Science Publishing Group: Science Research: Table of Contents
<i> Science Research (SR) </i>, a peer-reviewed open access journal published bimonthly in English-language, provides an international forum for the publication of outstanding full papers from all areas of science research, and the attendant goal is to promote widespread acceptance of the Journal as an authoritative and indispensable holding in academic and institutional libraries. Contributions that are fundamental to the development of science research ?are accepted. Generally, review articles on some topic of special current interest will be published.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/sr Science Publishing Group: Science Research: Table of Contents
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Science Research
Science Research
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Generation of Kitten States Using Post Selection Techniques and Weak Measurements
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Using a Cat state as the pointer state of the macro system or the measuring device and a pre and a post selected state of the micro system with common eigenstates . We show that traces of four fold kitten state can be found by spatial distribution of the final device states. Towards the end we elucidate techniques in order to generate a cat state both physically and algebraically with an unknown pointer state.
Using a Cat state as the pointer state of the macro system or the measuring device and a pre and a post selected state of the micro system with common eigenstates . We show that traces of four fold kitten state can be found by spatial distribution of the final device states. Towards the end we elucidate techniques in order to generate a cat state both physically and algebraically with an unknown pointer state.
Generation of Kitten States Using Post Selection Techniques and Weak Measurements
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130101.12
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sarvraj Singh
P. K. Panigrahi
Generation of Kitten States Using Post Selection Techniques and Weak Measurements
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© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Bacteriological Quality of Aircraft Food at The Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi, Kenya.
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The production of aircraft meals can pose risks of global dimensions. In order to lay a foundation for assessing these high-risk foods, this descriptive cross sectional study sought to evaluate the microbiological quality of meals served on aircraft at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), Nairobi in Kenya. Three hundred and sixty one meals were sampled under four categories of (i) Starter dishes such as hors deuver that require a fair amount of handling during preparation and which are served without reheating, (ii) Main courses, that are served hot, (iii) cold desserts; and (iv) Snack meals which include sandwiches. Isolation of microorganisms was carried out in the laboratory, enumerated and data analyzed. The antibiotic sensitivity profile of the microorganisms was also evaluated against twelve (12) antibiotics .In addition, a questionnaire was administered to assess demographic characteristics, assess food safety knowledge, practices and attitude. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The results revealed contamination of aircraft food at 85% from all food sampled. Cold meals were more contaminated (68.7%) than hot meals (16.3%). The only pathogenic microorganism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus that accounted for 1.2% of the foods sampled. The bacteria isolated were most sensitive to Kanamycin and Aztreonam both at 81.8%, while they were resistant to Ampicilin and Ampicilin at 81.2% and 84.1% respectively. In conclusion, hygiene officers, food handlers and airport health officers at the JKIA should improve and strengthen hygienic production of aircraft meals to avoid bacterial food contamination.
The production of aircraft meals can pose risks of global dimensions. In order to lay a foundation for assessing these high-risk foods, this descriptive cross sectional study sought to evaluate the microbiological quality of meals served on aircraft at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), Nairobi in Kenya. Three hundred and sixty one meals were sampled under four categories of (i) Starter dishes such as hors deuver that require a fair amount of handling during preparation and which are served without reheating, (ii) Main courses, that are served hot, (iii) cold desserts; and (iv) Snack meals which include sandwiches. Isolation of microorganisms was carried out in the laboratory, enumerated and data analyzed. The antibiotic sensitivity profile of the microorganisms was also evaluated against twelve (12) antibiotics .In addition, a questionnaire was administered to assess demographic characteristics, assess food safety knowledge, practices and attitude. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The results revealed contamination of aircraft food at 85% from all food sampled. Cold meals were more contaminated (68.7%) than hot meals (16.3%). The only pathogenic microorganism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus that accounted for 1.2% of the foods sampled. The bacteria isolated were most sensitive to Kanamycin and Aztreonam both at 81.8%, while they were resistant to Ampicilin and Ampicilin at 81.2% and 84.1% respectively. In conclusion, hygiene officers, food handlers and airport health officers at the JKIA should improve and strengthen hygienic production of aircraft meals to avoid bacterial food contamination.
Evaluation of Bacteriological Quality of Aircraft Food at The Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi, Kenya.
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130101.11
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Maina T. S. N.
Kamau L.
Kabiru E. W.
Ogata B. R.
Shitandi A.
Evaluation of Bacteriological Quality of Aircraft Food at The Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi, Kenya.
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© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Cartosat-1 Satellite Triangulation & Dsms in Varied Terrain Conditions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130102.12
Digital surface models (DSMs) and Digital elevation models (DEMs) has become inevitable input for many applications including various types of modeling problems besides photogrammetric product generation such as orthoimages and visualization. Automatically generated DSMs using image matching techniques are an efficient means to extract bare earth DEMs or DTMs for various applications including modeling. This paper highlights and evaluates the accuracy of satellite triangulation, and DEM generated from Cartosat-1 data by using Rational Polynomial Coefficient’s (RPC’s) provided with the Cartosat-1 data along with ground control points (GCPs) collected through differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) surveys. Three study sites were taken for evaluation of DSMs in different topographic conditions, namely, a) Dehradun, Uttarakhand characterized by relatively high undulating terrain comprising of shivalik hills in the south and higher Himalayas on the north, b) Jaipur, Rajasthan having more of urban and plain agriculture area with Aravalli ranges, and c) Kendrapara, Orissa which is having a plain terrain conditions with agriculture fields, river, and sparsely populated area. DGPS surveys were conducted at the three sites to collect ground control points (GCPs) for satellite triangulation & subsequent analysis. The satellite triangulation resulted in RMSE of better than a pixel for all the three sites. The RMSE for DEM is varying from within a pixel for plain area to about four pixels for highly undulating terrain. The paper describes the positional and vertical accuracies achieved for cartosat-1 stereo data through photogrammetric process of satellite triangulation and Digital surface model generation in the three study sites having different topographic conditions.
Digital surface models (DSMs) and Digital elevation models (DEMs) has become inevitable input for many applications including various types of modeling problems besides photogrammetric product generation such as orthoimages and visualization. Automatically generated DSMs using image matching techniques are an efficient means to extract bare earth DEMs or DTMs for various applications including modeling. This paper highlights and evaluates the accuracy of satellite triangulation, and DEM generated from Cartosat-1 data by using Rational Polynomial Coefficient’s (RPC’s) provided with the Cartosat-1 data along with ground control points (GCPs) collected through differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) surveys. Three study sites were taken for evaluation of DSMs in different topographic conditions, namely, a) Dehradun, Uttarakhand characterized by relatively high undulating terrain comprising of shivalik hills in the south and higher Himalayas on the north, b) Jaipur, Rajasthan having more of urban and plain agriculture area with Aravalli ranges, and c) Kendrapara, Orissa which is having a plain terrain conditions with agriculture fields, river, and sparsely populated area. DGPS surveys were conducted at the three sites to collect ground control points (GCPs) for satellite triangulation & subsequent analysis. The satellite triangulation resulted in RMSE of better than a pixel for all the three sites. The RMSE for DEM is varying from within a pixel for plain area to about four pixels for highly undulating terrain. The paper describes the positional and vertical accuracies achieved for cartosat-1 stereo data through photogrammetric process of satellite triangulation and Digital surface model generation in the three study sites having different topographic conditions.
Evaluation of Cartosat-1 Satellite Triangulation & Dsms in Varied Terrain Conditions
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130102.12
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ashutosh Bhardwaj
R. S. Chaterjee
Kamal Jain
Evaluation of Cartosat-1 Satellite Triangulation & Dsms in Varied Terrain Conditions
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© Science Publishing Group
Inverse Magnetoelectric Effect in Disk Samples of Ferrite–Piezoelectric Composites
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A theory of the inverse magnetoelectric (ME) effect in the region of electromechanical resonance (EMR) for the samples in the form of a disk is presented. The expression for the coefficient of inverse ME-conversion on the effective parameter method is derived. It is shown that observed the peak increase of effect in the region of electromechanical re-sonance, resonance frequencies are differed for direct and inverse magnetoelectric effect. Resonance frequencies dependence on ferrite percentage for ferrite-nickel spinel and lead zirconate titanate samples are investigated experimentally.
A theory of the inverse magnetoelectric (ME) effect in the region of electromechanical resonance (EMR) for the samples in the form of a disk is presented. The expression for the coefficient of inverse ME-conversion on the effective parameter method is derived. It is shown that observed the peak increase of effect in the region of electromechanical re-sonance, resonance frequencies are differed for direct and inverse magnetoelectric effect. Resonance frequencies dependence on ferrite percentage for ferrite-nickel spinel and lead zirconate titanate samples are investigated experimentally.
Inverse Magnetoelectric Effect in Disk Samples of Ferrite–Piezoelectric Composites
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130102.11
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
D. A. Filippov
T. A. Galkina
V. M. Laletin
Inverse Magnetoelectric Effect in Disk Samples of Ferrite–Piezoelectric Composites
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© Science Publishing Group
Mine Equipment Selection for Ajabanoko Iron Ore Deposit, Kogi State, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130102.13
Mine equipment selection is an integral part of mine planning and design. This study carried out mine equipment selection using combined multiple attributes decision - making method (MADM). Various models of five major mine equipment (dump trucks, wheel loaders, crawler excavators, bulldozers and blast hole drilling rigs) were considered for selection. The attributes considered for the equipment selection where appropriate are cost/unit, operating weight, payload capacity, bucket capacity, maximum digging depth and power. The mine equipment selection order for dump truck, wheel loader, excavator, bulldozer and drilling rig at the Ajabanoko iron ore deposit is EUCLID R90, CAT IT 62H, TEREX TC 225 LC, HITACHI 2505 and TEREX SKT-12 respectively. The study further established the importance of the attributes in the selection of the appropriate model of mine equipment.
Mine equipment selection is an integral part of mine planning and design. This study carried out mine equipment selection using combined multiple attributes decision - making method (MADM). Various models of five major mine equipment (dump trucks, wheel loaders, crawler excavators, bulldozers and blast hole drilling rigs) were considered for selection. The attributes considered for the equipment selection where appropriate are cost/unit, operating weight, payload capacity, bucket capacity, maximum digging depth and power. The mine equipment selection order for dump truck, wheel loader, excavator, bulldozer and drilling rig at the Ajabanoko iron ore deposit is EUCLID R90, CAT IT 62H, TEREX TC 225 LC, HITACHI 2505 and TEREX SKT-12 respectively. The study further established the importance of the attributes in the selection of the appropriate model of mine equipment.
