and meat export. Prompt diagnosis, isolation and stamping out of the outbreaks, intensive surveillance, followed by strict cattle movement control should be implemented by Ethiopian Veterinary Services to eradicate the disease.
Low Sero-Prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Bulls Originated from Borena Pastoral Area of Southern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.19
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-12-26
© Science Publishing Group
Gezahegn Alemayehu
Samson Leta
Berhanu Hailu
Low Sero-Prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Bulls Originated from Borena Pastoral Area of Southern Ethiopia
2
6
217
217
2014-12-26
2014-12-26
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.19
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of Mycoplasma agalactiae by Molecular Methods in Goat Bucks in West of Iran
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.20
The presence of asymptomatic carriers of Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat buck populations, and the internal presence of this microorganism in some of these animals, indicated that the ability of this micro-organism captive in contagious agalactiae to colonize in other locations such as the respiratory system or genitalia. This study was designed to detect the excretion Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat bucks reared in Iran, where the disease is considered endemic. A total of 196 samples which included semen (n=49), conjunctiva (n=49), nasal (n=49) and ear (n=49) of goat bucks were collected from July to September 2013. To avoid the introduction of goat bucks carrying Mycoplasma organisms sub clinically in samples were obtained from all candidate goat bucks for PCR, to detect the presence of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Of the samples tested, 31.12% were scored positive for Mycoplasma spp. and Mycoplasma agalactiae was detected in seventeen samples, conjunctival (6 positive sample), nasal (1 positive sample), ear (5 positive sample) and semen (5 positive sample). The results obtained in the present study confirm of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the semen, conjunctival, nasal and ear in goat bucks without clinical symptoms of contagious agalactiae infection. The presence of this agent in male goat is considered very risky in terms of reproductive disorders and contagious agalactiae outbreaks in endemic areas in Iran. This is the first report of Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat bucks without contagious agalactiae signs in Iran.
The presence of asymptomatic carriers of Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat buck populations, and the internal presence of this microorganism in some of these animals, indicated that the ability of this micro-organism captive in contagious agalactiae to colonize in other locations such as the respiratory system or genitalia. This study was designed to detect the excretion Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat bucks reared in Iran, where the disease is considered endemic. A total of 196 samples which included semen (n=49), conjunctiva (n=49), nasal (n=49) and ear (n=49) of goat bucks were collected from July to September 2013. To avoid the introduction of goat bucks carrying Mycoplasma organisms sub clinically in samples were obtained from all candidate goat bucks for PCR, to detect the presence of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Of the samples tested, 31.12% were scored positive for Mycoplasma spp. and Mycoplasma agalactiae was detected in seventeen samples, conjunctival (6 positive sample), nasal (1 positive sample), ear (5 positive sample) and semen (5 positive sample). The results obtained in the present study confirm of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the semen, conjunctival, nasal and ear in goat bucks without clinical symptoms of contagious agalactiae infection. The presence of this agent in male goat is considered very risky in terms of reproductive disorders and contagious agalactiae outbreaks in endemic areas in Iran. This is the first report of Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat bucks without contagious agalactiae signs in Iran.
Investigation of Mycoplasma agalactiae by Molecular Methods in Goat Bucks in West of Iran
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.20
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Khezri
Seyed Ali Pourbakhsh
Abbas Ashtari
Babak Rokhzad
Investigation of Mycoplasma agalactiae by Molecular Methods in Goat Bucks in West of Iran
2
6
222
222
2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.20
© Science Publishing Group
Mycotoxin Poisoning in an Intensive Beef-Fattening System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.21
In a beef cattle feedlot for human consumption, located in San Agustin village, Calamuchita department, Córdoba, Argentina, a marked mortality rate took place during the months of February 2013 to June 2014. Weather conditions were atypical for the area and season; there were high temperatures, droughts followed by periods of excess moisture and rain. The ration animals were fed with was composed of corn, alfalfa hay, corn burlanda, gluten feed, peanut shells and sunflower pellet. Affected animals presented various symptoms such as dyspnea, hemoglobinuria and hematuria, lack of coordination, death and, in many cases, sudden death. Bovines underwent necropsy by which jaundice, hepatitis with focal necrosis, gallbladder edema, hemoglobinuria, hematuria and kidney necrosis were found. The content of aflatoxins and ochratoxins (OTA) in the ration was determined, detecting a high amount of OTA which may have been the cause of cattle mortality.
In a beef cattle feedlot for human consumption, located in San Agustin village, Calamuchita department, Córdoba, Argentina, a marked mortality rate took place during the months of February 2013 to June 2014. Weather conditions were atypical for the area and season; there were high temperatures, droughts followed by periods of excess moisture and rain. The ration animals were fed with was composed of corn, alfalfa hay, corn burlanda, gluten feed, peanut shells and sunflower pellet. Affected animals presented various symptoms such as dyspnea, hemoglobinuria and hematuria, lack of coordination, death and, in many cases, sudden death. Bovines underwent necropsy by which jaundice, hepatitis with focal necrosis, gallbladder edema, hemoglobinuria, hematuria and kidney necrosis were found. The content of aflatoxins and ochratoxins (OTA) in the ration was determined, detecting a high amount of OTA which may have been the cause of cattle mortality.
Mycotoxin Poisoning in an Intensive Beef-Fattening System
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20140206.21
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-01-06
© Science Publishing Group
Torassa Diego
Acosta María Florencia
Lerda Daniel
Mycotoxin Poisoning in an Intensive Beef-Fattening System
2
6
227
227
2015-01-06
2015-01-06
10.11648/j.avs.20140206.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20140206.21
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of a Single Dose of Ethanol on Survival Rate and Angiogenesis of Chick Embryo
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.12
The developing Chick has been widely used as a model organism for research studies in developmental biology. Various aspects of ethanol (EtOH) toxicity during embryonic development have been documented in experimental studies. The studies on chick embryo address the effects of EtOH on craniofacial abnormalities and angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a single dose of ethanol on survival rate and angiogenesis of chick embryos during early stages of development. Chick eggs were incubated at 37ºC in the humidified incubator, after 72 hours of incubation these eggs were removed from incubator, and treated with a single doses of 1%, 5%, 10%, 13% and 15% EtOH. The effects on survival rate and angiogenesis were recorded on ethanol treated chick embryos. The survival rate was slightly reduced with 1% and 5% EtOH, however with increasing dose of 10% the survival rate was reduced to 64% and at 15% EtOH complete death was observed. Our results also indicate that treatment of EtOH with 1% and 5% did not have any obvious effects on vessels formation in comparison with the BSS treated embryos. However, treatment of chick embryo with 10%, 13% and 15% EtOH severely inhibited the blood vessels formation.
The developing Chick has been widely used as a model organism for research studies in developmental biology. Various aspects of ethanol (EtOH) toxicity during embryonic development have been documented in experimental studies. The studies on chick embryo address the effects of EtOH on craniofacial abnormalities and angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a single dose of ethanol on survival rate and angiogenesis of chick embryos during early stages of development. Chick eggs were incubated at 37ºC in the humidified incubator, after 72 hours of incubation these eggs were removed from incubator, and treated with a single doses of 1%, 5%, 10%, 13% and 15% EtOH. The effects on survival rate and angiogenesis were recorded on ethanol treated chick embryos. The survival rate was slightly reduced with 1% and 5% EtOH, however with increasing dose of 10% the survival rate was reduced to 64% and at 15% EtOH complete death was observed. Our results also indicate that treatment of EtOH with 1% and 5% did not have any obvious effects on vessels formation in comparison with the BSS treated embryos. However, treatment of chick embryo with 10%, 13% and 15% EtOH severely inhibited the blood vessels formation.
Effects of a Single Dose of Ethanol on Survival Rate and Angiogenesis of Chick Embryo
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150301.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-01-20
© Science Publishing Group
Zulifqar Ali Laghari
Ayaz Ali Samo
Baradi Waryani
Zameer Ali Palh
Khalid Hussain Lashari
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi
Gulshan Ara Sahato
Tahira Jabeen Ursani
Effects of a Single Dose of Ethanol on Survival Rate and Angiogenesis of Chick Embryo
3
1
11
11
2015-01-20
2015-01-20
10.11648/j.avs.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Enrichment of Bovine Semen with X-Bearing Spermatozoa Using Percoll™ and Optiprep® Discontinuous Gradients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.11
In cattle, sex selection has a significant economic impact when it improves herd capacity of milk or meat production. Density gradient centrifugation might be an approach to sexing spermatozoa because of the additional DNA content and volume of X-bearing sperm head. In the present work, the accuracy of sperm sexing by Percoll™ and OptiPrep® gradients centrifugation was compared. Bovine semen from three breeds (Holstein, Gir, and Red Angus) was used. The sperm viability and sexing accuracy after sperm selection by centrifugation of low and high-density discontinuous gradient composed by three layers of Percoll™ or OptiPrep® were assessed by in vitro embryo production (IVP) and pregnancy rate following artificial insemination (AI). After IVP, cleavage rate was higher (P < 0.05) for unsexed (81.3%) than for sexed (75.5%) spermatozoa. A significantly lower cleavage rate was observed for sexed (76.1%) spermatozoa when compared to sexed Red Angus (81.2%) spermatozoa. Additionally, significantly lower blastocyst rate was observed using Holstein sexed sperm by OptiPrep® gradient (23.3%) when compared with Gir (41.9%) and Red Angus (48.7%) sexed sperm by Percoll™ gradient. Nevertheless, in all breeds analyzed, a significant sex ratio deviation to females was observed. Analyzing the pregnancy rate after AI with sexed sperm by Percoll™ and OptiPrep®, semen from Gir bulls presented lower (P <0.05) pregnancy/AI (61.3%)when compared to Red Angus (75.9%) and Holstein (77.4%) and bulls. From the results, it was concluded that the increase in female percentage after insemination and/or IVP with bovine sexed sperm by centrifugation of high density gradient composed by three layers of Percoll™ and OptiPrep® may allow this spermatozoa sexing technique to be used in large scale which would support genetic enhancement for milk and meat production as well as for progeny tests in cattle.
In cattle, sex selection has a significant economic impact when it improves herd capacity of milk or meat production. Density gradient centrifugation might be an approach to sexing spermatozoa because of the additional DNA content and volume of X-bearing sperm head. In the present work, the accuracy of sperm sexing by Percoll™ and OptiPrep® gradients centrifugation was compared. Bovine semen from three breeds (Holstein, Gir, and Red Angus) was used. The sperm viability and sexing accuracy after sperm selection by centrifugation of low and high-density discontinuous gradient composed by three layers of Percoll™ or OptiPrep® were assessed by in vitro embryo production (IVP) and pregnancy rate following artificial insemination (AI). After IVP, cleavage rate was higher (P < 0.05) for unsexed (81.3%) than for sexed (75.5%) spermatozoa. A significantly lower cleavage rate was observed for sexed (76.1%) spermatozoa when compared to sexed Red Angus (81.2%) spermatozoa. Additionally, significantly lower blastocyst rate was observed using Holstein sexed sperm by OptiPrep® gradient (23.3%) when compared with Gir (41.9%) and Red Angus (48.7%) sexed sperm by Percoll™ gradient. Nevertheless, in all breeds analyzed, a significant sex ratio deviation to females was observed. Analyzing the pregnancy rate after AI with sexed sperm by Percoll™ and OptiPrep®, semen from Gir bulls presented lower (P <0.05) pregnancy/AI (61.3%)when compared to Red Angus (75.9%) and Holstein (77.4%) and bulls. From the results, it was concluded that the increase in female percentage after insemination and/or IVP with bovine sexed sperm by centrifugation of high density gradient composed by three layers of Percoll™ and OptiPrep® may allow this spermatozoa sexing technique to be used in large scale which would support genetic enhancement for milk and meat production as well as for progeny tests in cattle.
Enrichment of Bovine Semen with X-Bearing Spermatozoa Using Percoll™ and Optiprep® Discontinuous Gradients
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150301.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-01-22
© Science Publishing Group
Vera Hossepian de Lima
Mariney Flavia Di-Tanno Ramalho
Beatriz Costa Aguiar Alves
Aline Costa Lucio
Leticia Zoccolario Oliveira
Carlos Alberto Moreira Filho
Luísa Cunha Carneiro
Enrichment of Bovine Semen with X-Bearing Spermatozoa Using Percoll™ and Optiprep® Discontinuous Gradients
3
1
7
7
2015-01-22
2015-01-22
10.11648/j.avs.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogue in Enhancements of Pregnancy in Repeat Breeding Dairy Cows in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.13
Clinical trial was carried out to evaluating the effects of GNRH analogue (buserelin acetate) along with AI in repeat breeding cross breed cows on enhancement of pregnancy. The trial was also aimed at evaluation of dose variation on conception rate. Sixty six cross breed dairy cattle which were apparently healthy, exhibits estrus regularly were selected and assigned randomly in to three equal groups(A,B and C); two treated groups and one control group. Group A (n=22) cattle were injected intramuscularly a 20 µg buserelin acetateat along with AI and Group B (n=22) cattle have injected with dose of 10µg Buserelin acetate. Group C (n=22) cattle were receive no treatment and considered as a control group, given a single service. These cows were examined for pregnancy after three months through rectal palpation. Additional history was taken from herd owners. The pregnancy rates recorded were 68%, 59% and 32% in the cattle grouped with A, B and C respectively. The conception rates of the treated groups exceeds control group by 36% and 27% respectively. Treated groups showed a significant statistical variation (P<0.05) as compared to control group. Dose variation between two treated groups has an effect on pregnancy rate with significant variation. Other observed finding was that treated first and second parity cows became more responsive to therapy than those with more than two parity with a significant variation (P<0.05). The study revealed that the use of GNRH analogue therapy at the time of AI can enhance pregnancy rate. This would be helpful and cost effective to minimize financial losses incurred from milk production loss, managmental and feed cost. This might be achieved through reducing calving interval and treating repeat breeding cases. The benefit cost ratio indicates that individual cow could benefit small holder farmer by 140 USD within a single month.