Mine Equipment Selection for Ajabanoko Iron Ore Deposit, Kogi State, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130102.13
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Adebimpe, R. A.
Akande, J. M
Arum C
Mine Equipment Selection for Ajabanoko Iron Ore Deposit, Kogi State, Nigeria
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© Science Publishing Group
Levshenko T. Toxicologic and Hygienic Characteristics of p-373-2-20; p-5003-ac;p-294-2-35 Polyols and Prognosis of Their Potential Danger for Environment.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130102.14
Studied the toxic effects polyoxipropylenpolyols in acute and subacute experiments on warm-blooded animals. It is established that they are pertained to the IV hazard class; have polytropic general toxic effect; on the level of toxic doses they influence on the generative function and the genetic apparatus; inhibit and disrupt the interaction between the cellular and humoral immunity.Experiments were performed on adult Wistar white rats, white mouses, guinea pigs, hybrid mouse lines BALB / C, (SBAc57BL) F1, CBA / Lac, and rabbits of the chinchilla race [4-6]. The objects of the investigation were polyoxipropylenthriols with molecular masses 5000M (P-5003-AC), and 370M (P-373-2-20), and polyoxipropylated amine with molecular mass 290M (P-294-2-35). Polyoxipropylenpolyols P-5003-AC, P-373-2-20 and P-294-2-35 in doses of 1/10 and 1/100 DL50 have a toxic effect on the generatic function and the genetic apparatus, and in doses 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000 DL50 inhibit and disrupt the cooperative interaction of cellular and humoral immunity. In all cases, the dose of 1/10000 DL50 was inoperative, it is equal to 3.23; 3.62 and 1.48 mg / kg of animal weight, respectively, for P-373-2-20, P-5003-AC and P-294-2- 35.
Studied the toxic effects polyoxipropylenpolyols in acute and subacute experiments on warm-blooded animals. It is established that they are pertained to the IV hazard class; have polytropic general toxic effect; on the level of toxic doses they influence on the generative function and the genetic apparatus; inhibit and disrupt the interaction between the cellular and humoral immunity.Experiments were performed on adult Wistar white rats, white mouses, guinea pigs, hybrid mouse lines BALB / C, (SBAc57BL) F1, CBA / Lac, and rabbits of the chinchilla race [4-6]. The objects of the investigation were polyoxipropylenthriols with molecular masses 5000M (P-5003-AC), and 370M (P-373-2-20), and polyoxipropylated amine with molecular mass 290M (P-294-2-35). Polyoxipropylenpolyols P-5003-AC, P-373-2-20 and P-294-2-35 in doses of 1/10 and 1/100 DL50 have a toxic effect on the generatic function and the genetic apparatus, and in doses 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000 DL50 inhibit and disrupt the cooperative interaction of cellular and humoral immunity. In all cases, the dose of 1/10000 DL50 was inoperative, it is equal to 3.23; 3.62 and 1.48 mg / kg of animal weight, respectively, for P-373-2-20, P-5003-AC and P-294-2- 35.
Levshenko T. Toxicologic and Hygienic Characteristics of p-373-2-20; p-5003-ac;p-294-2-35 Polyols and Prognosis of Their Potential Danger for Environment.
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130102.14
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Zhukov V.
Telegin V.
Rezunenko Y.
Zaytseva O.
Knigavko V.
Grankina S.
Levshenko T.
Levshenko T. Toxicologic and Hygienic Characteristics of p-373-2-20; p-5003-ac;p-294-2-35 Polyols and Prognosis of Their Potential Danger for Environment.
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© Science Publishing Group
Assimilation of DEMs Generated from Optical Stereo and InSAR Pair through Data Fusion
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130103.12
Main objective of this study is to compare and assimilate the digital elevation models (DEMs) generated using C-band Envisat, L-band ALOS PALSAR Interferometric SAR (InSAR) datasets and Cartosat-1 optical stereo data. The study area is Dehradun city and surroundings including lower Shivalik hills i.e. the younger Himalayas in the south and higher Himalayas on the north. The general elevation of the area ranges from 400m to 2000m AMSL. Ground control points (GCPs) collected from Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey, were used for satellite triangulation of optical data & geocoding of InSAR data. RMSE for satellite triangulation for cartosat-1 is 0.745 using 6 ground control points and 3 check points. It is found that when GCP’s are used along with reference DEM (SRTM), the DSM generated by ALOS PALSAR and DSM generated from Cartosat-1 stereo data are well representing the terrain. The fusion of imagery from multiple sensors has been in use in remote sensing for scientific exploration in the past but there is a little work done on data fusion application for generation of topography (DEM) through Optical stereo and SAR interferometry data sources. The defined framework for data fusion uses three fundamental steps in the analysis of the system namely, identification, estimation, and validation for algorithm preparation. The knowledge of the study area, i.e. the field, and the processes involved in the DEM generation of optical and InSAR data are cognitively used for rule-based decision making in the algorithm for mathematical generation of resultant DEM through data fusion implemented at feature level.
Main objective of this study is to compare and assimilate the digital elevation models (DEMs) generated using C-band Envisat, L-band ALOS PALSAR Interferometric SAR (InSAR) datasets and Cartosat-1 optical stereo data. The study area is Dehradun city and surroundings including lower Shivalik hills i.e. the younger Himalayas in the south and higher Himalayas on the north. The general elevation of the area ranges from 400m to 2000m AMSL. Ground control points (GCPs) collected from Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey, were used for satellite triangulation of optical data & geocoding of InSAR data. RMSE for satellite triangulation for cartosat-1 is 0.745 using 6 ground control points and 3 check points. It is found that when GCP’s are used along with reference DEM (SRTM), the DSM generated by ALOS PALSAR and DSM generated from Cartosat-1 stereo data are well representing the terrain. The fusion of imagery from multiple sensors has been in use in remote sensing for scientific exploration in the past but there is a little work done on data fusion application for generation of topography (DEM) through Optical stereo and SAR interferometry data sources. The defined framework for data fusion uses three fundamental steps in the analysis of the system namely, identification, estimation, and validation for algorithm preparation. The knowledge of the study area, i.e. the field, and the processes involved in the DEM generation of optical and InSAR data are cognitively used for rule-based decision making in the algorithm for mathematical generation of resultant DEM through data fusion implemented at feature level.
Assimilation of DEMs Generated from Optical Stereo and InSAR Pair through Data Fusion
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130103.12
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ashutosh Bhardwaj
Rajat Subhra Chatterjee
Kamal Jain
Assimilation of DEMs Generated from Optical Stereo and InSAR Pair through Data Fusion
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© Science Publishing Group
Male Sling for Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy: Inicial Results
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130103.11
Introduction: Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy is a major complication with profound impact on the social life of the patients. we report inicial cases of patients treated with male sling implant. Methods: Eight patients with urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy underwent to male sling (Argus-T® - Promedon) implant. We analyzed the age, the number of transurethral resection previously of the implant, the degree of incontinence before the sling (by urodynamics) and the subjective satisfaction with the surgery by telephone. Results: The patients (08) were submitted to a radical retropubic prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. All incontinent patients developed stenosis of vesico-urethral anastomosis and were underwent transurethral resection of the anastomotic fibrosis (ranging from one to three procedures). Five patients had moderate to severe urinary incontinence before the procedures. After the implant, five pa-tients had no improvement in the degree of incontinence, three patients had a subjective improvement, two of them were completely dry. These, previously, had the lowest degree of incontinence in the objective analysis (urodynamics). Conclu-sion: The urinary incontinence after prostatectomy is a morbidity with challenging treatment. The male sling is a good method for mild cases and motivated patients, not being the first choice for more severe cases.
Introduction: Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy is a major complication with profound impact on the social life of the patients. we report inicial cases of patients treated with male sling implant. Methods: Eight patients with urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy underwent to male sling (Argus-T® - Promedon) implant. We analyzed the age, the number of transurethral resection previously of the implant, the degree of incontinence before the sling (by urodynamics) and the subjective satisfaction with the surgery by telephone. Results: The patients (08) were submitted to a radical retropubic prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. All incontinent patients developed stenosis of vesico-urethral anastomosis and were underwent transurethral resection of the anastomotic fibrosis (ranging from one to three procedures). Five patients had moderate to severe urinary incontinence before the procedures. After the implant, five pa-tients had no improvement in the degree of incontinence, three patients had a subjective improvement, two of them were completely dry. These, previously, had the lowest degree of incontinence in the objective analysis (urodynamics). Conclu-sion: The urinary incontinence after prostatectomy is a morbidity with challenging treatment. The male sling is a good method for mild cases and motivated patients, not being the first choice for more severe cases.
Male Sling for Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy: Inicial Results
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130103.11
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Cassini. M. F.
Mazzo. A
Tucci Jr. S.
Male Sling for Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy: Inicial Results
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© Science Publishing Group
The Ultimate Strength Behaviour of Laterised Concrete Beam
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130103.14
For many years, sand has been predominantly used as fine aggregate in civil engineering construction. More recently, the source of quality sand has been fast diminishing resulting in ever increasing cost of construction. Laterite is now seen as a possible replacement for sand in concrete mix. This paper presents the results of the laboratory tests carried out to investigate the ultimate strength behaviour of laterised concrete. Five classes of specimens incorporating 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% laterite as replacement by weight of sand were prepared. For each specimen class, reinforcement was varied using 2, 3, 4, and 5 numbers of 10 mm high yield bars as tensile reinforcement- with minimum shear provision, at 300 mm centers. When subjected to compressive tests using Avery Denison Universal Testing Machine, the compressive strength of normal concrete beam specimens ranges between 17.48 N/mm2 and 20.39 N/mm2 while that of laterised concrete ranges between 15.29 N/mm2 and 35.69 N/mm2. The analyses showed that laterised concrete beam specimens give satisfactory performance compare to normal concrete beam specimens when the content of laterite in the concrete as partial replacement for sand does not exceed 25%. This result supports the earlier findings that laterised concrete beams can be a satisfactory substitute for normal concrete in building construction.