Clinical trial was carried out to evaluating the effects of GNRH analogue (buserelin acetate) along with AI in repeat breeding cross breed cows on enhancement of pregnancy. The trial was also aimed at evaluation of dose variation on conception rate. Sixty six cross breed dairy cattle which were apparently healthy, exhibits estrus regularly were selected and assigned randomly in to three equal groups(A,B and C); two treated groups and one control group. Group A (n=22) cattle were injected intramuscularly a 20 µg buserelin acetateat along with AI and Group B (n=22) cattle have injected with dose of 10µg Buserelin acetate. Group C (n=22) cattle were receive no treatment and considered as a control group, given a single service. These cows were examined for pregnancy after three months through rectal palpation. Additional history was taken from herd owners. The pregnancy rates recorded were 68%, 59% and 32% in the cattle grouped with A, B and C respectively. The conception rates of the treated groups exceeds control group by 36% and 27% respectively. Treated groups showed a significant statistical variation (P<0.05) as compared to control group. Dose variation between two treated groups has an effect on pregnancy rate with significant variation. Other observed finding was that treated first and second parity cows became more responsive to therapy than those with more than two parity with a significant variation (P<0.05). The study revealed that the use of GNRH analogue therapy at the time of AI can enhance pregnancy rate. This would be helpful and cost effective to minimize financial losses incurred from milk production loss, managmental and feed cost. This might be achieved through reducing calving interval and treating repeat breeding cases. The benefit cost ratio indicates that individual cow could benefit small holder farmer by 140 USD within a single month.
Effects of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogue in Enhancements of Pregnancy in Repeat Breeding Dairy Cows in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150301.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-01-27
© Science Publishing Group
Birhanu Hailu
Berihu Gebrekidan
Solmon Raju
Alemselam Birhanu
Gebrhiwot Tadesse
Effects of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogue in Enhancements of Pregnancy in Repeat Breeding Dairy Cows in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
3
1
17
17
2015-01-27
2015-01-27
10.11648/j.avs.20150301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Molecular Detection of Some Virulence Genes in Salmonella Spp Isolated from Food Samples in Lagos, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.15
Food-borne salmonellosis is the most prevalent disease and major source of Salmonella spp in humans and its detection particularly in developing countries is quite cumbersome and time consuming. Molecular methods for its detection as well as the genotypic diversity of some of the genes responsible for Salmonella virulence are necessary. The aim of the study was to screen for Salmonella spp using the 16S rRNA, to determine whether the invA gene is specific for Salmonella detection as well as virulence genotyping of some genes present in Salmonella spp (invA, sitC and spvA, spvB and spvC) from food samples in Lagos, Nigeria. All 76 isolates tested positive for 16S rRNA gene while 53 (69.7%) were positive for salm3 and salm4 (389 bp) gene. PCR analysis of the invA gene (284bp) showed that 73 (96.1%) were positive, 38 (50%) of the isolates were positive for sitC gene while none were positive for spvA and spvB and with the multiplex –PCR of invA/spvC gene 25 (33%) were positive for invA (244 bp) gene and none positive for spvC gene. The use of invA gene for Salmonella detection in our food samples is recommended however for most of our isolates the virulence genes were not detected.
Food-borne salmonellosis is the most prevalent disease and major source of Salmonella spp in humans and its detection particularly in developing countries is quite cumbersome and time consuming. Molecular methods for its detection as well as the genotypic diversity of some of the genes responsible for Salmonella virulence are necessary. The aim of the study was to screen for Salmonella spp using the 16S rRNA, to determine whether the invA gene is specific for Salmonella detection as well as virulence genotyping of some genes present in Salmonella spp (invA, sitC and spvA, spvB and spvC) from food samples in Lagos, Nigeria. All 76 isolates tested positive for 16S rRNA gene while 53 (69.7%) were positive for salm3 and salm4 (389 bp) gene. PCR analysis of the invA gene (284bp) showed that 73 (96.1%) were positive, 38 (50%) of the isolates were positive for sitC gene while none were positive for spvA and spvB and with the multiplex –PCR of invA/spvC gene 25 (33%) were positive for invA (244 bp) gene and none positive for spvC gene. The use of invA gene for Salmonella detection in our food samples is recommended however for most of our isolates the virulence genes were not detected.
Molecular Detection of Some Virulence Genes in Salmonella Spp Isolated from Food Samples in Lagos, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150301.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-01-28
© Science Publishing Group
Stella Ifeanyi Smith
Muinah Adenike Fowora
Adedamilola Atiba
Joseph Anejo-Okopi
Tina Fingesi
Mary Ehi Adamu
Emmanuel Adedayo Omonigbehin
Margaret Iteun Ugo-Ijeh
Moses Bamidele
Peter Odeigah
Molecular Detection of Some Virulence Genes in Salmonella Spp Isolated from Food Samples in Lagos, Nigeria
3
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27
27
2015-01-28
2015-01-28
10.11648/j.avs.20150301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.15
© Science Publishing Group
House X Sex Interaction Effects on Body Weight and Linear Measurements of Coturnix Quails
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.14
A total number of two hundred day-old quails of mixed sexes were assessed for body weight, wing length, thigh length and breast girth from third week to the tenth week of age. Analyzed data showed that there was highly significant (P<0.01) house x sex interaction effects on live body weight. This means that body weight is house and sex dependent. Male and female birds reared inside the cage were superior in terms of body weight to those on deep litter. Generally, the rate of growth from third to seventh week was higher across both housing systems and sexes, but decreased after seventh week of age. In the same vein, There was highly significant (P<0.01) house x sex interaction effects on wing length, thigh length and breast girth of quail birds. It infers that these growth traits are house and sex dependent. Male and female birds reared inside the cage were superior in terms of body weight and other growth traits to those on deep litter. Since cage birds were restricted, they were able to utilize feeds given optimally leading to increase in muscle cells and body size. In essence, cage system of rearing produced more quail meat than deep litter, and should be considered for increased productivity and animal proteins supply.
A total number of two hundred day-old quails of mixed sexes were assessed for body weight, wing length, thigh length and breast girth from third week to the tenth week of age. Analyzed data showed that there was highly significant (P<0.01) house x sex interaction effects on live body weight. This means that body weight is house and sex dependent. Male and female birds reared inside the cage were superior in terms of body weight to those on deep litter. Generally, the rate of growth from third to seventh week was higher across both housing systems and sexes, but decreased after seventh week of age. In the same vein, There was highly significant (P<0.01) house x sex interaction effects on wing length, thigh length and breast girth of quail birds. It infers that these growth traits are house and sex dependent. Male and female birds reared inside the cage were superior in terms of body weight and other growth traits to those on deep litter. Since cage birds were restricted, they were able to utilize feeds given optimally leading to increase in muscle cells and body size. In essence, cage system of rearing produced more quail meat than deep litter, and should be considered for increased productivity and animal proteins supply.
House X Sex Interaction Effects on Body Weight and Linear Measurements of Coturnix Quails
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150301.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-01-28
© Science Publishing Group
Simeon Olutoye Olawumi
House X Sex Interaction Effects on Body Weight and Linear Measurements of Coturnix Quails
3
1
21
21
2015-01-28
2015-01-28
10.11648/j.avs.20150301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Impact of Lead and Nickel Environmental Pollution on Blood Levels of Liver Enzymes in House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Kosovo
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.16
The aim of this study was the evaluation of environmental pollution with heavy metals such as Lead and Nickel on the living organisms in industrial areas, using the blood of House sparrow (Passer domesticus) as a bio-indicator of pollution by metals. For this purpose, a blood collection was performed on 32 house sparrows (Passer domesticus) males and females, which were captured in Mitrovica town (situated close to smelter “Trepqa”, closed in year 2000), Drenas town (near the Ferronickel smelter, pollution area) and in rural area (Ujmir village, not contaminated area). In blood plasma we have analysed: alkaline phosphatase (AP), plasma alanin aminotransferase (ALT), aspartat aminotransferase (AST) and total proteins (TP) in house sparrow (Passer domesticus). The results obtained indicate the different values of the enzymes activity (AP, ALT, AST) in blood sparrows between the localities studied. Higher values of AST in significant scale (p<0.001) were found in sparrows from Mitrovica and Drenas town compared with the reference site (Ujmirë village). Values of enzymes ALT, AP and total proteins are different between the analyzed groups but the differences are not significant. Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism of susceptibility of house sparrow to environmental pollution.
The aim of this study was the evaluation of environmental pollution with heavy metals such as Lead and Nickel on the living organisms in industrial areas, using the blood of House sparrow (Passer domesticus) as a bio-indicator of pollution by metals. For this purpose, a blood collection was performed on 32 house sparrows (Passer domesticus) males and females, which were captured in Mitrovica town (situated close to smelter “Trepqa”, closed in year 2000), Drenas town (near the Ferronickel smelter, pollution area) and in rural area (Ujmir village, not contaminated area). In blood plasma we have analysed: alkaline phosphatase (AP), plasma alanin aminotransferase (ALT), aspartat aminotransferase (AST) and total proteins (TP) in house sparrow (Passer domesticus). The results obtained indicate the different values of the enzymes activity (AP, ALT, AST) in blood sparrows between the localities studied. Higher values of AST in significant scale (p<0.001) were found in sparrows from Mitrovica and Drenas town compared with the reference site (Ujmirë village). Values of enzymes ALT, AP and total proteins are different between the analyzed groups but the differences are not significant. Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism of susceptibility of house sparrow to environmental pollution.
The Impact of Lead and Nickel Environmental Pollution on Blood Levels of Liver Enzymes in House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Kosovo
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150301.16
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-03
© Science Publishing Group
Lulzim Millaku
Resmije Imeri
Jeton Orllati
Artan Trebicka
The Impact of Lead and Nickel Environmental Pollution on Blood Levels of Liver Enzymes in House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Kosovo
3
1
31
31
2015-02-03
2015-02-03
10.11648/j.avs.20150301.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.16
© Science Publishing Group
Epidemiological Status of Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia in Southern Zone of Tigray Regions, Northern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.17
A cross sectional study was conducted from December 2012 to May 2013 to determine the epidemiological status of CBPP in southern zone of Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Purposive sampling was used in selection of districts, peasant association and farmers for interview and random sampling was used in selection of animals for serum collection. The questionnaire was provided to 109 informative farmers by face to face interview to know the general animal diseases in the zone and specifically about CBPP. About 26.6 % of the farmers mentioned CBPP as one of the major cattle diseases in the zone. Serum samples from 384 animals were collected to determine the sero-prevalence using complement fixation test. The overall he overall sero-prevalence was 11.9 % ranging from zero (0%) to 28% across different districts. There was no significant (p<0.05) association of sero-prevalence to age and sex groups but was significantly (p< 0.05) associated to the agro ecology and implies a great attention at the mid highland and lowland. The present work highlights a need to scheme and implement control measures directing at preventing further spread and lowering the prevalence of the disease in the zone through the use of better and coordinated vaccination program with great emphasis to animal movement routes.
A cross sectional study was conducted from December 2012 to May 2013 to determine the epidemiological status of CBPP in southern zone of Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Purposive sampling was used in selection of districts, peasant association and farmers for interview and random sampling was used in selection of animals for serum collection. The questionnaire was provided to 109 informative farmers by face to face interview to know the general animal diseases in the zone and specifically about CBPP. About 26.6 % of the farmers mentioned CBPP as one of the major cattle diseases in the zone. Serum samples from 384 animals were collected to determine the sero-prevalence using complement fixation test. The overall he overall sero-prevalence was 11.9 % ranging from zero (0%) to 28% across different districts. There was no significant (p<0.05) association of sero-prevalence to age and sex groups but was significantly (p< 0.05) associated to the agro ecology and implies a great attention at the mid highland and lowland. The present work highlights a need to scheme and implement control measures directing at preventing further spread and lowering the prevalence of the disease in the zone through the use of better and coordinated vaccination program with great emphasis to animal movement routes.