For many years, sand has been predominantly used as fine aggregate in civil engineering construction. More recently, the source of quality sand has been fast diminishing resulting in ever increasing cost of construction. Laterite is now seen as a possible replacement for sand in concrete mix. This paper presents the results of the laboratory tests carried out to investigate the ultimate strength behaviour of laterised concrete. Five classes of specimens incorporating 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% laterite as replacement by weight of sand were prepared. For each specimen class, reinforcement was varied using 2, 3, 4, and 5 numbers of 10 mm high yield bars as tensile reinforcement- with minimum shear provision, at 300 mm centers. When subjected to compressive tests using Avery Denison Universal Testing Machine, the compressive strength of normal concrete beam specimens ranges between 17.48 N/mm2 and 20.39 N/mm2 while that of laterised concrete ranges between 15.29 N/mm2 and 35.69 N/mm2. The analyses showed that laterised concrete beam specimens give satisfactory performance compare to normal concrete beam specimens when the content of laterite in the concrete as partial replacement for sand does not exceed 25%. This result supports the earlier findings that laterised concrete beams can be a satisfactory substitute for normal concrete in building construction.
The Ultimate Strength Behaviour of Laterised Concrete Beam
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130103.14
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Festus Adeyemi Olutoge
Kikelomo Mulikat Adeniran
Oluwatobi Brian Oyegbile
The Ultimate Strength Behaviour of Laterised Concrete Beam
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© Science Publishing Group
Introduction to Weakly b- Transitive Maps on Topological Spaces
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130104.11
The concept of b-regular open set was introduced by N. Rajesh.. The aim of this paper is to introduce and characterize weakly b-transitive maps by using b-regular open sets and investigate some of its properties. Further, we introduce the notions of weakly b- minimal mapping. We have proved that every b-transitive map is a weakly b- transitive map but the converse not necessarily true, and that every b-minimal map is a weakly b- minimal map, but the converse not necessarily true.
The concept of b-regular open set was introduced by N. Rajesh.. The aim of this paper is to introduce and characterize weakly b-transitive maps by using b-regular open sets and investigate some of its properties. Further, we introduce the notions of weakly b- minimal mapping. We have proved that every b-transitive map is a weakly b- transitive map but the converse not necessarily true, and that every b-minimal map is a weakly b- minimal map, but the converse not necessarily true.
Introduction to Weakly b- Transitive Maps on Topological Spaces
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130104.11
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Nokhas Murad Kaki
Introduction to Weakly b- Transitive Maps on Topological Spaces
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© Science Publishing Group
Structural System of Contribution of Cultural-Tourist Attractions to the Market Attractiveness of the Locality
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130105.11
The estimate of market attractiveness by the local management structures shows its basic shortcoming in that it does not take the impression of visitors as a relevant criterion to a sufficient extent. The abovementioned impressions, transformed into the appropriate rating system of the offered values would allow for a more efficient analysis of current cultural-tourism offers at localities. Accordingly, in a research study conducted at the site of the Petrovaradin fortress (in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina), a testing of the modified assessment approach was performed, based on the application of the basic model of tourist valorization: Du Cross (2000). This approach is based on the conversion of quantitative parameters of assessment (numerical score on a scale) into qualitative data (attributive measurement characteristics of attractiveness). By grouping of attributive characteristics, based on the previously performed procedure of average values ranking of the scores, the conditions for creating a unique "structural list" of tourist attractions are made. The principle for grouping is the determination of direction and the size of deviation of average values from the determined arithmetic mean of ranks. Thus, in contrast to the basic model (Du Cross), in which only the position within the relevant field of the matrix of market attractiveness and robustness (MAR) is essentially determined, the possibility is offered to accurately classify the elements of attractiveness according to their importance and partially achieved contribution to the resulting /total market positioning.
The estimate of market attractiveness by the local management structures shows its basic shortcoming in that it does not take the impression of visitors as a relevant criterion to a sufficient extent. The abovementioned impressions, transformed into the appropriate rating system of the offered values would allow for a more efficient analysis of current cultural-tourism offers at localities. Accordingly, in a research study conducted at the site of the Petrovaradin fortress (in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina), a testing of the modified assessment approach was performed, based on the application of the basic model of tourist valorization: Du Cross (2000). This approach is based on the conversion of quantitative parameters of assessment (numerical score on a scale) into qualitative data (attributive measurement characteristics of attractiveness). By grouping of attributive characteristics, based on the previously performed procedure of average values ranking of the scores, the conditions for creating a unique "structural list" of tourist attractions are made. The principle for grouping is the determination of direction and the size of deviation of average values from the determined arithmetic mean of ranks. Thus, in contrast to the basic model (Du Cross), in which only the position within the relevant field of the matrix of market attractiveness and robustness (MAR) is essentially determined, the possibility is offered to accurately classify the elements of attractiveness according to their importance and partially achieved contribution to the resulting /total market positioning.
Structural System of Contribution of Cultural-Tourist Attractions to the Market Attractiveness of the Locality
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130105.11
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vukan Vujović
Dušan Perić
Structural System of Contribution of Cultural-Tourist Attractions to the Market Attractiveness of the Locality
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.sr.20130105.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130105.11
© Science Publishing Group
Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
In this paper we utilized an additional forward model to estimate the detonation depth using normal modes (cutoff frequencies) to estimate the detonation depth and net explosive weight. With detonation depth the net explosive weight for a shallow underwater explosion could also be determined. The hydroacoustic wave propagation in shallow channel was confirmed via ray-tracing method. We found cutoff frequencies of the reflection off the ocean bottom to be 8.5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 43 Hz while the cutoff frequency of the reflection off the free surface to be 45 Hz including 1.01 Hz for the bubble pulse, and also found the cutoff frequency of surface reflection to well fit the ray-trace modeling. Our findings led us to the net explosive weight of the ROKS Cheonan to be approximately 136 kg TNT at a depth of about 8 m within an ocean depth of around 44 m.
In this paper we utilized an additional forward model to estimate the detonation depth using normal modes (cutoff frequencies) to estimate the detonation depth and net explosive weight. With detonation depth the net explosive weight for a shallow underwater explosion could also be determined. The hydroacoustic wave propagation in shallow channel was confirmed via ray-tracing method. We found cutoff frequencies of the reflection off the ocean bottom to be 8.5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 43 Hz while the cutoff frequency of the reflection off the free surface to be 45 Hz including 1.01 Hz for the bubble pulse, and also found the cutoff frequency of surface reflection to well fit the ray-trace modeling. Our findings led us to the net explosive weight of the ROKS Cheonan to be approximately 136 kg TNT at a depth of about 8 m within an ocean depth of around 44 m.
Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
So Gu Kim
Yefim Gitterman
Orlando Camargo Rodriguez
Estimation of Depth and Charge Weight for a Shallow Underwater Explosion Using cut off Frequencies and Ray-Trace Modeling
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78
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20130106.11
© Science Publishing Group
New Conceptions of Transitivity and Minimal Mappings
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140201.11
The concepts of topological δ- transitive maps, α-type transitive maps, δ-minimal and α-minimal mappings were introduced by M. Nokhas Murad Kaki. In this paper, the relationship between two different notions of transitive maps, namely topological δ-type transitive mapsandtopological α-type transitive maps has been studied and some of their properties in two topological spaces (X, τδ)and (X, τα), τδ denotes the δ–topology (resp. τα denotes the α–topology) of a given topological space (X, τ) has been investigated.. Also, we have proved that there exists a dense orbit in X, where X is locally compact Hausdorff space and τ has a countable basis. The main results are the following propositions:Every topologically α-type transitive map is a topologically transitive map which implies topologically δ- transitive map, but the converse not necessarily true., and every α-minimal map is a minimal map which implies δ- minimal map in topological spaces, but the converse not necessarily true. Finally, we have proved that a map which is γr- conjugated to γ-transitive (resp. γ-minimal, γ-mixing) map is γ-transitive (resp. γ-minimal, γ-mixing).
The concepts of topological δ- transitive maps, α-type transitive maps, δ-minimal and α-minimal mappings were introduced by M. Nokhas Murad Kaki. In this paper, the relationship between two different notions of transitive maps, namely topological δ-type transitive mapsandtopological α-type transitive maps has been studied and some of their properties in two topological spaces (X, τδ)and (X, τα), τδ denotes the δ–topology (resp. τα denotes the α–topology) of a given topological space (X, τ) has been investigated.. Also, we have proved that there exists a dense orbit in X, where X is locally compact Hausdorff space and τ has a countable basis. The main results are the following propositions:Every topologically α-type transitive map is a topologically transitive map which implies topologically δ- transitive map, but the converse not necessarily true., and every α-minimal map is a minimal map which implies δ- minimal map in topological spaces, but the converse not necessarily true. Finally, we have proved that a map which is γr- conjugated to γ-transitive (resp. γ-minimal, γ-mixing) map is γ-transitive (resp. γ-minimal, γ-mixing).
New Conceptions of Transitivity and Minimal Mappings
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140201.11
Science Research
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Nokhas Murad Kaki
New Conceptions of Transitivity and Minimal Mappings
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.sr.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Current Concepts in Biomaterials in Dental Implant
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140201.12
Myriads of materials have been used for replacement of missing teeth through implantation. The success of these materials depend on the ability to integrate with the host environment showing biological compatibility, mechanical compatibility, and morphological compatibility to the surrounding vital tissues. Certain materials have shown this promising property and have been used in dental implantology. With recent advances in technology, these materials are better able to improve fixation to bone through various surface modifications and bioengineering
Myriads of materials have been used for replacement of missing teeth through implantation. The success of these materials depend on the ability to integrate with the host environment showing biological compatibility, mechanical compatibility, and morphological compatibility to the surrounding vital tissues. Certain materials have shown this promising property and have been used in dental implantology. With recent advances in technology, these materials are better able to improve fixation to bone through various surface modifications and bioengineering
Current Concepts in Biomaterials in Dental Implant
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140201.12
Science Research
2014-04-11
© Science Publishing Group
Suraksha Shrestha
Sarita Joshi
Current Concepts in Biomaterials in Dental Implant
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2014-04-11
2014-04-11
10.11648/j.sr.20140201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140201.12
© Science Publishing Group
An Overview of the Historical and Technical Evolution of Azerbaijan Timber Architecture
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140202.11
This paper investigates construction systems of historical buildings in Azerbaijan-Iran by comparing and classifying their architectural elements in detail. Mithrava Mosque in Binab-city and Forty-Column Palace in Qazvin-city are presented as case studies that illustrate Azerbaijan timber architectural traits according to its style. The plans, sections and other technical data have been presented for evaluation of Azerbaijan timber constructions as an architectural style according to their special factors. The plans and all details of exemplary figures are presented based on field survey after controlling all the mentioned plans that are documented in heritage and cultural organization of eastern Azerbaijan in I.R Iran. There is a historical review of Azerbaijan timber architecture extending to 3000 years ago, covering Urartian, Maday and Safavid dynasties before attending to the technical details of construction methods in this paper. Then, important construction elements are analyzed in detail by their plans and sections that are documented on field survey.