Epidemiological Status of Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia in Southern Zone of Tigray Regions, Northern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150301.17
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-06
© Science Publishing Group
Teshale Teklue
Temesgen Tesfay
Tsigabu Nirayo
Birhanu Hailu
Solomon Wayu
Tesfay Atsbha
Epidemiological Status of Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia in Southern Zone of Tigray Regions, Northern Ethiopia
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36
2015-02-06
2015-02-06
10.11648/j.avs.20150301.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150301.17
© Science Publishing Group
Epididymal Sperm Maturation in Bats with Prolonged Sperm Storage
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.11
Epididymal sperm maturation is the process through which sperm acquire the potential to fertilize the egg. For most mammals, studies report that this process is completed before the sperm enter the cauda region of the epididymis; however, in some bat species, such as the Mexican big-eared bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), this does not occur, as the process does not end until the sperm are inside the cauda of the epididymis, and thus is associated with a long storage period.
Epididymal sperm maturation is the process through which sperm acquire the potential to fertilize the egg. For most mammals, studies report that this process is completed before the sperm enter the cauda region of the epididymis; however, in some bat species, such as the Mexican big-eared bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), this does not occur, as the process does not end until the sperm are inside the cauda of the epididymis, and thus is associated with a long storage period.
Epididymal Sperm Maturation in Bats with Prolonged Sperm Storage
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-16
© Science Publishing Group
Rodríguez-Tobón Ahiezer
León-Galván Miguel A.
Arenas-Ríos Edith
Epididymal Sperm Maturation in Bats with Prolonged Sperm Storage
3
1
7
7
2015-02-16
2015-02-16
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Abandoned Mines Used as Roosts for Reproduction by Townsend’s Big-Eared Bats (Corynorhinus townsendii) in a Protected Area in the Central Highlands of Mexico
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.13
In Chihuahuan Desert arid zone, particularly the states of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi, Mexico, have been distinguished by its large mining activity, however, many of these mines are disuse, becoming potential refuges for various species of cave bats. Monitoring the potential roosts by Corynorhinus townsendii was made within the system of mines in the vicinity of the Sierra La Mojonera Flora and Fauna Protection Area, at Mexico’s Central Highlands in the states of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi. Which consisted of visual inspection inside, and mist netting at the entrance of different mines during an annual cycle. The main reproductive roosts for C. townsendii were identified. Spermatogenesis takes place during May-September; the mating period in November-December, whereas the sequence of gestation-lactation occurred since March to August of the next year. These data confirm that C. townsendii in the area of study follow a seasonally monoestrous reproductive pattern, characterized by an asynchrony between the ovarian and spermatogenic cycles.
In Chihuahuan Desert arid zone, particularly the states of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi, Mexico, have been distinguished by its large mining activity, however, many of these mines are disuse, becoming potential refuges for various species of cave bats. Monitoring the potential roosts by Corynorhinus townsendii was made within the system of mines in the vicinity of the Sierra La Mojonera Flora and Fauna Protection Area, at Mexico’s Central Highlands in the states of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi. Which consisted of visual inspection inside, and mist netting at the entrance of different mines during an annual cycle. The main reproductive roosts for C. townsendii were identified. Spermatogenesis takes place during May-September; the mating period in November-December, whereas the sequence of gestation-lactation occurred since March to August of the next year. These data confirm that C. townsendii in the area of study follow a seasonally monoestrous reproductive pattern, characterized by an asynchrony between the ovarian and spermatogenic cycles.
Abandoned Mines Used as Roosts for Reproduction by Townsend’s Big-Eared Bats (Corynorhinus townsendii) in a Protected Area in the Central Highlands of Mexico
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-27
© Science Publishing Group
León-Galván Miguel Angel
Rodríguez-Tobón Ahiezer
Cano Espinoza José Sulim
Guzman Ledesma Beatriz Samantha
Guevara-Chumacero Luis Manuel
Leyequien Abarca Lissette
Abandoned Mines Used as Roosts for Reproduction by Townsend’s Big-Eared Bats (Corynorhinus townsendii) in a Protected Area in the Central Highlands of Mexico
3
1
21
21
2015-02-27
2015-02-27
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.13
© Science Publishing Group
Gamma GlutamylTranspeptidase Activity Determination in Epididymis of Corynorhinusmexicanus Bat Throughout Its Annual Cycle
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.12
GGT initiates the degradation of both oxidized and reduced glutathione at the cell surface by cleaving the unique gamma glutamyl bond. The successive hydrolysis of oxidized or reduced CysGly by aminopeptidase or dipeptidase releases Gly, and cysteine/cysteine is recovered for intracellular synthesis of glutathione. In addition, GGT plays a major physiological role in providing cysteine to cells for GSH synthesis and protein synthesis, thereby playing a major role in antioxidant defense and normal growth. GGT is present in the epididymis, principally in caput. The catalytic activity of GGT is highest in the proximal epididymal regions and decreases toward the distal regions; participating in the epididymal sperm maturation process.In most mammals, epididymal sperm maturation takes place in a period not exceeding ten days, ending in the distal part of the corpus of the epididymis, before reaching the caudal region, which is responsible only for sperm storage; however, in C. mexicanus the epididymal sperm maturation ends in caudal epididymalregion.For this reason, the main goal of the present study was to determine the relationship between the GGT activity through the caput and caudal epididymal regions, throughout annual cycle of Corynorhinusmexicanus bat.We found that the GGT activity appears to be important for epididymal sperm maturation in C. mexicanus bat in cephalic region, and important for protection against ROS epididymal caudal region.
GGT initiates the degradation of both oxidized and reduced glutathione at the cell surface by cleaving the unique gamma glutamyl bond. The successive hydrolysis of oxidized or reduced CysGly by aminopeptidase or dipeptidase releases Gly, and cysteine/cysteine is recovered for intracellular synthesis of glutathione. In addition, GGT plays a major physiological role in providing cysteine to cells for GSH synthesis and protein synthesis, thereby playing a major role in antioxidant defense and normal growth. GGT is present in the epididymis, principally in caput. The catalytic activity of GGT is highest in the proximal epididymal regions and decreases toward the distal regions; participating in the epididymal sperm maturation process.In most mammals, epididymal sperm maturation takes place in a period not exceeding ten days, ending in the distal part of the corpus of the epididymis, before reaching the caudal region, which is responsible only for sperm storage; however, in C. mexicanus the epididymal sperm maturation ends in caudal epididymalregion.For this reason, the main goal of the present study was to determine the relationship between the GGT activity through the caput and caudal epididymal regions, throughout annual cycle of Corynorhinusmexicanus bat.We found that the GGT activity appears to be important for epididymal sperm maturation in C. mexicanus bat in cephalic region, and important for protection against ROS epididymal caudal region.
Gamma GlutamylTranspeptidase Activity Determination in Epididymis of Corynorhinusmexicanus Bat Throughout Its Annual Cycle
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-27
© Science Publishing Group
Arenas-Ríos Edith
Rosado Adolfo
Rodríguez-Tobón Ernesto
Rodríguez-Tobón Ahiezer
León-Galván Miguel Ángel
Gamma GlutamylTranspeptidase Activity Determination in Epididymis of Corynorhinusmexicanus Bat Throughout Its Annual Cycle
3
1
12
12
2015-02-27
2015-02-27
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.12
© Science Publishing Group
Relationship Between the Amount of Subcutaneous Fat, Testicular Morphometry, Epididymis and Some Sperm Parameters in Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Bat Before, During and After Mating
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.14
Studies in reproductive age mammals show that the increase in fat content is inversely related to sperm quality in response to a decrease in testosterone levels. In turn the decrease in androgen concentration is related to morphophysiological involution in the testis and epididymis. However, the bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae increases the body fat content previous the mating period, contrary to what was reported in most mammals. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the importance of variation in fat content in L. yerbabuenae in relation to testicular and epididymal cycle; and sperm parameters. The results clearly show an increase in the fat content as it approaches the mating season. Also, there is an increase in the size of the testis and epididymis. In the post-mating months, both: fat and testis, decrease and the sperm cells were not presents. Leptonycteris yerbabuenae has a different behaviour to most mammals, accumulate fat while producing, transit and sperm storage could be happening. So, in this model, we must do studies that meet these processes emerging from that reported in other mammals.
Studies in reproductive age mammals show that the increase in fat content is inversely related to sperm quality in response to a decrease in testosterone levels. In turn the decrease in androgen concentration is related to morphophysiological involution in the testis and epididymis. However, the bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae increases the body fat content previous the mating period, contrary to what was reported in most mammals. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the importance of variation in fat content in L. yerbabuenae in relation to testicular and epididymal cycle; and sperm parameters. The results clearly show an increase in the fat content as it approaches the mating season. Also, there is an increase in the size of the testis and epididymis. In the post-mating months, both: fat and testis, decrease and the sperm cells were not presents. Leptonycteris yerbabuenae has a different behaviour to most mammals, accumulate fat while producing, transit and sperm storage could be happening. So, in this model, we must do studies that meet these processes emerging from that reported in other mammals.
Relationship Between the Amount of Subcutaneous Fat, Testicular Morphometry, Epididymis and Some Sperm Parameters in Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Bat Before, During and After Mating
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-03-05
© Science Publishing Group
Martínez-Coronel Matías
Munguía-Pérez Alma Alicia
Arenas-Ríos Edith
Relationship Between the Amount of Subcutaneous Fat, Testicular Morphometry, Epididymis and Some Sperm Parameters in Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Bat Before, During and After Mating
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1
27
27
2015-03-05
2015-03-05
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.14
© Science Publishing Group
Response of Pullet Chicks to Dietary Fumonisin B1: Growth Indices and Haematological Parameters
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.11
Growth indices and heamatological parameters of 180 Isa brownpullet chicks fed graded levels of dietary fumonisin B1 (an environmental mycotoxin produced by Fusariumverticillioides) were studied in a feeding trial that lasted nine weeks. The chicks, having similar initial average weights were randomly assigned to four experimental diets containing 0.2, 5.2, 10.2, and 15.2 mgFB1/kg constituting diets 1( control), 2, 3, and 4 respectivelyin a completely randomized design. Each dietary treatment had three replicates of 15 chicks each. The feed intake was monitored daily and the chicks weighed weekly. Blood samples were collected at the end of the trial and analyzed. Results revealed a non-significant (P>0.05) but FB1 concentration dependent decrease in daily feed intake, final live weight and daily weight gain of chicks fed diets 2, 3, and 4 when compared with those on diet 1. Crude protein and ether extract digestibility decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the dietary FB1 levels increased. The dry matter digestibility of chicks on diets 2, 3, and 4 were 94.77, 95.07 and 94.81 % respectively of the control value. Chicks fed diets containing 10.2 and 15.2 mg FB1/kg suffered significantly (P < 0.05) reduced concentration of erythrocytesand mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration (MCHC). Lymphocytes significantly decline (lymphopenia) while heterophils significantly increased with increase in dietary FB1 suggesting a condition of immunosuppression and tissue degeneration respectively in chicks fed diets 3 and 4. The study demonstrated that pullets chicks exposed to dietary fumonisin concentration of 10.20mg/kg diet and above would suffer depressed apparent crude protein and ether extract digestibility and decreased synthesis of erythrocyte, MCHC and lymphocytes.
Growth indices and heamatological parameters of 180 Isa brownpullet chicks fed graded levels of dietary fumonisin B1 (an environmental mycotoxin produced by Fusariumverticillioides) were studied in a feeding trial that lasted nine weeks. The chicks, having similar initial average weights were randomly assigned to four experimental diets containing 0.2, 5.2, 10.2, and 15.2 mgFB1/kg constituting diets 1( control), 2, 3, and 4 respectivelyin a completely randomized design. Each dietary treatment had three replicates of 15 chicks each. The feed intake was monitored daily and the chicks weighed weekly. Blood samples were collected at the end of the trial and analyzed. Results revealed a non-significant (P>0.05) but FB1 concentration dependent decrease in daily feed intake, final live weight and daily weight gain of chicks fed diets 2, 3, and 4 when compared with those on diet 1. Crude protein and ether extract digestibility decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the dietary FB1 levels increased. The dry matter digestibility of chicks on diets 2, 3, and 4 were 94.77, 95.07 and 94.81 % respectively of the control value. Chicks fed diets containing 10.2 and 15.2 mg FB1/kg suffered significantly (P < 0.05) reduced concentration of erythrocytesand mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration (MCHC). Lymphocytes significantly decline (lymphopenia) while heterophils significantly increased with increase in dietary FB1 suggesting a condition of immunosuppression and tissue degeneration respectively in chicks fed diets 3 and 4. The study demonstrated that pullets chicks exposed to dietary fumonisin concentration of 10.20mg/kg diet and above would suffer depressed apparent crude protein and ether extract digestibility and decreased synthesis of erythrocyte, MCHC and lymphocytes.