This paper investigates construction systems of historical buildings in Azerbaijan-Iran by comparing and classifying their architectural elements in detail. Mithrava Mosque in Binab-city and Forty-Column Palace in Qazvin-city are presented as case studies that illustrate Azerbaijan timber architectural traits according to its style. The plans, sections and other technical data have been presented for evaluation of Azerbaijan timber constructions as an architectural style according to their special factors. The plans and all details of exemplary figures are presented based on field survey after controlling all the mentioned plans that are documented in heritage and cultural organization of eastern Azerbaijan in I.R Iran. There is a historical review of Azerbaijan timber architecture extending to 3000 years ago, covering Urartian, Maday and Safavid dynasties before attending to the technical details of construction methods in this paper. Then, important construction elements are analyzed in detail by their plans and sections that are documented on field survey.
An Overview of the Historical and Technical Evolution of Azerbaijan Timber Architecture
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140202.11
Science Research
2014-05-19
© Science Publishing Group
Mahmoud Ouria
H. Cetin Turkcu
An Overview of the Historical and Technical Evolution of Azerbaijan Timber Architecture
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2014-05-19
2014-05-19
10.11648/j.sr.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Recycling of Some Selected Building Materials in the Construction Industry: Prospect and Challenges
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140202.12
The importance of recycling cannot be overemphasized, it decongests items in environment which tends to constitutes pollution nuisance while providing opportunity for reuse of such items, also items recycling returns environment to the state of its naturalness. It is against this background that the study attempt at studying recycling of some selected building materials within the context of their benefits, conceptualization, and awareness about concept of recycling and waste generated. Random sampling technique was used to select the respondents sample and research location. Lagos State, Nigeria, was chosen as research location construction companies and landfills within the state and sample procedure would be as stated above. Seventy (70) Structured questionnaire was used to harvest opinion of people on the subject matter. Also, field research was conducted, field research entails taking data from existing landfills in sites of established waste collection organizations, that is, existing organizations that run recycling operation. Mean Item Score and simple percentage were used to process harvested data. In summary It was discovered that the response to the economic effect of recycling where the purchase of product made from recycled material ranked 1st with a 0.862 index, the next was the participation in recycling for the creation of jobs which ranked 2nd with an index of 0.837, next was their opinion on the construction industries benefits from the recycling industry which ranked 3rd with an index of 0.81 and Participation in recycling for financial reward which was ranked 4th with an index of 0.735. Also discovered was the quantity of materials wasted on the various sites and even though the quantity was low in most of the cases, it still reiterated the need for recycling of construction and renovation waste. From the above stated finding it is important to state that the study was extremely important as it provides information on the method of recycling all the wasted materials instead of carting them away to landfills. Approach to recycling of waste has been presented in this study, it is a believe that this could serve as an awareness about concept of recycling household and environmental waste.
The importance of recycling cannot be overemphasized, it decongests items in environment which tends to constitutes pollution nuisance while providing opportunity for reuse of such items, also items recycling returns environment to the state of its naturalness. It is against this background that the study attempt at studying recycling of some selected building materials within the context of their benefits, conceptualization, and awareness about concept of recycling and waste generated. Random sampling technique was used to select the respondents sample and research location. Lagos State, Nigeria, was chosen as research location construction companies and landfills within the state and sample procedure would be as stated above. Seventy (70) Structured questionnaire was used to harvest opinion of people on the subject matter. Also, field research was conducted, field research entails taking data from existing landfills in sites of established waste collection organizations, that is, existing organizations that run recycling operation. Mean Item Score and simple percentage were used to process harvested data. In summary It was discovered that the response to the economic effect of recycling where the purchase of product made from recycled material ranked 1st with a 0.862 index, the next was the participation in recycling for the creation of jobs which ranked 2nd with an index of 0.837, next was their opinion on the construction industries benefits from the recycling industry which ranked 3rd with an index of 0.81 and Participation in recycling for financial reward which was ranked 4th with an index of 0.735. Also discovered was the quantity of materials wasted on the various sites and even though the quantity was low in most of the cases, it still reiterated the need for recycling of construction and renovation waste. From the above stated finding it is important to state that the study was extremely important as it provides information on the method of recycling all the wasted materials instead of carting them away to landfills. Approach to recycling of waste has been presented in this study, it is a believe that this could serve as an awareness about concept of recycling household and environmental waste.
Recycling of Some Selected Building Materials in the Construction Industry: Prospect and Challenges
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140202.12
Science Research
2014-05-30
© Science Publishing Group
Owolabi James D
Amusan Lekan M
Udoh Victor
Tunji-Olayeni Patience
Peter Nkolika
Omuh Ignatius
O. Joshua Opeyemi
Recycling of Some Selected Building Materials in the Construction Industry: Prospect and Challenges
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2014-05-30
2014-05-30
10.11648/j.sr.20140202.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140202.12
© Science Publishing Group
Technology Transfer a Global Perspective: Crux of the Matter
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.11
Technology transfer has become a key activity in the pharmaceutical manufacturing domain. The processes are developed in an R&D set up for the API or finished dosage forms and are transferred to another site in the same country or different geographic location. Due to changing business needs, technology transfer has become a global activity and opens up various opportunities for the professionals in pharmaceutical domain. The coordination of various linked activities like procurement, quality , production, health & safety of the personnel involved in manufacturing and export have become more vital. This article discuss about various aspects of technology transfer like outsourcing key raw materials, information security to protect the intellectual property, various development strategies for API development and most significantly the practical difficulties encountered during API technology transfer. It is also describing certain trouble shooting issues, which were resolved with the help of reaction mechanism & chemistry involved in processes and investigations made to arrive at appropriate CAPA. This article is also indicating simple laboratory techniques/ instruments, which could be adopted to support PAT initiatives. It is also describing examples of how certain process improvements were achieved due to trouble shooting in scale up trial batches.
Technology transfer has become a key activity in the pharmaceutical manufacturing domain. The processes are developed in an R&D set up for the API or finished dosage forms and are transferred to another site in the same country or different geographic location. Due to changing business needs, technology transfer has become a global activity and opens up various opportunities for the professionals in pharmaceutical domain. The coordination of various linked activities like procurement, quality , production, health & safety of the personnel involved in manufacturing and export have become more vital. This article discuss about various aspects of technology transfer like outsourcing key raw materials, information security to protect the intellectual property, various development strategies for API development and most significantly the practical difficulties encountered during API technology transfer. It is also describing certain trouble shooting issues, which were resolved with the help of reaction mechanism & chemistry involved in processes and investigations made to arrive at appropriate CAPA. This article is also indicating simple laboratory techniques/ instruments, which could be adopted to support PAT initiatives. It is also describing examples of how certain process improvements were achieved due to trouble shooting in scale up trial batches.
Technology Transfer a Global Perspective: Crux of the Matter
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140203.11
Science Research
2014-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Ramesh S. Yamgar
Sudhir S. Sawant
Technology Transfer a Global Perspective: Crux of the Matter
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2014-06-05
10.11648/j.sr.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Developing of Prediction Models for Soil Profile and Its Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.13
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a form of artificial intelligence (AI), which in their architecture attempt to simulate the biological structure of the human brain and nervous system. In this report, back-propagation neural networks are used to predict soil classification and soil parameters of Khartoum State. The study was based on the available data collected from specified areas in Khartoum, and then the results were compared with data brought from actual boreholes to check the ANN model validity. The results indicate that artificial neural networks are a promising method in predicting soil classification and soil parameters of Khartoum State.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a form of artificial intelligence (AI), which in their architecture attempt to simulate the biological structure of the human brain and nervous system. In this report, back-propagation neural networks are used to predict soil classification and soil parameters of Khartoum State. The study was based on the available data collected from specified areas in Khartoum, and then the results were compared with data brought from actual boreholes to check the ANN model validity. The results indicate that artificial neural networks are a promising method in predicting soil classification and soil parameters of Khartoum State.
Developing of Prediction Models for Soil Profile and Its Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140203.13
Science Research
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Hussein Elarabi
Nahed F. Taha
Developing of Prediction Models for Soil Profile and Its Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks
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2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.sr.20140203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Logistic Simulation of the Bogie Bracket Welding Production Line Using the RaLC Software
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.12
Based on the process design and the production program, the 3D simulation model of the bogie bracket welding production line is built by RaLC. This model was built for the practical problem of the manufacturing logistics design of a bulldozer company joint workshop in Shanghai. The modeling and simulation technique is applied in this process. Then the bogie bracket welding production line is simulated and designed by RaLC. This study puts forward an improvement plan for the bottleneck process in the production line through the analysis of the simulation results, which achieves the optimization design goal of the production line.
Based on the process design and the production program, the 3D simulation model of the bogie bracket welding production line is built by RaLC. This model was built for the practical problem of the manufacturing logistics design of a bulldozer company joint workshop in Shanghai. The modeling and simulation technique is applied in this process. Then the bogie bracket welding production line is simulated and designed by RaLC. This study puts forward an improvement plan for the bottleneck process in the production line through the analysis of the simulation results, which achieves the optimization design goal of the production line.
Logistic Simulation of the Bogie Bracket Welding Production Line Using the RaLC Software
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140203.12
Science Research
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Geng Hai-yang
Luo Yi-ping
Ren Hong-juan
Xu Biao
Logistic Simulation of the Bogie Bracket Welding Production Line Using the RaLC Software
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2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.sr.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Ethanolic Extracts of Vitex Doniana Possesses Hepatocuractive Property in Poloxamer Induced Hyperlipidemia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.14
The hypolipidemic effect of Vitex doniana ethanolic leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts on some biochemical parameters in Poloxamer 407 (P407) induced hyperlipidemic rats was studied for a period of 21 days. Fifty four mixed sex rats weighing 100-200g were divided into nine groups comprising six animals per group: group given feed and water only, group induced by an intra-peritoneal injection of P407 every 48 hours without treatment, groups induced and treated with atorvastatin, leaves, stem bark, root bark extracts and groups of normal rats treated with leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts without induction. In all the groups, P407, atorvastatin, leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts were administered at a dose of 1000mg/kg, 20mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 30mg/kg body weight respectively. Blood samples were collected from the rats in all the groups at the end of the 21 days of treatment for determination of serum levels of; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), indirect bilirubin (IB) and direct bilirubin (DB) using Randox kits. Serum concentration of liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in hyperlipidemic control group when compared to normal control and all treated groups. However there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease and non-significant (p>0.05) change in the levels of these marker enzymes in hyperlipidemic groups treated with the extracts and normal treated groups when compared with the hyperlipidemic and normal control group respectively. There was a significantly (p<0.05) lower level of TP, DB and a significantly (p<0.05) higher level of TB, ID in hyperlipidemic group when compared with rats in the normal control and all treated groups. Normal groups treated with the extracts without induction shows a non-significant (p>0.05) difference in TP, DB, TB and ID when compared with normal control group. These results highlight the efficacy of Vitex doniana (leaves, stem bark and root bark) ethanolic extracts in the amelioration of some undesirable effects of hyperlipidemia.
The hypolipidemic effect of Vitex doniana ethanolic leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts on some biochemical parameters in Poloxamer 407 (P407) induced hyperlipidemic rats was studied for a period of 21 days. Fifty four mixed sex rats weighing 100-200g were divided into nine groups comprising six animals per group: group given feed and water only, group induced by an intra-peritoneal injection of P407 every 48 hours without treatment, groups induced and treated with atorvastatin, leaves, stem bark, root bark extracts and groups of normal rats treated with leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts without induction. In all the groups, P407, atorvastatin, leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts were administered at a dose of 1000mg/kg, 20mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 30mg/kg body weight respectively. Blood samples were collected from the rats in all the groups at the end of the 21 days of treatment for determination of serum levels of; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), indirect bilirubin (IB) and direct bilirubin (DB) using Randox kits. Serum concentration of liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in hyperlipidemic control group when compared to normal control and all treated groups. However there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease and non-significant (p>0.05) change in the levels of these marker enzymes in hyperlipidemic groups treated with the extracts and normal treated groups when compared with the hyperlipidemic and normal control group respectively. There was a significantly (p<0.05) lower level of TP, DB and a significantly (p<0.05) higher level of TB, ID in hyperlipidemic group when compared with rats in the normal control and all treated groups. Normal groups treated with the extracts without induction shows a non-significant (p>0.05) difference in TP, DB, TB and ID when compared with normal control group. These results highlight the efficacy of Vitex doniana (leaves, stem bark and root bark) ethanolic extracts in the amelioration of some undesirable effects of hyperlipidemia.
Ethanolic Extracts of Vitex Doniana Possesses Hepatocuractive Property in Poloxamer Induced Hyperlipidemia
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140203.14
Science Research
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Victor Duniya Sheneni
Dorcas Bolanle James
Sunday Eneojo Atawodi
Ethanolic Extracts of Vitex Doniana Possesses Hepatocuractive Property in Poloxamer Induced Hyperlipidemia
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2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.sr.20140203.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140203.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Profile of the Expression of IBMR3 Antigens 3T3 and HT29 Cancer Cell Line after Analysis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140204.11
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of specific monoclonal IBMR3 antibodies expression in the cancer cell lines of 3T3 and HT29, in order to recognize specific antigen and make evaluation, using immunoblotting technique which is widely use in this filed. Methods: Protein extracts were extracted from these cancer cell lines and used for western bloat. The Immunobloting were consequently subjected to densitometry analysis using bioimaging machine. This bioimaging process will facilitate to measure the molecular weights, peak height and raw volume of the protein bands for the 3T3 and HT29 cancer cell lines, which helps in diagnosis of any pathogenic antigen. Results: The bands obtained from bioimaging were exposed on the PVDF membrane. In the 3T3 bio imaging process revealed four bands and molecular weight were 299.58, 87.90, 41.67 and 23.54 KDa. However, bioimaging results for HT29 revealed also four bands with molecular weights: 90.11, 41.31, 23.87 and 20.86 KDa. The results of Peak height densitometry for IBMR3 antigen bands for 3T3 were: 1856.985, 551.769, 394.164, and 216.185. However HT29 peak height results were: 281.544, 101.711.202.668, 757.213. The raw volume (amount of protein bands of IBMR3 Ag for 3T3) were: 1460168.75, 206078.47, 161406.89, and 219583.16. However HT29 raw volume results were: 110197.11, 76106.84, 98632.59, and 221395.34. Negative protein staining for 3T3 and HT29 cancer cell line bands were done by using mouse IgM serotype. IgM serotype was not indicated that means no specific antigens for negative control IgM. Conclusion: The bioimaging revealed different results of the expression profile in molecular weight, peak height and raw volume between the two cancer cell lines. The results from this study suggest that the IBMR3 antigens were differentially expressed in 3T3 and HT29 and the molecular weight is higher in the 3T3 than HT29 cancer cell lines. In future it will be beneficial to categorize and study the character analysis of the IBMR3 antigen and its prospective role in cancer cells.
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of specific monoclonal IBMR3 antibodies expression in the cancer cell lines of 3T3 and HT29, in order to recognize specific antigen and make evaluation, using immunoblotting technique which is widely use in this filed. Methods: Protein extracts were extracted from these cancer cell lines and used for western bloat. The Immunobloting were consequently subjected to densitometry analysis using bioimaging machine. This bioimaging process will facilitate to measure the molecular weights, peak height and raw volume of the protein bands for the 3T3 and HT29 cancer cell lines, which helps in diagnosis of any pathogenic antigen. Results: The bands obtained from bioimaging were exposed on the PVDF membrane. In the 3T3 bio imaging process revealed four bands and molecular weight were 299.58, 87.90, 41.67 and 23.54 KDa. However, bioimaging results for HT29 revealed also four bands with molecular weights: 90.11, 41.31, 23.87 and 20.86 KDa. The results of Peak height densitometry for IBMR3 antigen bands for 3T3 were: 1856.985, 551.769, 394.164, and 216.185. However HT29 peak height results were: 281.544, 101.711.202.668, 757.213. The raw volume (amount of protein bands of IBMR3 Ag for 3T3) were: 1460168.75, 206078.47, 161406.89, and 219583.16. However HT29 raw volume results were: 110197.11, 76106.84, 98632.59, and 221395.34. Negative protein staining for 3T3 and HT29 cancer cell line bands were done by using mouse IgM serotype. IgM serotype was not indicated that means no specific antigens for negative control IgM. Conclusion: The bioimaging revealed different results of the expression profile in molecular weight, peak height and raw volume between the two cancer cell lines. The results from this study suggest that the IBMR3 antigens were differentially expressed in 3T3 and HT29 and the molecular weight is higher in the 3T3 than HT29 cancer cell lines. In future it will be beneficial to categorize and study the character analysis of the IBMR3 antigen and its prospective role in cancer cells.
The Profile of the Expression of IBMR3 Antigens 3T3 and HT29 Cancer Cell Line after Analysis
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140204.11
Science Research
2014-07-24
© Science Publishing Group
Qutaiba Kafi Jassim Alrawi
The Profile of the Expression of IBMR3 Antigens 3T3 and HT29 Cancer Cell Line after Analysis
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2014-07-24
2014-07-24
10.11648/j.sr.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
MHD Channel Flow with Skewed Applied Magnetic Induction Field
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140204.12
The effects of the constant applied magnetic field as a function of its angle with the channel walls is studied using finite elements. This is done for insulating channel walls and for two insulating and two conducting walls forming a short-circuited magnetohydrodynamic generator. The volumetric flow rate is kept constant by regulating the pressure gradient as a function of the applied magnetic induction angle. The necessary pressure gradient diminishes as the angle increases from 0 to 45 degrees because the electrical current flow diminishes. This paper affords a simple and quick method for solving MHD generator problems that defied solution for many years.
The effects of the constant applied magnetic field as a function of its angle with the channel walls is studied using finite elements. This is done for insulating channel walls and for two insulating and two conducting walls forming a short-circuited magnetohydrodynamic generator. The volumetric flow rate is kept constant by regulating the pressure gradient as a function of the applied magnetic induction angle. The necessary pressure gradient diminishes as the angle increases from 0 to 45 degrees because the electrical current flow diminishes. This paper affords a simple and quick method for solving MHD generator problems that defied solution for many years.