Response of Pullet Chicks to Dietary Fumonisin B1: Growth Indices and Haematological Parameters
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150302.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-13
© Science Publishing Group
Ogunlade Jacob Taiwo
Response of Pullet Chicks to Dietary Fumonisin B1: Growth Indices and Haematological Parameters
3
2
40
40
2015-02-13
2015-02-13
10.11648/j.avs.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Outcome of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Treatment 12 Days Post AI and Double Insemination on Conception Rate of Repeat Breeding Cows in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.12
The aim of the present study was to determine outcome of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue given 12 days post AI and double inseminations during estrous period of dairy cattle and improvement of conception rate. Field trial was carried out on repeat breeding cross breed dairy cows which are lactating, apparently healthy and exhibits estrus regularly. A total of Sixty three repeat-breeding cows from twenty eight herds were selected and assigned randomly in to three equal groups G (1, 2 and 3); two treated and one control group. Group1 (n=21) cattle were treated intramuscularly with 10 µg buserelin acetate 12 days post AI. Group2 (n=21) cattle were inseminated twice during estrus exhibition with 6-8 hours interval. Group3 (n=21) cattle were receive no treatment, inseminated once as heat was detected and considered as a control group. Dairy cows were examined for pregnancy after three months through rectal palpation. Pregnancy rates recorded were 52%, 38% and 28% in G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Conception rates of treated groups (G1 and G2) exceed control group by 24% and 10% respectively and showed a significant statistical variation (P<0.05) as compared to control groups. Comparison between treated groups also indicated that G1 has statistical significant difference from G2. From this experiment, it is recommended that use of GnRH 12 days can improve pregnancy rate as compared to double insemination and single service.
The aim of the present study was to determine outcome of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue given 12 days post AI and double inseminations during estrous period of dairy cattle and improvement of conception rate. Field trial was carried out on repeat breeding cross breed dairy cows which are lactating, apparently healthy and exhibits estrus regularly. A total of Sixty three repeat-breeding cows from twenty eight herds were selected and assigned randomly in to three equal groups G (1, 2 and 3); two treated and one control group. Group1 (n=21) cattle were treated intramuscularly with 10 µg buserelin acetate 12 days post AI. Group2 (n=21) cattle were inseminated twice during estrus exhibition with 6-8 hours interval. Group3 (n=21) cattle were receive no treatment, inseminated once as heat was detected and considered as a control group. Dairy cows were examined for pregnancy after three months through rectal palpation. Pregnancy rates recorded were 52%, 38% and 28% in G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Conception rates of treated groups (G1 and G2) exceed control group by 24% and 10% respectively and showed a significant statistical variation (P<0.05) as compared to control groups. Comparison between treated groups also indicated that G1 has statistical significant difference from G2. From this experiment, it is recommended that use of GnRH 12 days can improve pregnancy rate as compared to double insemination and single service.
Outcome of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Treatment 12 Days Post AI and Double Insemination on Conception Rate of Repeat Breeding Cows in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150302.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-25
© Science Publishing Group
Birhanu Hailu
Berihu Gebrekidan
Solmon Raju
Alemselam Birhanu
Gebrehiwot Tadesse
Gezahign Alemayehu
Outcome of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Treatment 12 Days Post AI and Double Insemination on Conception Rate of Repeat Breeding Cows in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
3
2
45
45
2015-02-25
2015-02-25
10.11648/j.avs.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Quality Constraints in the Market Chains for Export of Small Ruminants from Afar Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Areas
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.14
The study was conducted in four districts of Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Area to determine quality constraints in the market chains for export of Afar’s small ruminants. A total of 291 producers, 8 traders and 4 exporters were interviewed with separate semi-structured questionnaires. The result of study indicated that small ruminant made by far the greatest contribution to livestock-based livelihoods in all study districts. About 72.2% of pastoralist offers shoat for sale to meet their urgent needs at any time during the year. Majority (51.9%) of the producers have no specific target to sale their shoat. Quality and other criteria required by importers were known only by 7.6% of the producers, while majority of them (92.4%) did not know quality and other criteria required by importer. Even though sheep were most demanded by exporters, sheep accounts only 20% from total shoat presented for sale. Only 14.4% of the producers offer adult male for sale which were fit for export. Along the market chain pre-purchase inspection and selection for quality assurance and certification for live shoat were none existent. In all Afar’s livestock markets there is no objective standard for selling and buying animals. The result of this study showed that small ruminants supplied to the markets by pastoralist do not meet the quality attributes required by export markets. Appropriate extension service that will respond to the peculiar needs of export markets, especially on the aspect of providing information and knowledge on the desired shoat characteristics and quality requirements of importing countries should be provided for the producers.
The study was conducted in four districts of Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Area to determine quality constraints in the market chains for export of Afar’s small ruminants. A total of 291 producers, 8 traders and 4 exporters were interviewed with separate semi-structured questionnaires. The result of study indicated that small ruminant made by far the greatest contribution to livestock-based livelihoods in all study districts. About 72.2% of pastoralist offers shoat for sale to meet their urgent needs at any time during the year. Majority (51.9%) of the producers have no specific target to sale their shoat. Quality and other criteria required by importers were known only by 7.6% of the producers, while majority of them (92.4%) did not know quality and other criteria required by importer. Even though sheep were most demanded by exporters, sheep accounts only 20% from total shoat presented for sale. Only 14.4% of the producers offer adult male for sale which were fit for export. Along the market chain pre-purchase inspection and selection for quality assurance and certification for live shoat were none existent. In all Afar’s livestock markets there is no objective standard for selling and buying animals. The result of this study showed that small ruminants supplied to the markets by pastoralist do not meet the quality attributes required by export markets. Appropriate extension service that will respond to the peculiar needs of export markets, especially on the aspect of providing information and knowledge on the desired shoat characteristics and quality requirements of importing countries should be provided for the producers.
Quality Constraints in the Market Chains for Export of Small Ruminants from Afar Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Areas
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150302.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-26
© Science Publishing Group
Gezahegn Alemayehu
Birhanu Hailu
Nuru Seid
Quality Constraints in the Market Chains for Export of Small Ruminants from Afar Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Areas
3
2
57
57
2015-02-26
2015-02-26
10.11648/j.avs.20150302.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.14
© Science Publishing Group
Growth of Different Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains in Cell Lines from Origin of Lymphoid Leukosis Tumors
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.13
Growth and propagation of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chicken embryo is time consuming and costly, and an appropriate serological test is required to detect and identify IBDV strains, therefore, a suitable cell lines in which different IBDV strains can grow well has been needed. The aim of the present work was to study the growth of different IBDV strains in cell lines from lymphoid leukosis tumors using histopathological staining, indirect immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, cell lines from origin of lymphoid leukosis tumors; LSCC-BK3 and LSCC-CU10 are suitable for growth and propagation of different IBDV strains. IBDV strains resulted into histopathological lesions of variable severity differ according to the patho-type of IBDV and time after virus inoculation. Indirect immunofluorescent test could be used for detection and differentiation of IBDV strains inoculated into cell lines from origin of lymphoid leukosis tumors. Trials of immunohistochemistry technique for detection of different IBDV strains in cell lines, were unsuccessful. Using transmission electron microscopy, IBDV particles could be detected in all infected cell lines.
Growth and propagation of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chicken embryo is time consuming and costly, and an appropriate serological test is required to detect and identify IBDV strains, therefore, a suitable cell lines in which different IBDV strains can grow well has been needed. The aim of the present work was to study the growth of different IBDV strains in cell lines from lymphoid leukosis tumors using histopathological staining, indirect immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, cell lines from origin of lymphoid leukosis tumors; LSCC-BK3 and LSCC-CU10 are suitable for growth and propagation of different IBDV strains. IBDV strains resulted into histopathological lesions of variable severity differ according to the patho-type of IBDV and time after virus inoculation. Indirect immunofluorescent test could be used for detection and differentiation of IBDV strains inoculated into cell lines from origin of lymphoid leukosis tumors. Trials of immunohistochemistry technique for detection of different IBDV strains in cell lines, were unsuccessful. Using transmission electron microscopy, IBDV particles could be detected in all infected cell lines.
Growth of Different Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains in Cell Lines from Origin of Lymphoid Leukosis Tumors
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150302.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-02-28
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed Hassan
Mostafa Shahata
Elrefaie Refaie
Ragab Ibrahim
Jun Sasaki
Masanubu Goryo
Growth of Different Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains in Cell Lines from Origin of Lymphoid Leukosis Tumors
3
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50
50
2015-02-28
2015-02-28
10.11648/j.avs.20150302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Economic Importance and Control Techniques of Lumpy Skin Diseases
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.15
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious disease of cattle endemic in most Sub-Saharan African countries. It is economically devastating viral diseases which cause several financial problems in livestock industries as a result of significant milk yield loss, infertility, abortion and death. It is caused by lumpy skin diseases virus of capripoxvirus. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, firm, and circumscribed nodules in the skin and ulcerative lesions particularly in the mucous membrane of the mouth. It occurs in all agro climatic conditions and has the potential to extend its boundaries. It is transmitted by insect vectors among the cattle sharing similar grazing and watering areas and those congregate in the same barn. Good understanding of epidemiology, economic significance and control mechanisms of the disease enabled to design suitable control measures. LSD could be diagnosed using appropriate serological and molecular techniques. Effective control measure of the disease is achieved through mass vaccination though separation and culling of infected animals are optional methods.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious disease of cattle endemic in most Sub-Saharan African countries. It is economically devastating viral diseases which cause several financial problems in livestock industries as a result of significant milk yield loss, infertility, abortion and death. It is caused by lumpy skin diseases virus of capripoxvirus. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, firm, and circumscribed nodules in the skin and ulcerative lesions particularly in the mucous membrane of the mouth. It occurs in all agro climatic conditions and has the potential to extend its boundaries. It is transmitted by insect vectors among the cattle sharing similar grazing and watering areas and those congregate in the same barn. Good understanding of epidemiology, economic significance and control mechanisms of the disease enabled to design suitable control measures. LSD could be diagnosed using appropriate serological and molecular techniques. Effective control measure of the disease is achieved through mass vaccination though separation and culling of infected animals are optional methods.
Economic Importance and Control Techniques of Lumpy Skin Diseases
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150302.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-03-15
© Science Publishing Group
Birhanu Hailu
Gezahign Alemayehu
Nuru Seid
Economic Importance and Control Techniques of Lumpy Skin Diseases
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66
66
2015-03-15
2015-03-15
10.11648/j.avs.20150302.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.15
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Sorting on Cannibalism in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Rose in Concrete Tanks in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.16
This research study was carried out on the effects of cannibalism in catfish (Clarias gariepinus; commonly called “Tarwada” in Hausa language), rose in indoor aquaculture, at the hatchery complex, NIFFRI, Maiduguri. The experiments were designed into three treatments; ‘A’ no sorting (control), ‘B’ daily sorting and ‘C’ weekly sorting, performed after stocking with two replications. Randomly sourced, sampled brood stocks (2 males and 2 females). Standard method was used to induce breeding of Clarias gariepinus by using Ova-prim and fry were obtained. The Juveniles catfish were sorted, counted and stocked into tanks. Their average weight were taken (2.45kg) and density of 100 fish / m2 was tested in each treatment, water parameters, survival rate, growth performance, rates and effects of cannibalism in Clarias gariepinus were determined. Treatment A had the highest mean weight (11.45g ± 2.4), cannibalism rate (40%), with lowest survival rate (60%). Highest survival rate was observed in C (86%), while optimum growth performance was observed in B (4.2g, 5cm, and 8cm). Results revealed that cannibalism is high in treatment A, less in C (2%), same with shooters. High cannibalism in Clarias gariepinus juveniles has been established, this could be controlled by frequent sorting (daily). Further studies are to be conducted on the cost implication of controlling cannibalism in outdoor aquaculture.
This research study was carried out on the effects of cannibalism in catfish (Clarias gariepinus; commonly called “Tarwada” in Hausa language), rose in indoor aquaculture, at the hatchery complex, NIFFRI, Maiduguri. The experiments were designed into three treatments; ‘A’ no sorting (control), ‘B’ daily sorting and ‘C’ weekly sorting, performed after stocking with two replications. Randomly sourced, sampled brood stocks (2 males and 2 females). Standard method was used to induce breeding of Clarias gariepinus by using Ova-prim and fry were obtained. The Juveniles catfish were sorted, counted and stocked into tanks. Their average weight were taken (2.45kg) and density of 100 fish / m2 was tested in each treatment, water parameters, survival rate, growth performance, rates and effects of cannibalism in Clarias gariepinus were determined. Treatment A had the highest mean weight (11.45g ± 2.4), cannibalism rate (40%), with lowest survival rate (60%). Highest survival rate was observed in C (86%), while optimum growth performance was observed in B (4.2g, 5cm, and 8cm). Results revealed that cannibalism is high in treatment A, less in C (2%), same with shooters. High cannibalism in Clarias gariepinus juveniles has been established, this could be controlled by frequent sorting (daily). Further studies are to be conducted on the cost implication of controlling cannibalism in outdoor aquaculture.
Effects of Sorting on Cannibalism in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Rose in Concrete Tanks in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150302.16
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-04-15
© Science Publishing Group
Abubakar Abdullahi Biu
Gwana Adamu Mohammed
Bukar-Kolo M. Yachilla
Bako M. Modu
Umaru Buba Wakil
Abdullahi M. Mai
Ali Abba Gana Benisheikh
Adarju M. B.