MHD Channel Flow with Skewed Applied Magnetic Induction Field
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140204.12
Science Research
2014-09-10
© Science Publishing Group
Frederick J. Young
MHD Channel Flow with Skewed Applied Magnetic Induction Field
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77
77
2014-09-10
2014-09-10
10.11648/j.sr.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Relationship between Platelet Aggregatory and Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Type II
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140204.13
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT) is a significant adverse effect of heparin treatment in either therapeutic or prophylactic doses. HIT is an immune-mediated disorder caused by IgG antibodies that bind to platelet factor 4 (PF4), which becomes an antigenic target when bound to heparin. The possibility of HIT is suspected when patients show a reduction in the platelet count while receiving heparin. However, the diagnosis of HIT may be difficult on the basis of clinical symptoms alone, especially in patients with other diseases that may induce thrombocytopenia. Therefore, confirmation of HIT by using biologic or antigen assays is required. To analyze whether two patients in whom thrombocytopenia was induced after initiating administration of unfractionated heparin during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting surgery had HIT, we measured levels of platelet aggregability, anti-heparin-PF4 complex antibody (anti-HIT antibody), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1), interleukin (IL)-6, and thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT). The two patients were judged to be HIT-positive from the results that platelet aggregation induced with induced by ADP 1 μM as well as collagen 0.2 μg/mL increased after addition of UFH. ELISA results of two patients showing optical density (OD) values greater than 0.40 were regarded as positive. Additionally, the levels of TNF-alpha and TAT in both patients were higher than in the control patients who underwent CABG without thrombocytopenia after heparin therapy initiation. The results suggest that blood coagulation is enhanced and an inflammatory reaction is induced in the endothelial cells of patients with HIT. In conclusion, the combined measurement of platelet aggregation and anti-HIT antibodies is crucial for defining HIT status, and measurement of TNF-alpha and TAT may play a significant role in the practice of anticoagulant therapy.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT) is a significant adverse effect of heparin treatment in either therapeutic or prophylactic doses. HIT is an immune-mediated disorder caused by IgG antibodies that bind to platelet factor 4 (PF4), which becomes an antigenic target when bound to heparin. The possibility of HIT is suspected when patients show a reduction in the platelet count while receiving heparin. However, the diagnosis of HIT may be difficult on the basis of clinical symptoms alone, especially in patients with other diseases that may induce thrombocytopenia. Therefore, confirmation of HIT by using biologic or antigen assays is required. To analyze whether two patients in whom thrombocytopenia was induced after initiating administration of unfractionated heparin during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting surgery had HIT, we measured levels of platelet aggregability, anti-heparin-PF4 complex antibody (anti-HIT antibody), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1), interleukin (IL)-6, and thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT). The two patients were judged to be HIT-positive from the results that platelet aggregation induced with induced by ADP 1 μM as well as collagen 0.2 μg/mL increased after addition of UFH. ELISA results of two patients showing optical density (OD) values greater than 0.40 were regarded as positive. Additionally, the levels of TNF-alpha and TAT in both patients were higher than in the control patients who underwent CABG without thrombocytopenia after heparin therapy initiation. The results suggest that blood coagulation is enhanced and an inflammatory reaction is induced in the endothelial cells of patients with HIT. In conclusion, the combined measurement of platelet aggregation and anti-HIT antibodies is crucial for defining HIT status, and measurement of TNF-alpha and TAT may play a significant role in the practice of anticoagulant therapy.
Relationship between Platelet Aggregatory and Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Type II
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140204.13
Science Research
2014-09-20
© Science Publishing Group
Harunobu Iwase
Hiroko Kariyazono
Junko Arima
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Kazuo Nakamura
Relationship between Platelet Aggregatory and Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Type II
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86
86
2014-09-20
2014-09-20
10.11648/j.sr.20140204.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140204.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Crossword Puzzle Method
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.11
This article describes a method of thought which I call multidimensional and multidisciplinary crossword puzzle. Next an example of said method, as practiced by the author, is expounded. It is a Cosmology, a structural scheme of what lies behind the matter.
This article describes a method of thought which I call multidimensional and multidisciplinary crossword puzzle. Next an example of said method, as practiced by the author, is expounded. It is a Cosmology, a structural scheme of what lies behind the matter.
The Crossword Puzzle Method
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.11
Science Research
2014-09-20
© Science Publishing Group
Ramon Marqués Sala
The Crossword Puzzle Method
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90
90
2014-09-20
2014-09-20
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Sexual Violence and Associated Factors among High School Students in Harari Regional State, Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.12
Background: Sexual violence is any sexual act that is perpetrated against someone's willingness including a completed and or attempt nonconsensual, abusive sex act. This study aimed to determine sexual violence and associated factors among high school students in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among youth in high school students. Self administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from randomly selected 432 students and four focus group discussions were held with students by using interview guide semi-structured questionnaire to collect qualitative data. Data were entered to SPSS version 16.0 was used to analyze. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were computed to quantify sexual violence and associated factors. Statistical association was measured 95% confidence interval and adjusted odd ratio. Results: Sexual violence among in school adolescents were 25%. Students used addictive drugs like alcohol (18%), chat and shish (7.2%) as very important contributing factors for sexual violence’s. Use of physical force (15%), false promise (43%) and use of power (7.2%) reported contributing factors. Females dressing style, their act, peer pressure, revenge and males emotionality identified as contributing factors for sexual violence. Sexual violence had different consequences like abortion (32.2%), vaginal discharge (28.6%), genital trauma (25%), and unwanted pregnancy (14.2%). Conclusion: Sexual violence was common problem of in-school adolescents in Harar town. Female students’ behavior also contributed for their sexual violence. Sexual and reproductive health issue information should be provided to create awareness about reproductive rights and life skill.
Background: Sexual violence is any sexual act that is perpetrated against someone's willingness including a completed and or attempt nonconsensual, abusive sex act. This study aimed to determine sexual violence and associated factors among high school students in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among youth in high school students. Self administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from randomly selected 432 students and four focus group discussions were held with students by using interview guide semi-structured questionnaire to collect qualitative data. Data were entered to SPSS version 16.0 was used to analyze. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were computed to quantify sexual violence and associated factors. Statistical association was measured 95% confidence interval and adjusted odd ratio. Results: Sexual violence among in school adolescents were 25%. Students used addictive drugs like alcohol (18%), chat and shish (7.2%) as very important contributing factors for sexual violence’s. Use of physical force (15%), false promise (43%) and use of power (7.2%) reported contributing factors. Females dressing style, their act, peer pressure, revenge and males emotionality identified as contributing factors for sexual violence. Sexual violence had different consequences like abortion (32.2%), vaginal discharge (28.6%), genital trauma (25%), and unwanted pregnancy (14.2%). Conclusion: Sexual violence was common problem of in-school adolescents in Harar town. Female students’ behavior also contributed for their sexual violence. Sexual and reproductive health issue information should be provided to create awareness about reproductive rights and life skill.
Assessment of Sexual Violence and Associated Factors among High School Students in Harari Regional State, Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.12
Science Research
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Jote Markos Cafo
Agumassie Semahegn Demisie
Balcha Berhanu Abera
Assessment of Sexual Violence and Associated Factors among High School Students in Harari Regional State, Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia
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97
97
2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Design of Small Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for Broadband Applications
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.14
In this article, a small dual band rectangular slot antenna for broadband application is presented. The antenna is being excited by capacitive coupled probe feed. The antenna consists of rectangular slot from the center of the patch. The rectangular slot is being used to obtain dual frequencies of 2GHz and 3.34GHz. Instead of a rectangular feed strip; antenna is excited by a triangular feed strip with same dimension. Triangular feed strip is used to obtain a broad band dual frequency range. The gain of the antenna obtained at particular frequency range is above 5dB so the antenna works well in the particular frequency. Along with Triangular feed slot is also being added in the patch. The size of the antenna is 100×100×1.6mm3with the ground of same dimension. The proposed antenna is simulated and optimized using IE3D simulation software.
In this article, a small dual band rectangular slot antenna for broadband application is presented. The antenna is being excited by capacitive coupled probe feed. The antenna consists of rectangular slot from the center of the patch. The rectangular slot is being used to obtain dual frequencies of 2GHz and 3.34GHz. Instead of a rectangular feed strip; antenna is excited by a triangular feed strip with same dimension. Triangular feed strip is used to obtain a broad band dual frequency range. The gain of the antenna obtained at particular frequency range is above 5dB so the antenna works well in the particular frequency. Along with Triangular feed slot is also being added in the patch. The size of the antenna is 100×100×1.6mm3with the ground of same dimension. The proposed antenna is simulated and optimized using IE3D simulation software.
Design of Small Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for Broadband Applications
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.14
Science Research
2014-10-09
© Science Publishing Group
Rahul Shriram Parbhane
Design of Small Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for Broadband Applications
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2014-10-09
2014-10-09
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.14
© Science Publishing Group
Biometric Analysis of Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) from Baba Formation (Late Oligocene) in Bai-Hassan Well-25, Kirkuk Area, Northeast Iraq
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.16
The investigation is based on a subsurface sequences of bioclastic limestone in Kirkuk area, Northeastern Iraq. These sequences were deposited in a shallow open marine environment during Late Oligocene. Tests of larger foraminifera Lepidocyclina(Nephrolepidina) are abundant in the lower and upper parts of the Baba Formation. Biometric investigations of the Megalospheric forms of Nephrolepidina assemblages from, Bai-Hassan well- 25 section led to recognize three morphometrically defined species by the combination of three parameters, 1- the degree of embracement of the protoconch by the deuteroconch (Factor A), 2- the numbers of accessory auxiliary chambers on the deuteroconch (Factor B), and 3- (Factor C ) which expressed by the protoconch angle( ) formed by the two hypothetical line from the center of protoconch throught the outer attachment points of the deuteroconch walls with protoconch.
The investigation is based on a subsurface sequences of bioclastic limestone in Kirkuk area, Northeastern Iraq. These sequences were deposited in a shallow open marine environment during Late Oligocene. Tests of larger foraminifera Lepidocyclina(Nephrolepidina) are abundant in the lower and upper parts of the Baba Formation. Biometric investigations of the Megalospheric forms of Nephrolepidina assemblages from, Bai-Hassan well- 25 section led to recognize three morphometrically defined species by the combination of three parameters, 1- the degree of embracement of the protoconch by the deuteroconch (Factor A), 2- the numbers of accessory auxiliary chambers on the deuteroconch (Factor B), and 3- (Factor C ) which expressed by the protoconch angle( ) formed by the two hypothetical line from the center of protoconch throught the outer attachment points of the deuteroconch walls with protoconch.