Effects of Sorting on Cannibalism in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Rose in Concrete Tanks in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria
3
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73
73
2015-04-15
2015-04-15
10.11648/j.avs.20150302.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.16
© Science Publishing Group
Sheep Infection by Haemonchus Species: Effect on Haematocrit and Evaluation of the FAMACHA© Method in Arsi Negele District, Oromia, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.17
Infection with Haemonchus species in sheep at Arsi- Negele district was determined by differential third-stage larvae and the objective was to evaluate the validation of FAMACHA© chart in the diagnosis of Haemonchus infection. The animal’s anemia level was determined by using the FAMACHA© method and their corresponding PCV (packed cell volume) were determined by haematocrit centrifugation method. The color of the ocular membrane of all animals was scored 1 to 5 using the FAMACHA© card and blood samples were collected from each animal for determination of PCV. Fecal samples also collected from sampled animals tested for fecal egg counts (FEC), and fecal culture for identification of third stage larvae of Haemonchus species. All sheep studied were negative for Fasciola and were not heavily infested by lice and ticks. A highly significant negative correlations [(R-square = 0.28, Coef. = -0.78); (R-square= 0.58, Coef= -0.34)] was observed between Haemonchus larvae and PCV, and PCV and eye color respectively. Positive correlations [(R-square= 0.19, Coef. = 1.53); (R-square=0.274, Coef= 0.05)] was observed between FAMACHA© score and Haemonchus infection, and FAMACHA© score and egg per gram of faces (EPG) respectively. The PCV of the Haemonchus positive sheep had a strong negative correlation with the EPG (R-square=0.53, Coef= -0.023). We evaluated the validity of FAMACHA© eye scoring to measure severely infested sheep and got strong correlation among FAMACHA© eye scoring, PCV and Fecal culture positivity. As a conclusion the FAMACHA© anaemia scoring guide can be used to treat only severely anemic sheep and hence reduce mass treatment and this reduce chance of drug resistance.
Infection with Haemonchus species in sheep at Arsi- Negele district was determined by differential third-stage larvae and the objective was to evaluate the validation of FAMACHA© chart in the diagnosis of Haemonchus infection. The animal’s anemia level was determined by using the FAMACHA© method and their corresponding PCV (packed cell volume) were determined by haematocrit centrifugation method. The color of the ocular membrane of all animals was scored 1 to 5 using the FAMACHA© card and blood samples were collected from each animal for determination of PCV. Fecal samples also collected from sampled animals tested for fecal egg counts (FEC), and fecal culture for identification of third stage larvae of Haemonchus species. All sheep studied were negative for Fasciola and were not heavily infested by lice and ticks. A highly significant negative correlations [(R-square = 0.28, Coef. = -0.78); (R-square= 0.58, Coef= -0.34)] was observed between Haemonchus larvae and PCV, and PCV and eye color respectively. Positive correlations [(R-square= 0.19, Coef. = 1.53); (R-square=0.274, Coef= 0.05)] was observed between FAMACHA© score and Haemonchus infection, and FAMACHA© score and egg per gram of faces (EPG) respectively. The PCV of the Haemonchus positive sheep had a strong negative correlation with the EPG (R-square=0.53, Coef= -0.023). We evaluated the validity of FAMACHA© eye scoring to measure severely infested sheep and got strong correlation among FAMACHA© eye scoring, PCV and Fecal culture positivity. As a conclusion the FAMACHA© anaemia scoring guide can be used to treat only severely anemic sheep and hence reduce mass treatment and this reduce chance of drug resistance.
Sheep Infection by Haemonchus Species: Effect on Haematocrit and Evaluation of the FAMACHA© Method in Arsi Negele District, Oromia, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150302.17
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-04-15
© Science Publishing Group
Guash Abay
Tilaye Demissie
Amene Fekadu
Teshale Teklue
Sheep Infection by Haemonchus Species: Effect on Haematocrit and Evaluation of the FAMACHA© Method in Arsi Negele District, Oromia, Ethiopia
3
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79
79
2015-04-15
2015-04-15
10.11648/j.avs.20150302.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150302.17
© Science Publishing Group
Removal Cyanobacteria by Diatomite Filter from Raw Freshwater and Potential Use in Watering Domestic Animals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.11
Growing harmful cyanobacteria in freshwater cause several poisoning episodes of livestock, wild and domestic animal. Conventional surface drinking water treatment utilizes coagulation; flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection are inadequate and require great financial means or application in watering domestic animals. The filtration of raw freshwater by diatomite is very simple without use of chemical products. Samples of locally diatomite were dried ant calcined and tested to verify their efficiency to removal cyanobacteria cells from raw freshwater. The results obtained shows that filtration by calcined diatomite improve high efficiency to removal cyanobacteria and decrease the level of microcystin in the filtrate solutions.
Growing harmful cyanobacteria in freshwater cause several poisoning episodes of livestock, wild and domestic animal. Conventional surface drinking water treatment utilizes coagulation; flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection are inadequate and require great financial means or application in watering domestic animals. The filtration of raw freshwater by diatomite is very simple without use of chemical products. Samples of locally diatomite were dried ant calcined and tested to verify their efficiency to removal cyanobacteria cells from raw freshwater. The results obtained shows that filtration by calcined diatomite improve high efficiency to removal cyanobacteria and decrease the level of microcystin in the filtrate solutions.
Removal Cyanobacteria by Diatomite Filter from Raw Freshwater and Potential Use in Watering Domestic Animals
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150303.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-05-01
© Science Publishing Group
Belkacem Behira
Removal Cyanobacteria by Diatomite Filter from Raw Freshwater and Potential Use in Watering Domestic Animals
3
3
83
83
2015-05-01
2015-05-01
10.11648/j.avs.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Gross and Histo-Pathological Changes in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Experimentally Infected with Salmonella Enterica Serovar Gallinarum
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.12
A total of 160 (108 males and 52 females) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used for the experiment. The quails were obtained at the age of four weeks from the Poultry Division of the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. They were randomly selected and assigned into four groups (A, B, C and D) of forty quails each. Groups A, B and C were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum per os at the dose of 106,, 104 and 102, respectively, while group D served as the control. Mortality rate ranged from 30% to 35%. Grossly, congestion of the liver, lung and ovarian follicle were generally observed in all the infected groups. Also bronzed liver,hepato-splenomegaly, swollen and congested kidney and ascites were observed. Histopathological lesions included; congestion and cellular infiltration of various organs (liver, lung and heart), as well as hepatic vacuolation and hemorrhages. The high mortality rate, gross and histo-pathological findings in this study demonstrate that Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) are highly susceptible to Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum.
A total of 160 (108 males and 52 females) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used for the experiment. The quails were obtained at the age of four weeks from the Poultry Division of the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. They were randomly selected and assigned into four groups (A, B, C and D) of forty quails each. Groups A, B and C were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum per os at the dose of 106,, 104 and 102, respectively, while group D served as the control. Mortality rate ranged from 30% to 35%. Grossly, congestion of the liver, lung and ovarian follicle were generally observed in all the infected groups. Also bronzed liver,hepato-splenomegaly, swollen and congested kidney and ascites were observed. Histopathological lesions included; congestion and cellular infiltration of various organs (liver, lung and heart), as well as hepatic vacuolation and hemorrhages. The high mortality rate, gross and histo-pathological findings in this study demonstrate that Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) are highly susceptible to Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum.
Gross and Histo-Pathological Changes in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Experimentally Infected with Salmonella Enterica Serovar Gallinarum
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150303.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Barde Israel Joshua
Bale James Olaniyi Olabode
Oladele Sunday Blessing
Fatihu Mohammed Yakassai
Kumbish Peterside Rinle
Chukwu Doris Isioma
Rimfa Amos Gambo
Akanbi Babatunde Olatunde
Moses Gyang Davou
Ahmed James Saidu
Okewole Philip Ademola
Gross and Histo-Pathological Changes in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Experimentally Infected with Salmonella Enterica Serovar Gallinarum
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2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.avs.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Distribution and Seroprevalence of PPR Virus in Chad During 2004 - 2014
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.13
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge, erosive and necrotizing stomatitis, enteritis and pneumonia. It is widespread, virulent and devastating causing significant impacts to the economy, food security and livelihoods of poor marginalized farmers. This study focused on clinical observations of 233 suspected cases of PPR and provided detailed information on the prevalence of antibodies against the PPR virus in sera from 986 small ruminants and 31 from camels. Most of specimens for this study were obtained from the slaughterhouse in N'Djamena. Sera for the detection of antibodies against the PPR virus were not necessarily representative of the target population, even if they were from a larger number of regions. According to information provided by the epidemiological surveillance field agents, the foci of the disease were more severe in goats than in sheep and the outbreaks frequency was higher during the Cold dry season (December to June) than during the other months of the year. Analysis of 1017 sera collected in small ruminants and camels revealed that the prevalence of antibodies against the PPR virus was 34.48%. The prevalence of antibodies against the PPR virus varied by species (goats, 15.21%, sheep, 19.25% and camels, 0%), age groups and geographic areas. The rate of infection by the PPR virus was higher in the sheep population (34. 67%) than in goats (27.37%). The study showed seroprevalence higher in sheep than in goats. In contrast, no serum from camels revealed positive vis-à-vis the PPR virus. Another serological survey would need to be undertaken in the population of camels in order to clarify their role in the epidemiology of PPR.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge, erosive and necrotizing stomatitis, enteritis and pneumonia. It is widespread, virulent and devastating causing significant impacts to the economy, food security and livelihoods of poor marginalized farmers. This study focused on clinical observations of 233 suspected cases of PPR and provided detailed information on the prevalence of antibodies against the PPR virus in sera from 986 small ruminants and 31 from camels. Most of specimens for this study were obtained from the slaughterhouse in N'Djamena. Sera for the detection of antibodies against the PPR virus were not necessarily representative of the target population, even if they were from a larger number of regions. According to information provided by the epidemiological surveillance field agents, the foci of the disease were more severe in goats than in sheep and the outbreaks frequency was higher during the Cold dry season (December to June) than during the other months of the year. Analysis of 1017 sera collected in small ruminants and camels revealed that the prevalence of antibodies against the PPR virus was 34.48%. The prevalence of antibodies against the PPR virus varied by species (goats, 15.21%, sheep, 19.25% and camels, 0%), age groups and geographic areas. The rate of infection by the PPR virus was higher in the sheep population (34. 67%) than in goats (27.37%). The study showed seroprevalence higher in sheep than in goats. In contrast, no serum from camels revealed positive vis-à-vis the PPR virus. Another serological survey would need to be undertaken in the population of camels in order to clarify their role in the epidemiology of PPR.
Distribution and Seroprevalence of PPR Virus in Chad During 2004 - 2014
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150303.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-05-16
© Science Publishing Group
BIDJEH Kebkiba
BAN-BO Bebanto Antipas
MAHAMAT Fayiz Abakar
ASSANDI Oussiguere
ASSANE Kembe
TCHARI Doungous
KEILAR Aurelie
TAÏTOUIN Sounkreo
Distribution and Seroprevalence of PPR Virus in Chad During 2004 - 2014
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2015-05-16
2015-05-16
10.11648/j.avs.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Reproductive Performance and Problems in Crossbred (Holstein Friesian X Zebu) Dairy Cattle in and Around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.14
A cross sectional study was conducted in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia from November 2013 to May 2014 with the aims to assess reproductive performance and prevalence of reproductive problems in crossbred (Holstein Friesian x Zebu) dairy cattle. A questionnaire survey methodology was used. The study sampled 177 randomly selected dairy farms comprising 1013 crossbred dairy cattle (736 cows and 277 heifers). The mean age at first service, age at first calving, first postpartum estrus and calving interval were 24.8 months, 35.3 months, 114.5 days and 401.5 days, respectively. Prevalence rates of reproductive problems recorded in the study area were anestrus (37.8%), repeat-breeding (21.0%), dystocia (11.6%), retained fetal membranes (11.5%), endometritis (6.6%), abortion (6.4%), prolapsed uterus/vagina (2.9%), stillbirth (2.0%) and freemartin (0.2%). Incidence of abortion did not vary with parity and stages of gestation. Breeding and the possible causes of missing insemination/mating while animals were in estrus are problematic. In conclusion, this study has revealed that the reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cattle was not optimal, and anestrus, repeat-breeding, dystocia, retained fetal membranes, endometritis and abortion were the major reproductive problems. More effective breeding and reproductive health management should be considered to improve the fertility of this crossbred cattle herd. Awareness and training should be provided to the farming community to improve the productivity in the region.