Biometric Analysis of Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) from Baba Formation (Late Oligocene) in Bai-Hassan Well-25, Kirkuk Area, Northeast Iraq
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.16
Science Research
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Imad Mahmood Ghafor
Biometric Analysis of Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) from Baba Formation (Late Oligocene) in Bai-Hassan Well-25, Kirkuk Area, Northeast Iraq
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118
118
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.16
© Science Publishing Group
One Universe, Endless Cycles
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.15
The finding of cosmic cold spots now reveal real possibilities of existing other universe. Many researchers are now aware of our universe might be the one of billions-perhaps an infinite number of universes①. However, the introduction of concept of multiverse creates confusion, because it alters the definition of universe established in scientific world.. In this paper, a possible cause is discussed in physics. The theories of multiverse indirectly recognize possibilities of multiple big bangs’ existence, where each big bang generates its respective family of galaxies and occupies it’s associated space. Based on recent telescope observation, our universe is cooling down while its expanding is sped up ② The energy in the universe is constant, when the background temperature drops, the heat energy transforms into a different form of energy that is momentum which fueling passing galaxy with kinetic energy③. In this paper, author will clarify some of paradox phenomenon that puzzles physics theorists who follow classic physics law. The introduction of new physics law-e.g. quantum law is neither necessary nor supported. The big bang explosion is triggered by a certain level (quantifiable) of mass/energy. It cannot require an infinite level of mass/energy. To explain it in a more organized way without defying universe definition, A new terminology – “Zolaxy” must be introduced for each part of the universal system, ③which is created by a single mother blast.
The finding of cosmic cold spots now reveal real possibilities of existing other universe. Many researchers are now aware of our universe might be the one of billions-perhaps an infinite number of universes①. However, the introduction of concept of multiverse creates confusion, because it alters the definition of universe established in scientific world.. In this paper, a possible cause is discussed in physics. The theories of multiverse indirectly recognize possibilities of multiple big bangs’ existence, where each big bang generates its respective family of galaxies and occupies it’s associated space. Based on recent telescope observation, our universe is cooling down while its expanding is sped up ② The energy in the universe is constant, when the background temperature drops, the heat energy transforms into a different form of energy that is momentum which fueling passing galaxy with kinetic energy③. In this paper, author will clarify some of paradox phenomenon that puzzles physics theorists who follow classic physics law. The introduction of new physics law-e.g. quantum law is neither necessary nor supported. The big bang explosion is triggered by a certain level (quantifiable) of mass/energy. It cannot require an infinite level of mass/energy. To explain it in a more organized way without defying universe definition, A new terminology – “Zolaxy” must be introduced for each part of the universal system, ③which is created by a single mother blast.
One Universe, Endless Cycles
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.15
Science Research
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Edwin Zong
One Universe, Endless Cycles
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110
110
2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.15
© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Investigation of Border Disease Virus Infection in Sheep Flocks with Abortion Problems in Konya Province
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.17
The aim of the present study was to determine the serological and virological status of animals persistently infected (PI) with border disease virus (BDV), with focus on the prevalence of pestiviruses in sheep and lambs. This study is the first to our knowledge, to investigate the role of viral infections in abortions in the sheep population of Konya province. The prevalence of antibodies against BDV was as follows: sheep, 79%; lambs, 43.4%; and rams, 6%. Of 1000 leukocyte (sheep) samples examined with a direct ELISA, 11 (1.1%) (first sampling) were antibody-positive. Three sheep were determined to be PI and were sacrificed. Of 1011 sheep leukocyte samples, 14 were examined using a direct immunoperoxidase (IP) assay for BDV antigen, and 11 of 327 (3.36%) tissue samples were positive. The BDV genome was detected in 14 of 63 (22.2%) sheep leukocyte samples and 11 of 327 (3.36%) tissue samples by one-step RT-PCR. The BDV genome could not be detected in any vaginal swab samples. The sensitivity and specificity rates between direct ELISA and direct IP were respectively 100% and 98.8% and the values were, respectively, 78.57% and 98.6% between direct ELISA and one-step RT-PCR and 100% and 97.5% between one-step RT-PCR and direct IP. In conclusion it was determinate that BDV has an important role as an etiologic agent in abortion causes in sheep population in Konya.
The aim of the present study was to determine the serological and virological status of animals persistently infected (PI) with border disease virus (BDV), with focus on the prevalence of pestiviruses in sheep and lambs. This study is the first to our knowledge, to investigate the role of viral infections in abortions in the sheep population of Konya province. The prevalence of antibodies against BDV was as follows: sheep, 79%; lambs, 43.4%; and rams, 6%. Of 1000 leukocyte (sheep) samples examined with a direct ELISA, 11 (1.1%) (first sampling) were antibody-positive. Three sheep were determined to be PI and were sacrificed. Of 1011 sheep leukocyte samples, 14 were examined using a direct immunoperoxidase (IP) assay for BDV antigen, and 11 of 327 (3.36%) tissue samples were positive. The BDV genome was detected in 14 of 63 (22.2%) sheep leukocyte samples and 11 of 327 (3.36%) tissue samples by one-step RT-PCR. The BDV genome could not be detected in any vaginal swab samples. The sensitivity and specificity rates between direct ELISA and direct IP were respectively 100% and 98.8% and the values were, respectively, 78.57% and 98.6% between direct ELISA and one-step RT-PCR and 100% and 97.5% between one-step RT-PCR and direct IP. In conclusion it was determinate that BDV has an important role as an etiologic agent in abortion causes in sheep population in Konya.
Comparative Investigation of Border Disease Virus Infection in Sheep Flocks with Abortion Problems in Konya Province
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.17
Science Research
2014-10-22
© Science Publishing Group
Oguzhan Avci
Sibel Yavru
Comparative Investigation of Border Disease Virus Infection in Sheep Flocks with Abortion Problems in Konya Province
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124
2014-10-22
2014-10-22
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.17
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of an Ionic Liquid [Bmim][Tf2N] on the Rate of Reaction in the Synthesis of some Azole Compounds as Antifungal Agents
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.18
3-Butyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-iumbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide [Bmim][Tf2N] as an environmental-friendly solvent was added to the reaction media for synthesis of some new azole compounds as antifungal agents. The effect of [Bmim][Tf2N] on the rate of reactions was studied using NMR analysis. The results show remarkable increasing in the progress of the reactions. As in recent years the developments of resistance to currently available antifungal azoles in Candida spp., as well as clinical failures in the treatment of fungal infections have been reported therefore intense efforts in antifungal drug discovery are still needed to develop more promising and effective antifungal agents for use in the clinical arena. We present a synthetic route for producing antifungal that is improved by using an ionic liquid.
3-Butyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-iumbis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide [Bmim][Tf2N] as an environmental-friendly solvent was added to the reaction media for synthesis of some new azole compounds as antifungal agents. The effect of [Bmim][Tf2N] on the rate of reactions was studied using NMR analysis. The results show remarkable increasing in the progress of the reactions. As in recent years the developments of resistance to currently available antifungal azoles in Candida spp., as well as clinical failures in the treatment of fungal infections have been reported therefore intense efforts in antifungal drug discovery are still needed to develop more promising and effective antifungal agents for use in the clinical arena. We present a synthetic route for producing antifungal that is improved by using an ionic liquid.
Effect of an Ionic Liquid [Bmim][Tf2N] on the Rate of Reaction in the Synthesis of some Azole Compounds as Antifungal Agents
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.18
Science Research
2014-10-22
© Science Publishing Group
Soghra Khabnadideh
Jason B. Harper
Effect of an Ionic Liquid [Bmim][Tf2N] on the Rate of Reaction in the Synthesis of some Azole Compounds as Antifungal Agents
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131
131
2014-10-22
2014-10-22
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.18
© Science Publishing Group
Coping with COPE
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.13
This paper identifies and describes a publication attitude which is uprising to some of the COPE best practice guidelines. An overview of COPE was made, one attitude considered as academic misbehaviour by the COPE best practice guidelines was singled out and discussed. Marketing communication strategies were used to establish clear visualizations of the concept of republication to be coping efforts of authors against the confinement of COPE best practice guideline.
This paper identifies and describes a publication attitude which is uprising to some of the COPE best practice guidelines. An overview of COPE was made, one attitude considered as academic misbehaviour by the COPE best practice guidelines was singled out and discussed. Marketing communication strategies were used to establish clear visualizations of the concept of republication to be coping efforts of authors against the confinement of COPE best practice guideline.
Coping with COPE
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.13
Science Research
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Adeleke Victor Adedayo
Coping with COPE
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2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Braking Effect
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.19
Einstein, in the equations of the General Relativity, departs from three premises: 1/ Equivalence between inertia, gravity and mass. 2/ Distortion of the space for the mass, and equivalence between mass and spatial distortion. 3/ Equivalence between gravity and uniformly accelerated motion. From this viewpoint conceptual and pre-relativist is where I have something to add. I try to postulate the braking effect as equivalent to gravity. Then results it make more understandable the gravity, the inertia, the uniformly accelerated motion and also the mass. In the present moment, at the end of the article, I add some considerations on mass, dark energy and dark matter specially. And on the pure field.
Einstein, in the equations of the General Relativity, departs from three premises: 1/ Equivalence between inertia, gravity and mass. 2/ Distortion of the space for the mass, and equivalence between mass and spatial distortion. 3/ Equivalence between gravity and uniformly accelerated motion. From this viewpoint conceptual and pre-relativist is where I have something to add. I try to postulate the braking effect as equivalent to gravity. Then results it make more understandable the gravity, the inertia, the uniformly accelerated motion and also the mass. In the present moment, at the end of the article, I add some considerations on mass, dark energy and dark matter specially. And on the pure field.
The Braking Effect
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.19
Science Research
2014-11-12
© Science Publishing Group
Ramon Marques Sala
The Braking Effect
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2014-11-12
2014-11-12
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.19
© Science Publishing Group
Differences between the Actual Scene Model and the Image Model for Computation of Visual Depth Information of Early Vision
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.20
In this paper, we introduced two viewing modes, "Scene Mode" and "Picture Mode", for early visual depth perception depending on the dimensions of the object being viewed. The essential difference between these two modes of visual depth perception is still unclear. We discuss the basic methods of introducing a three-dimensional Cartesian system into a plane to express the depth information of an image, estimate the loss of depth information caused by this approach, and provide an analysis of the important role of providing depth information based on size constancy and vanishing point in the two viewing modes. We studied the problem of how the retina and visual cortex separate the plenoptic (all-optical) function, which is the input representation of vision, by neural computing in scene mode. We also studied the problem of how to extract information about the position and angle of light beams in the light field, and then determined the output representation of the visual depth perception. In the absence of any stereoscopic cues, such as texture, gradient, shade, shadow, color, occlusion, and binocular disparity, we compare the main differences of visual depth perception between scene mode and picture mode using a cube being viewed and its line drawing, which respectively represent the two modes.