A cross sectional study was conducted in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia from November 2013 to May 2014 with the aims to assess reproductive performance and prevalence of reproductive problems in crossbred (Holstein Friesian x Zebu) dairy cattle. A questionnaire survey methodology was used. The study sampled 177 randomly selected dairy farms comprising 1013 crossbred dairy cattle (736 cows and 277 heifers). The mean age at first service, age at first calving, first postpartum estrus and calving interval were 24.8 months, 35.3 months, 114.5 days and 401.5 days, respectively. Prevalence rates of reproductive problems recorded in the study area were anestrus (37.8%), repeat-breeding (21.0%), dystocia (11.6%), retained fetal membranes (11.5%), endometritis (6.6%), abortion (6.4%), prolapsed uterus/vagina (2.9%), stillbirth (2.0%) and freemartin (0.2%). Incidence of abortion did not vary with parity and stages of gestation. Breeding and the possible causes of missing insemination/mating while animals were in estrus are problematic. In conclusion, this study has revealed that the reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cattle was not optimal, and anestrus, repeat-breeding, dystocia, retained fetal membranes, endometritis and abortion were the major reproductive problems. More effective breeding and reproductive health management should be considered to improve the fertility of this crossbred cattle herd. Awareness and training should be provided to the farming community to improve the productivity in the region.
Assessment of Reproductive Performance and Problems in Crossbred (Holstein Friesian X Zebu) Dairy Cattle in and Around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150303.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Alemselam Birhanu Mekonnin
Christopher R. Harlow
Goitom Gidey
Desalew Tadesse
Gidena Desta
Tadesse Gugssa
Simon C. Riley
Assessment of Reproductive Performance and Problems in Crossbred (Holstein Friesian X Zebu) Dairy Cattle in and Around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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101
101
2015-06-05
2015-06-05
10.11648/j.avs.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii from Native Cattle in Southwest of Iran
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.11
Infections by protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are prevalent worldwide in animals and human. T. gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent parasitic infections to humans and domestic animals. If first be during pregnancy, T. gondii may be transferred vertically by tachyzoites that are passed to the embryo via the placenta. T. gondii may be transmitted horizontally in three phases of the life cycle, ingesting infectious oocysts from the environment or tissue cysts or tachyzoites which are contained in gastrointestinal of many different animals. Transmission may also occur via tachyzoites contained in blood products, texture transplants or non-pasteurized milk. Like rest of the world toxoplasmosis is prevalent in Iran. The present study aimed to determine T. gondii isolates from native cattle in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province located in south west of Iran by molecular methods. In this study, 155 blood samples were collected from native cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted using DNA extraction Kit (Cinna Gen, Iran) according to the manufacturer protocol and PCR was performed using specific primers (ITS-F and ITS-R). Sixteen (6.95%) cattle were positive to T. gondii infection. The positive control samples showed the excepted amplification product specific for T. gondii (171 bp). Although the present results showed relatively low prevalence of T.gondii infection in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari native cattle, control and eradication programs seem to be still necessary to prevent the prevalence of this infection factor and economic losses.
Infections by protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are prevalent worldwide in animals and human. T. gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent parasitic infections to humans and domestic animals. If first be during pregnancy, T. gondii may be transferred vertically by tachyzoites that are passed to the embryo via the placenta. T. gondii may be transmitted horizontally in three phases of the life cycle, ingesting infectious oocysts from the environment or tissue cysts or tachyzoites which are contained in gastrointestinal of many different animals. Transmission may also occur via tachyzoites contained in blood products, texture transplants or non-pasteurized milk. Like rest of the world toxoplasmosis is prevalent in Iran. The present study aimed to determine T. gondii isolates from native cattle in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province located in south west of Iran by molecular methods. In this study, 155 blood samples were collected from native cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted using DNA extraction Kit (Cinna Gen, Iran) according to the manufacturer protocol and PCR was performed using specific primers (ITS-F and ITS-R). Sixteen (6.95%) cattle were positive to T. gondii infection. The positive control samples showed the excepted amplification product specific for T. gondii (171 bp). Although the present results showed relatively low prevalence of T.gondii infection in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari native cattle, control and eradication programs seem to be still necessary to prevent the prevalence of this infection factor and economic losses.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii from Native Cattle in Southwest of Iran
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150304.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Asghar Arshi
Esmaeil Mahmoudi
Mohammad-Saeid Jami
Abbas Doosti
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii from Native Cattle in Southwest of Iran
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105
2015-06-12
2015-06-12
10.11648/j.avs.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Characteristics of Households and Indigenous Chicken Consumption in N'Djamena (Chad)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.12
The objective of the study was to analyze the home consumption of local chickens in N'Djamena. It was conducted using a crosscutting and retrospective survey of a purposive sample per a quota of 250 households in 10 districts of the city. The heads of household surveyed are in average 41.5±9.4 years old and led families made up of 9.6±4.9 persons. The majority of respondents (94.4%) were married and educated (78.8%) at different levels. Employees were the majority (68%). The majority of households (62%) had an average monthly income ranging from less than 50,000 F CFA to 150,000 F CFA and about 82% of households spend in average 25,000 to 75,000 F CFA for food per month. Indigenous chicken is consumed during parties (32.3%), Christian festivals (38.0%) and visits by VIPs (39.7%). Most respondents (71%) had a monthly consumption frequency ranging from 2 times (45.6%) or 3 times (25.2%). Households headed by women consumed an average 2.01 chickens as against 1.78 heads for households led by men (p > 0.05). All respondents (100%) stated having a preference for indigenous chicken. Taste and price are considered as the main determinants of indigenous chicken consumption in households in N'Djamena.
The objective of the study was to analyze the home consumption of local chickens in N'Djamena. It was conducted using a crosscutting and retrospective survey of a purposive sample per a quota of 250 households in 10 districts of the city. The heads of household surveyed are in average 41.5±9.4 years old and led families made up of 9.6±4.9 persons. The majority of respondents (94.4%) were married and educated (78.8%) at different levels. Employees were the majority (68%). The majority of households (62%) had an average monthly income ranging from less than 50,000 F CFA to 150,000 F CFA and about 82% of households spend in average 25,000 to 75,000 F CFA for food per month. Indigenous chicken is consumed during parties (32.3%), Christian festivals (38.0%) and visits by VIPs (39.7%). Most respondents (71%) had a monthly consumption frequency ranging from 2 times (45.6%) or 3 times (25.2%). Households headed by women consumed an average 2.01 chickens as against 1.78 heads for households led by men (p > 0.05). All respondents (100%) stated having a preference for indigenous chicken. Taste and price are considered as the main determinants of indigenous chicken consumption in households in N'Djamena.
Characteristics of Households and Indigenous Chicken Consumption in N'Djamena (Chad)
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150304.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Issa Youssouf Adoum
Mopate Logtene Youssouf
Vounparet Zeuh
Ayssiwede Simplice Bosco
Bada Algom Oumar
Adam Bakhit Mustapha
Ardjoun Khalil Djalal
Missohou Ayao
Characteristics of Households and Indigenous Chicken Consumption in N'Djamena (Chad)
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2015-06-17
10.11648/j.avs.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Toxoplasmosis in Small Ruminants from Varied Habitats
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.15
Background: Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease found all over the world in all the mammalian and avian species. We conceived the hypothesis that the infection might be affected by the various factor differing in various habitats. The present study was conducted to evaluate our hypothesis by investigating the rates if infections different flocks of small ruminants populated in various localities with varied ecological conditions in southernmost part of Punjab, Pakistan. Materials and Method: The blood samples collected from mixed farms of sheep and goats were examined by Latex Agglutination Test to detect rates of seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Statistical analyses were applied to ascertain the correlation between habitat variations and rates of toxoplasmosis in three distinct regions of study area including sand dunes of Cholistan desert, Agricultural Region and Marshy areas. Results: The total infection rates collectively found in small ruminants were 31.41%. The incidence rates of Toxoplasma infection in small ruminants were 38.1%, 32.1% and 14.5% in animals reared in Agricultural Region, Riverside region and Sand Dunes region of Cholistan correspondingly. Conclusions: The results showed the varied rates of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants in various habitats in the study area. Furthermore, the overall higher occurrence of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants underlined the threat of zoonotic transmission of infection to human.
Background: Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease found all over the world in all the mammalian and avian species. We conceived the hypothesis that the infection might be affected by the various factor differing in various habitats. The present study was conducted to evaluate our hypothesis by investigating the rates if infections different flocks of small ruminants populated in various localities with varied ecological conditions in southernmost part of Punjab, Pakistan. Materials and Method: The blood samples collected from mixed farms of sheep and goats were examined by Latex Agglutination Test to detect rates of seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Statistical analyses were applied to ascertain the correlation between habitat variations and rates of toxoplasmosis in three distinct regions of study area including sand dunes of Cholistan desert, Agricultural Region and Marshy areas. Results: The total infection rates collectively found in small ruminants were 31.41%. The incidence rates of Toxoplasma infection in small ruminants were 38.1%, 32.1% and 14.5% in animals reared in Agricultural Region, Riverside region and Sand Dunes region of Cholistan correspondingly. Conclusions: The results showed the varied rates of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants in various habitats in the study area. Furthermore, the overall higher occurrence of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants underlined the threat of zoonotic transmission of infection to human.
Toxoplasmosis in Small Ruminants from Varied Habitats
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150304.15
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-07-14
© Science Publishing Group
Saghir Ahmad
Zahida Tasawar
Toxoplasmosis in Small Ruminants from Varied Habitats
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2015-07-14
2015-07-14
10.11648/j.avs.20150304.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.15
© Science Publishing Group
An Eight Year Retrospective Study on the Prevalence of Hernias in Large Animals at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.16
Records of animals presented to Large Animal Clinic of Veterinary Teaching Hospital Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (VTHABU) from 2002-2009 were studied and analyzed to evaluate the occurrence and management of hernias presented to the clinic. A total of one thousand five hundred and ninety- five (1,595) cases were presented during the period under review. Three hundred and ten (19.4%) of these cases were treated surgically while 1,285 (80.6%) were medical cases. One hundred and ninety seven (63.5%) of the surgeries were in females, and 113 (36.5%) in males. Out of these, a total of 16 (1%) cases of hernia were presented. Thirteen (81.25%) were ventral abdominal hernias and 3 (18.75%) scrotal hernias. Eight (50%) of the hernia cases were in females and 8 (50%) in males. More hernia cases (68.75%) were recorded in ovine, while 8.75% cases were recorded in bovine and 12.5% in caprine. No case of hernia was recorded in equine and porcine. During this period, diagnoses of hernia were based on physical examination and all the cases were managed surgically by herniorrhaphy.
Records of animals presented to Large Animal Clinic of Veterinary Teaching Hospital Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (VTHABU) from 2002-2009 were studied and analyzed to evaluate the occurrence and management of hernias presented to the clinic. A total of one thousand five hundred and ninety- five (1,595) cases were presented during the period under review. Three hundred and ten (19.4%) of these cases were treated surgically while 1,285 (80.6%) were medical cases. One hundred and ninety seven (63.5%) of the surgeries were in females, and 113 (36.5%) in males. Out of these, a total of 16 (1%) cases of hernia were presented. Thirteen (81.25%) were ventral abdominal hernias and 3 (18.75%) scrotal hernias. Eight (50%) of the hernia cases were in females and 8 (50%) in males. More hernia cases (68.75%) were recorded in ovine, while 8.75% cases were recorded in bovine and 12.5% in caprine. No case of hernia was recorded in equine and porcine. During this period, diagnoses of hernia were based on physical examination and all the cases were managed surgically by herniorrhaphy.
An Eight Year Retrospective Study on the Prevalence of Hernias in Large Animals at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150304.16
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-07-17
© Science Publishing Group
Fadason Samuel Tanko
Ameh Veronica Odinya
Andrew Augustine
Remi-Adewunmi Bola Dupe
Usman Bala
Kwanashie Garba
Okaiyeto Solomon Olu
An Eight Year Retrospective Study on the Prevalence of Hernias in Large Animals at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
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2015-07-17
10.11648/j.avs.20150304.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.16
© Science Publishing Group
Antioxidant Effect of L-carnitine in Rats Fed Cholesterol Rich Diet
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.13
This study was conducted to assess the effects of L-carnitine on antioxidant enzymes in rats fed cholesterol rich diet. A total of 32 healthy male Wistar Albino rats were allocated to four groups. Animals of the first group were fed standard rat pellets, animals of the second group were fed standard rat pellets that contained 7.5 % cholesterol powder, animals of the third group were fed standard rat pellets and water contained 75 mg/l L-carnitine while those of the forth group were fed standard rat pellets that contained 7.5 % cholesterol and water that contained 75 mg/l L-carnitine for 40 days. On the 40 th day of the study, blood samples were taken from all animals and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined. The results showed that feeding with high cholesterol diet resulted significantly increase in TBARS level and decreases in GSH, SOD, GPx levels when compared to control group (p<0.05). L-carnitine addition to the high cholesterol diet significantly decreased in TBARS level and increased in GSH, SOD levels compared to cholesterol group (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results showed L-carnitine may be useful an antioxidant in hypercholesterolemic condition.
This study was conducted to assess the effects of L-carnitine on antioxidant enzymes in rats fed cholesterol rich diet. A total of 32 healthy male Wistar Albino rats were allocated to four groups. Animals of the first group were fed standard rat pellets, animals of the second group were fed standard rat pellets that contained 7.5 % cholesterol powder, animals of the third group were fed standard rat pellets and water contained 75 mg/l L-carnitine while those of the forth group were fed standard rat pellets that contained 7.5 % cholesterol and water that contained 75 mg/l L-carnitine for 40 days. On the 40 th day of the study, blood samples were taken from all animals and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined. The results showed that feeding with high cholesterol diet resulted significantly increase in TBARS level and decreases in GSH, SOD, GPx levels when compared to control group (p<0.05). L-carnitine addition to the high cholesterol diet significantly decreased in TBARS level and increased in GSH, SOD levels compared to cholesterol group (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results showed L-carnitine may be useful an antioxidant in hypercholesterolemic condition.
Antioxidant Effect of L-carnitine in Rats Fed Cholesterol Rich Diet
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150304.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-07-07
© Science Publishing Group
Ercan Keskin
Deniz Uluisik
Mehmet Altin
Antioxidant Effect of L-carnitine in Rats Fed Cholesterol Rich Diet
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116
2015-07-07
2015-07-07
10.11648/j.avs.20150304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of L-Carnitine on Liver Enzymes in Rats Fed Cholesterol Rich Diet
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.14
L-carnitine is essential for energy production and fatty acid metabolism. This study was designed to evaluate effects of L-carnitine on liver enzymes in rats fed cholesterol rich diet. Thirty two healthy male Wistar Albino rats were divided to four groups as Control (K), Cholesterol (C), L-carnitine (L) and L-carnitine+cholesterol (LC). All rats were kept in individual cages during the experiment for 40 days. K group was fed standard rat pellets ad libitum, C group was fed standard rat pellets containing 7.5 % cholesterol powder, L group was fed standard rat pellets and water containing 75 mg/l L-carnitine and LC group was fed standard rat pellets containing 7.5% cholesterol and water containing 75 mg/l L-carnitine. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken from all animals in order to determine aspartase transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)levels. AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT levels significantly increased in C group compared to K group (p<0.05). In LC group, AST, ALT, ALP levels significantly decreased compared with the C group (p<0.05). Although GGT level in LC group was decreased, the change was not different from C group. These results indicate that L-carnitine may prevent liver damage caused by high cholesterol diet in rats.
L-carnitine is essential for energy production and fatty acid metabolism. This study was designed to evaluate effects of L-carnitine on liver enzymes in rats fed cholesterol rich diet. Thirty two healthy male Wistar Albino rats were divided to four groups as Control (K), Cholesterol (C), L-carnitine (L) and L-carnitine+cholesterol (LC). All rats were kept in individual cages during the experiment for 40 days. K group was fed standard rat pellets ad libitum, C group was fed standard rat pellets containing 7.5 % cholesterol powder, L group was fed standard rat pellets and water containing 75 mg/l L-carnitine and LC group was fed standard rat pellets containing 7.5% cholesterol and water containing 75 mg/l L-carnitine. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken from all animals in order to determine aspartase transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)levels. AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT levels significantly increased in C group compared to K group (p<0.05). In LC group, AST, ALT, ALP levels significantly decreased compared with the C group (p<0.05). Although GGT level in LC group was decreased, the change was not different from C group. These results indicate that L-carnitine may prevent liver damage caused by high cholesterol diet in rats.
Effects of L-Carnitine on Liver Enzymes in Rats Fed Cholesterol Rich Diet
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150304.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-07-08
© Science Publishing Group
Ercan Keskin
Deniz Uluisik
Mehmet Altin
Effects of L-Carnitine on Liver Enzymes in Rats Fed Cholesterol Rich Diet
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2015-07-08
2015-07-08
10.11648/j.avs.20150304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150304.14
© Science Publishing Group
Species of Coagulase- Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Anterior Nare and Milk of Ruminant Animals and Contacts Persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.11
Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) are primary cause of mastitis in ruminant animal, and can either be transmitted by contagious or by environmental means. Therefore, we speculate whether there are similarity in the species distribution of CNS colonsing the anterior nare and milk of ruminant animals that can serve as source of infection. The study examined the species of CNS from the anterior nare of ruminant animals and contact persons. A total of 75 CNS isolates were analysed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), mecA gene detection by PCR assay and antibiotic susceptibility testing according to CSLI guidelines. Overall, four CNS spp were identified, S.sciuri predominate 71 (96%) and were recovered from all samples analysed, while one specie each (1.3%) of S.lentus, S.condementii and S.xylosus (1.3%) respectively. No mecA gene was detected in the CNS spp identified. The CNS spp demonstrated low to moderate resistance pattern (15-30%) to all antibiotics tested. In conclusion, the study provided a baseline epidemiological information on CNS spp colonizing the ruminants ruminant animal and contact persons. In addition, non-detection of mecA gene and high sensitivity pattern demonstrated by the CNS species.
Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) are primary cause of mastitis in ruminant animal, and can either be transmitted by contagious or by environmental means. Therefore, we speculate whether there are similarity in the species distribution of CNS colonsing the anterior nare and milk of ruminant animals that can serve as source of infection. The study examined the species of CNS from the anterior nare of ruminant animals and contact persons. A total of 75 CNS isolates were analysed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), mecA gene detection by PCR assay and antibiotic susceptibility testing according to CSLI guidelines. Overall, four CNS spp were identified, S.sciuri predominate 71 (96%) and were recovered from all samples analysed, while one specie each (1.3%) of S.lentus, S.condementii and S.xylosus (1.3%) respectively. No mecA gene was detected in the CNS spp identified. The CNS spp demonstrated low to moderate resistance pattern (15-30%) to all antibiotics tested. In conclusion, the study provided a baseline epidemiological information on CNS spp colonizing the ruminants ruminant animal and contact persons. In addition, non-detection of mecA gene and high sensitivity pattern demonstrated by the CNS species.
Species of Coagulase- Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Anterior Nare and Milk of Ruminant Animals and Contacts Persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150305.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-07-21
© Science Publishing Group
Mai-Siyama Bukar Ibrahim
Okon Kenneth Okwong
Adamu Nuhu Bala
Mohammed Abdulrahman
Hamidu Ibrahim
Hambali Idris Umar
Jajere Saleh Mohammed
Species of Coagulase- Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Anterior Nare and Milk of Ruminant Animals and Contacts Persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria
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131
131
2015-07-21
2015-07-21
10.11648/j.avs.20150305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Prevalence of Wax Moth in Modern Hive with Colonies in Kafta Humera
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.12
A cross-sectional study was carried out from April 28 to May 30, 2009 in four village of Kafta Humera to determine the prevalence of wax moth in modern hive with colonies. A total of 307 modern bee hives with colonies were inspected during the study period. Physical inspection and observation were the methods of the study used. According to the study the overall prevalence of wax moth in modern bee hive was found to be 27.4%. During the study period larval stage of wax-moth was only detected. The nature of severity was differentiated and categorized in to three groups as 35(11.4%), 47(15.3%) and 2(0.65%) as light, moderate and severely affected respectively. Infestation rate of wax moth based on supering was found to have statistically significant difference as determined as 8(16%), 65(27.7%) and 11(47.7%) in base only, base plus one box and base plus two boxes. To combat the problem, awareness creation should be done on proper management of bee keeping in the area
A cross-sectional study was carried out from April 28 to May 30, 2009 in four village of Kafta Humera to determine the prevalence of wax moth in modern hive with colonies. A total of 307 modern bee hives with colonies were inspected during the study period. Physical inspection and observation were the methods of the study used. According to the study the overall prevalence of wax moth in modern bee hive was found to be 27.4%. During the study period larval stage of wax-moth was only detected. The nature of severity was differentiated and categorized in to three groups as 35(11.4%), 47(15.3%) and 2(0.65%) as light, moderate and severely affected respectively. Infestation rate of wax moth based on supering was found to have statistically significant difference as determined as 8(16%), 65(27.7%) and 11(47.7%) in base only, base plus one box and base plus two boxes. To combat the problem, awareness creation should be done on proper management of bee keeping in the area
Prevalence of Wax Moth in Modern Hive with Colonies in Kafta Humera
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150305.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-08-13
© Science Publishing Group
Etsay Kebede
Yisehak Tsegaye Redda
Yohannes Hagos
Nesibu Awol Ababelgu
Prevalence of Wax Moth in Modern Hive with Colonies in Kafta Humera
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135
135
2015-08-13
2015-08-13
10.11648/j.avs.20150305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Retrospective Study of Reproductive Diseases of Small Ruminants in Northern Barind Tract in Bangladesh
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.13
Context: The information of diseases prevalence give useful information on disease pattern and thus can be used in preventing diseases as well as formulating policies for future management to prevent diseases. Aim: This study is therefore aimed at determining the pattern of reproductive diseases encountered at the Barind tract in Bangladesh. Materials and Method: The primary data were collected by randomly selected location in each district of retrospective survey from the veterinary and vaccination camp of the study area. Records of 2667 clinical cases of small ruminants (2394 goats, 273 sheep) questionnaires report under this study, from July 2012 to June 2013 were analyzed to assess the importance of existing diseases. The computer program SPSS were analyzed the study and Chi-square and F test were used for significance test. Results: The small ruminants were significantly suffering from various diseases and disorders. The maximum 816 (30.6%) was affected by infectious diseases and lowest 18 (0.7%) was affected with poisonous diseases in small ruminants. The others diseases highest to lowest rate were 444 (16.6%), 354(13.3%), 345 (12.9%), 231 (8.7%), 162 (6.1%),102 (3.8%), 84 (3.1%),72 (2.7%) and 39 (1.5%) affected with gastrointestinal, respiratory, surgical, female reproductive disorder, deficiency syndrome, Integumentary involvement, diseases of sense organ, musculoskeletal system and disease of male sex organ respectively in small . The highest disease prevalence (89.8%) was observed in goat than in sheep (10.2%) and the total reproductive disease prevalence was 10.2%. The highest & lowest incidence rates of reproductive disorders in relation to sex were 32.5% & 1.9% in anoestrus and postitis. Similarly, the age had significant effect (P<0.05) and highest value were 20.4%, 7.9% & 4.5% observed in anoestrus of young, adult and old ages respectively. The season had significant effect and the overall disease prevalence was higher rainy season 40.4%, but the individual highest value observed in anoestrus 14.7% in winter season. Conclusion: The one tenth portion of disease prevalence got in reproductive related case, but most frequent reproductive diseases and disorder were in found in goat, female animal, young age, rainy season and particularly in anoestrus condition of small ruminants at northern Barind tract in Bangladesh.
Context: The information of diseases prevalence give useful information on disease pattern and thus can be used in preventing diseases as well as formulating policies for future management to prevent diseases. Aim: This study is therefore aimed at determining the pattern of reproductive diseases encountered at the Barind tract in Bangladesh. Materials and Method: The primary data were collected by randomly selected location in each district of retrospective survey from the veterinary and vaccination camp of the study area. Records of 2667 clinical cases of small ruminants (2394 goats, 273 sheep) questionnaires report under this study, from July 2012 to June 2013 were analyzed to assess the importance of existing diseases. The computer program SPSS were analyzed the study and Chi-square and F test were used for significance test. Results: The small ruminants were significantly suffering from various diseases and disorders. The maximum 816 (30.6%) was affected by infectious diseases and lowest 18 (0.7%) was affected with poisonous diseases in small ruminants. The others diseases highest to lowest rate were 444 (16.6%), 354(13.3%), 345 (12.9%), 231 (8.7%), 162 (6.1%),102 (3.8%), 84 (3.1%),72 (2.7%) and 39 (1.5%) affected with gastrointestinal, respiratory, surgical, female reproductive disorder, deficiency syndrome, Integumentary involvement, diseases of sense organ, musculoskeletal system and disease of male sex organ respectively in small . The highest disease prevalence (89.8%) was observed in goat than in sheep (10.2%) and the total reproductive disease prevalence was 10.2%. The highest & lowest incidence rates of reproductive disorders in relation to sex were 32.5% & 1.9% in anoestrus and postitis. Similarly, the age had significant effect (P<0.05) and highest value were 20.4%, 7.9% & 4.5% observed in anoestrus of young, adult and old ages respectively. The season had significant effect and the overall disease prevalence was higher rainy season 40.4%, but the individual highest value observed in anoestrus 14.7% in winter season. Conclusion: The one tenth portion of disease prevalence got in reproductive related case, but most frequent reproductive diseases and disorder were in found in goat, female animal, young age, rainy season and particularly in anoestrus condition of small ruminants at northern Barind tract in Bangladesh.
Retrospective Study of Reproductive Diseases of Small Ruminants in Northern Barind Tract in Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150305.13
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-08-31
© Science Publishing Group
Md. Hemayatul Islam
Md. Jalal Uddin Sarder
Md. Siddiqur Rahman
Md. Ariful Haque
Md. Akhtarul Islam
Syed Sarwar Jahan
Rashida Khaton
Retrospective Study of Reproductive Diseases of Small Ruminants in Northern Barind Tract in Bangladesh
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5
140
140
2015-08-31
2015-08-31
10.11648/j.avs.20150305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.13
© Science Publishing Group
Histopathological Study of the Rat Liver Exposed with Lead Acetate as a Microscopic Survey
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.14
Lead is one of the environmental pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates in several ways; it has a long half-life and is collected in the soft tissue and conduct to adverse effects in tissues. The present study was performed to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat liver. The study was conducted on 20 rat, the animals were divided into 2 equal groups. The first group received distilled water and considered as a control group. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 8.5 mg/l of body weight for 20 weeks. The rats were anesthetized, the liver were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the liver were vacuolation, fatty degeneration, congestion within central veins, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in liver of rats.
Lead is one of the environmental pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates in several ways; it has a long half-life and is collected in the soft tissue and conduct to adverse effects in tissues. The present study was performed to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat liver. The study was conducted on 20 rat, the animals were divided into 2 equal groups. The first group received distilled water and considered as a control group. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 8.5 mg/l of body weight for 20 weeks. The rats were anesthetized, the liver were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the liver were vacuolation, fatty degeneration, congestion within central veins, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in liver of rats.
Histopathological Study of the Rat Liver Exposed with Lead Acetate as a Microscopic Survey
doi:10.11648/j.avs.20150305.14
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-09-06
© Science Publishing Group
Khatere Khosravian Dehkordi
Soraya khosravian Dehkordi
Rahmat Allah Fatahian Dehkordi
Histopathological Study of the Rat Liver Exposed with Lead Acetate as a Microscopic Survey
3
5
143
143
2015-09-06
2015-09-06
10.11648/j.avs.20150305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.20150305.14
© Science Publishing Group
Poultry Meat Quality and Welfare as Affected by Organic Production System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.11
Most of consumers preferring organic food accompanied emerge of environmental awareness in the last decades. Organic production system is considered as an important solution for the environment problems because it improves sustainable agriculture by using organic compounds and avoiding synthetic chemical ones, restricting intensive production and making the entire chain of production under control. Therefore, it is encouraged and supported by environmental protection agencies in spite of the higher production cost of organic production compounds. Due to its higher production cost most producers prefer intensive systems because they focus on reducing cost and increasing production regardless of environmental degradation. Organic poultry system usually mentioned with free-range system and poultry welfare. That is because all organic systems are free-range. Organic system gets a lot of attention of animal welfare organizations because it assists birds to express normal behavior by offering plenty space. Organic or free-range system by some modifications and developing of the system regarding good management of its environment in addition to establishment of biosecurity measures it could considered as a suitable system for human, poultry and environment rather than intensive system because it achieves human health by avoiding dangerous remainders in food such as chemical residues, and for poultry by offering good welfare and health, and also to environment by improving sustainable agriculture.
Most of consumers preferring organic food accompanied emerge of environmental awareness in the last decades. Organic production system is considered as an important solution for the environment problems because it improves sustainable agriculture by using organic compounds and avoiding synthetic chemical ones, restricting intensive production and making the entire chain of production under control. Therefore, it is encouraged and supported by environmental protection agencies in spite of the higher production cost of organic production compounds. Due to its higher production cost most producers prefer intensive systems because they focus on reducing cost and increasing production regardless of environmental degradation. Organic poultry system usually mentioned with free-range system and poultry welfare. That is because all organic systems are free-range. Organic system gets a lot of attention of animal welfare organizations because it assists birds to express normal behavior by offering plenty space. Organic or free-range system by some modifications and developing of the system regarding good management of its environment in addition to establishment of biosecurity measures it could considered as a suitable system for human, poultry and environment rather than intensive system because it achieves human health by avoiding dangerous remainders in food such as chemical residues, and for poultry by offering good welfare and health, and also to environment by improving sustainable agriculture.
Poultry Meat Quality and Welfare as Affected by Organic Production System
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-05-23
© Science Publishing Group
Talha ELsadig Abbas
Mohamed Elamin Ahmed
Poultry Meat Quality and Welfare as Affected by Organic Production System
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5
4
4
2015-05-23
2015-05-23
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Dietary Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Some Metabolic Responses of Broilers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.12
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding graded levels of yeast on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and some hematological indices. One day old Hubbard broiler chicks (n=160) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 8 broilers each. The dietary treatments contained 0% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a negative control diet, 0% yeast + 30 ppm Oxytetracyline as a positive control, 1%, 2% and 3% yeast in the starter and finisher diets. During the experimental periods of 6 weeks, feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio values were calculated. At the end of the experimental period (6 weeks of age), some biochemical and hematological indices, carcass characteristics traits and internal organs weights were recorded. Growth performance parameters were significantly (P≤0.05) affected by experimental diets. Chicks fed either 0 or 3% yeast recorded the highest (P≤0.05) feed intake, however, the best (P≤0.05) body weight gain was obtained by birds fed 0 or 1% dietary yeast compared to the positive control diet. The highest (P≤0.05) feed conversion ratio was reported for birds fed the positive control diet and 3% dietary yeast compared to the negative control diet. The inclusion of different dietary treatments had no significant (P≥0.05) effects on dressing percentage, hot base and relative weights of heart, gizzard and abdominal fat. Nevertheless, birds fed 3% dietary yeast showed significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the relative weight of the liver compared to the negative control diet. Relative weights of breast and thigh were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in birds fed 1% yeast than those fed 3% yeast. There were linear decreases in serum cholesterol and albumin of broilers fed graded levels of dietary yeast. It is concluded that yeast can be included in broiler diet at 1% without detrimental effects on performance, and could therefore serve as a natural substitute for antibiotics.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding graded levels of yeast on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and some hematological indices. One day old Hubbard broiler chicks (n=160) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 8 broilers each. The dietary treatments contained 0% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a negative control diet, 0% yeast + 30 ppm Oxytetracyline as a positive control, 1%, 2% and 3% yeast in the starter and finisher diets. During the experimental periods of 6 weeks, feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio values were calculated. At the end of the experimental period (6 weeks of age), some biochemical and hematological indices, carcass characteristics traits and internal organs weights were recorded. Growth performance parameters were significantly (P≤0.05) affected by experimental diets. Chicks fed either 0 or 3% yeast recorded the highest (P≤0.05) feed intake, however, the best (P≤0.05) body weight gain was obtained by birds fed 0 or 1% dietary yeast compared to the positive control diet. The highest (P≤0.05) feed conversion ratio was reported for birds fed the positive control diet and 3% dietary yeast compared to the negative control diet. The inclusion of different dietary treatments had no significant (P≥0.05) effects on dressing percentage, hot base and relative weights of heart, gizzard and abdominal fat. Nevertheless, birds fed 3% dietary yeast showed significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the relative weight of the liver compared to the negative control diet. Relative weights of breast and thigh were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in birds fed 1% yeast than those fed 3% yeast. There were linear decreases in serum cholesterol and albumin of broilers fed graded levels of dietary yeast. It is concluded that yeast can be included in broiler diet at 1% without detrimental effects on performance, and could therefore serve as a natural substitute for antibiotics.
Effect of Dietary Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Some Metabolic Responses of Broilers
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-05-23
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed E. Ahmed
Talha E. Abbas
Mojahid A. Abdlhag
Dafaalla E. Mukhtar
Effect of Dietary Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Some Metabolic Responses of Broilers
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10
10
2015-05-23
2015-05-23
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030501.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Using Different Levels from Date Palm Pollen in Diet on Productive Performance and Some Eggs Quality Measurements for Layer Hens Lohman
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.11
This study was conducted in poultry farm in animal resources department, College of agriculture, Diyala University during period 1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\2 to 1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\4 2015 to determine the effect of adding different levels of date palm pollen in productive performance and some eggs quality of layer hens chicken by use of 156hens of lohman brown 50 weeks age. The treatments was 0, 6, 8, 10 gm.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\kgm diet (T1, T2, T3andT4) respectively. The results shows that there was a significant different (p ≤ 0.01) in hen day production which was 84.59, 82.39, 81.53, 77.37 % for T4,T3,T2,T1 respectively ,the cumulative eggs , eggs weight , eggs mass, feed conversation were have a significant different for T4 compared with experiment and control treatments. There was a significant decreased in body weight and feed consumption for T2, T3 and T4 compared with T1 (cont), there were no significant different in eggs quality except shell weight and thickness which have significant different for date palm pollen treatments.
This study was conducted in poultry farm in animal resources department, College of agriculture, Diyala University during period 1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\2 to 1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\4 2015 to determine the effect of adding different levels of date palm pollen in productive performance and some eggs quality of layer hens chicken by use of 156hens of lohman brown 50 weeks age. The treatments was 0, 6, 8, 10 gm.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\kgm diet (T1, T2, T3andT4) respectively. The results shows that there was a significant different (p ≤ 0.01) in hen day production which was 84.59, 82.39, 81.53, 77.37 % for T4,T3,T2,T1 respectively ,the cumulative eggs , eggs weight , eggs mass, feed conversation were have a significant different for T4 compared with experiment and control treatments. There was a significant decreased in body weight and feed consumption for T2, T3 and T4 compared with T1 (cont), there were no significant different in eggs quality except shell weight and thickness which have significant different for date palm pollen treatments.
The Effect of Using Different Levels from Date Palm Pollen in Diet on Productive Performance and Some Eggs Quality Measurements for Layer Hens Lohman
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.11
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-07-02
© Science Publishing Group
Ammar Qahtan Shanoon
Mahdi Salih Jassim
Ali Hossen Mohamed
Mohamed Saleh Latef
Ali Mohamed Abad AL-Raheem
The Effect of Using Different Levels from Date Palm Pollen in Diet on Productive Performance and Some Eggs Quality Measurements for Layer Hens Lohman
3
6
4
4
2015-07-02
2015-07-02
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Egg Storage Temperature and Storage Period Pre-incubation on Hatchability of Eggs in Three Varieties of Japanese Quail
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.12
Background: There are many factors affecting successes of quail production system , one of important factor is provide sufficient number of egg for needs of hatcheries to produce chicks . This study was conducted in poultry farm of Animal Resources – College of Agriculture – University of Diyala - Iraq, to determine suitable conditions for storage of Japanese quail eggs belong to three varieties of Japanese quails( White , Black and brown plumage color ). Materials and Methods: Eggs from three varieties allocated in two groups represented two storage temperatures 7 C° and 20 C° (average room temperature ) , and each temperature group divided into four sub-groups represented storage periods length 3 , 7 , 10 and 14 days , thus the total number of egg groups were 16 groups. The experiment performed in factorial experiment 3 × 2 × 4 for three factors included variety, storage temperature and storage period , conducted in Randomized Completely Blocks Design with three replicates. The experimental flock consist of 450 birds belong to three varieties , the eggs collected daily and stored according to these various treatments before entered the incubator , and after hatching of eggs , the data recorded for hatchability and embryonic mortality percentages for treatments. Results: The results showed that the black variety quail has significant superiority in fertility ( 80.19 %) with compare to White and Brown varieties ( 69.07 and 68.03 % respectively ) . There were significant effect ( P< 0.05 ) of storage period on hatchability , hence there were significantly decline in hatchability after storage period for 14 days ( 36.58 %) , also there were significant interaction between varieties and storage periods . While there were no significant effect of storage temperature and other interactions on hatchability and embryonic mortality percentage.
Background: There are many factors affecting successes of quail production system , one of important factor is provide sufficient number of egg for needs of hatcheries to produce chicks . This study was conducted in poultry farm of Animal Resources – College of Agriculture – University of Diyala - Iraq, to determine suitable conditions for storage of Japanese quail eggs belong to three varieties of Japanese quails( White , Black and brown plumage color ). Materials and Methods: Eggs from three varieties allocated in two groups represented two storage temperatures 7 C° and 20 C° (average room temperature ) , and each temperature group divided into four sub-groups represented storage periods length 3 , 7 , 10 and 14 days , thus the total number of egg groups were 16 groups. The experiment performed in factorial experiment 3 × 2 × 4 for three factors included variety, storage temperature and storage period , conducted in Randomized Completely Blocks Design with three replicates. The experimental flock consist of 450 birds belong to three varieties , the eggs collected daily and stored according to these various treatments before entered the incubator , and after hatching of eggs , the data recorded for hatchability and embryonic mortality percentages for treatments. Results: The results showed that the black variety quail has significant superiority in fertility ( 80.19 %) with compare to White and Brown varieties ( 69.07 and 68.03 % respectively ) . There were significant effect ( P< 0.05 ) of storage period on hatchability , hence there were significantly decline in hatchability after storage period for 14 days ( 36.58 %) , also there were significant interaction between varieties and storage periods . While there were no significant effect of storage temperature and other interactions on hatchability and embryonic mortality percentage.
Effect of Egg Storage Temperature and Storage Period Pre-incubation on Hatchability of Eggs in Three Varieties of Japanese Quail
doi:10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.12
Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2015-07-02
© Science Publishing Group
Khalid Hamid Hassan
Ali Rafea Abd Alsattar
Effect of Egg Storage Temperature and Storage Period Pre-incubation on Hatchability of Eggs in Three Varieties of Japanese Quail
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6
8
8
2015-07-02
2015-07-02
10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=212&doi=10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030601.12
© Science Publishing Group