In this paper, we introduced two viewing modes, "Scene Mode" and "Picture Mode", for early visual depth perception depending on the dimensions of the object being viewed. The essential difference between these two modes of visual depth perception is still unclear. We discuss the basic methods of introducing a three-dimensional Cartesian system into a plane to express the depth information of an image, estimate the loss of depth information caused by this approach, and provide an analysis of the important role of providing depth information based on size constancy and vanishing point in the two viewing modes. We studied the problem of how the retina and visual cortex separate the plenoptic (all-optical) function, which is the input representation of vision, by neural computing in scene mode. We also studied the problem of how to extract information about the position and angle of light beams in the light field, and then determined the output representation of the visual depth perception. In the absence of any stereoscopic cues, such as texture, gradient, shade, shadow, color, occlusion, and binocular disparity, we compare the main differences of visual depth perception between scene mode and picture mode using a cube being viewed and its line drawing, which respectively represent the two modes.
Differences between the Actual Scene Model and the Image Model for Computation of Visual Depth Information of Early Vision
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140205.20
Science Research
2014-11-14
© Science Publishing Group
Zhao Songnian
Yu Yunxin
Zhao Yuping
Jin Xi
Cheng Wenjun
Differences between the Actual Scene Model and the Image Model for Computation of Visual Depth Information of Early Vision
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149
2014-11-14
2014-11-14
10.11648/j.sr.20140205.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140205.20
© Science Publishing Group
A Study of Maternal Serum Lipids in Pregnancies Complicated by Pre-Eclampsia in a Cohort of Nigerian Women
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.11
Background: Pre-eclampsia is a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, that has adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Abnormal serum lipid levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, this can give rise to increased oxidative stress and then subsequently, endothelial dysfunction. Methods: This study was a comparative cross-sectional study that involved fifty pregnant women that had pre-eclampsia and another fifty healthy pregnant women. Cases and controls were matched for Age in years, Parity, Gestational age in weeks and Body mass index in Kg/M2. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained and analyzed for serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) using enzymatic colorimetric method aided by Cobass C111 Autoanalyser machine. The Data was analyzed using Epi-info version 3.5.4, CDC, Atlanta, USA and P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean age of the case and control groups were 28.86 + 4.50 Years and 29.9 + 4.95 Years respectively (P = 0.59). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in terms of total Cholesterol (P = 0.98) and low density lipoprotein (P = 0.92). However, mean triglycerides (1.95 + 0.89 mmol/L versus 1.02 + 0.51 mmoI/L) was significantly higher in women with pre-eclampsia compared to the control (P= 0.0004) and a significant reduction in high density lipoprotein (0.79± 0.30 mmol/L versus 1.74 + 0.45 mmol/L) in the case group (P = 0.0005). Conclusion: In this study, Pre-eclampsia is associated with elevated serum triglycerides and reduced high density lipoprotein. These findings may serve as screening markers for preeclampsia.
Background: Pre-eclampsia is a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, that has adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Abnormal serum lipid levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, this can give rise to increased oxidative stress and then subsequently, endothelial dysfunction. Methods: This study was a comparative cross-sectional study that involved fifty pregnant women that had pre-eclampsia and another fifty healthy pregnant women. Cases and controls were matched for Age in years, Parity, Gestational age in weeks and Body mass index in Kg/M2. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained and analyzed for serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) using enzymatic colorimetric method aided by Cobass C111 Autoanalyser machine. The Data was analyzed using Epi-info version 3.5.4, CDC, Atlanta, USA and P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean age of the case and control groups were 28.86 + 4.50 Years and 29.9 + 4.95 Years respectively (P = 0.59). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in terms of total Cholesterol (P = 0.98) and low density lipoprotein (P = 0.92). However, mean triglycerides (1.95 + 0.89 mmol/L versus 1.02 + 0.51 mmoI/L) was significantly higher in women with pre-eclampsia compared to the control (P= 0.0004) and a significant reduction in high density lipoprotein (0.79± 0.30 mmol/L versus 1.74 + 0.45 mmol/L) in the case group (P = 0.0005). Conclusion: In this study, Pre-eclampsia is associated with elevated serum triglycerides and reduced high density lipoprotein. These findings may serve as screening markers for preeclampsia.
A Study of Maternal Serum Lipids in Pregnancies Complicated by Pre-Eclampsia in a Cohort of Nigerian Women
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140206.11
Science Research
2014-11-25
© Science Publishing Group
Yakubu Emmanuel Nyam
Ajen Stephen Anzaku
Madziga Isa Gamece
Daru Patrick Haruna
A Study of Maternal Serum Lipids in Pregnancies Complicated by Pre-Eclampsia in a Cohort of Nigerian Women
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154
2014-11-25
2014-11-25
10.11648/j.sr.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Geochemical Dispersion of Gold in Stream Sediments in the Paleoproterozoic Nyong Series, Southern Cameroon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.12
Twenty-five stream sediment samples were collected in the Ngovayang area of southern Cameroon over a 1100 km2 area for heavy mineral fraction geochemical survey. The heavy mineral fraction of the stream sediments was analyzed for 45 trace elements. The majority of samples showed high Au concentrations though the anomalies were erratic. The geochemical data were processed using statistical and spatial analytical methods. R-mode Factor analysis produced a four-factor model which accounted for 77.02 % of the total variance in the data with the following metal associations: U-Th-Pb-W, Nb-Ta-Co-V, Au-Hf and Cu. The Au-Hf association indicated gold mineralization while the others reflect lithologic control. Uranium, Pb, Co, Ni and Ag show an almost uniform distribution within the Nyong Series indicating essentially the lithology. Anomalous gold concentrations clustered mostly in the northeastern part of the study area defining a potential primary gold target.
Twenty-five stream sediment samples were collected in the Ngovayang area of southern Cameroon over a 1100 km2 area for heavy mineral fraction geochemical survey. The heavy mineral fraction of the stream sediments was analyzed for 45 trace elements. The majority of samples showed high Au concentrations though the anomalies were erratic. The geochemical data were processed using statistical and spatial analytical methods. R-mode Factor analysis produced a four-factor model which accounted for 77.02 % of the total variance in the data with the following metal associations: U-Th-Pb-W, Nb-Ta-Co-V, Au-Hf and Cu. The Au-Hf association indicated gold mineralization while the others reflect lithologic control. Uranium, Pb, Co, Ni and Ag show an almost uniform distribution within the Nyong Series indicating essentially the lithology. Anomalous gold concentrations clustered mostly in the northeastern part of the study area defining a potential primary gold target.
Geochemical Dispersion of Gold in Stream Sediments in the Paleoproterozoic Nyong Series, Southern Cameroon
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140206.12
Science Research
2014-11-28
© Science Publishing Group
Mumbfu Ernestine Mimba
Nforba Melvin Tamnta
Cheo Emmanuel Suh
Geochemical Dispersion of Gold in Stream Sediments in the Paleoproterozoic Nyong Series, Southern Cameroon
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165
165
2014-11-28
2014-11-28
10.11648/j.sr.20140206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Accessibility and Utilization of Electronic Information Resources on Productivity of Academic Staff in Selected Nigerian Universities
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.13
The aim of the paper was to investigate the effect of accessibility and utilization of electronic resources on productivity of academic staff in Nigerian universities. A survey method was used in the study, with a questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Responses from 324 academic staff out of 586 that were surveyed were used for data analysis. Correlation analysis showed that, there was a positive correlation between accessibility and utilization of electronic resources on productivity of respondents in the survey (r=0.135; p=0.015). This implies that increase in access and use of e-resources will lead to increase in productivity among respondents at the surveyed universities. Similar result was obtained when the hypothesis was tested at international level with r=0.158 and p=0.004. In other words, respondents that access and use e-resources in research frequently publish more articles in international journals than those who do not. It was recommended that, in view of the observed positive impact of e-resources on productivity in the survey; university managements, university librarians, National Universities Commission (NUC) and other stakeholders in Nigerian universities should intensify the process of effective information and communication technology (ICT) diffusion and provision of relevant e-resources in Nigerian universities towards qualitative research. This will also make academic staff in Nigerian universities to be globally competitive for journal space in international journals, and thus bridge the productivity gap between Nigeria and developed countries.
The aim of the paper was to investigate the effect of accessibility and utilization of electronic resources on productivity of academic staff in Nigerian universities. A survey method was used in the study, with a questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Responses from 324 academic staff out of 586 that were surveyed were used for data analysis. Correlation analysis showed that, there was a positive correlation between accessibility and utilization of electronic resources on productivity of respondents in the survey (r=0.135; p=0.015). This implies that increase in access and use of e-resources will lead to increase in productivity among respondents at the surveyed universities. Similar result was obtained when the hypothesis was tested at international level with r=0.158 and p=0.004. In other words, respondents that access and use e-resources in research frequently publish more articles in international journals than those who do not. It was recommended that, in view of the observed positive impact of e-resources on productivity in the survey; university managements, university librarians, National Universities Commission (NUC) and other stakeholders in Nigerian universities should intensify the process of effective information and communication technology (ICT) diffusion and provision of relevant e-resources in Nigerian universities towards qualitative research. This will also make academic staff in Nigerian universities to be globally competitive for journal space in international journals, and thus bridge the productivity gap between Nigeria and developed countries.
Effect of Accessibility and Utilization of Electronic Information Resources on Productivity of Academic Staff in Selected Nigerian Universities
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140206.13
Science Research
2014-12-03
© Science Publishing Group
Okon E. Ani
Patrick Ngulube
Bosire Onyancha
Effect of Accessibility and Utilization of Electronic Information Resources on Productivity of Academic Staff in Selected Nigerian Universities
2
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171
171
2014-12-03
2014-12-03
10.11648/j.sr.20140206.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.13
© Science Publishing Group
Coag-Flocculation Kinetics of Phosphorus Containing Effluent Using Corchorus Olitorious Seed
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.14
Corchorus olitorius, (CR) an environmentally friendly biomass was used as a coagulant in this work for the treatment of phosphorus containing effluent using Nephelometric method. The research evaluates the coag-flocculation efficiency of CR coagulant as well as kinetic parameter response of CR to varying pH and dosage of the waste water effluent. Coag-flocculation reaction order α, coag-flocculation rate constant K, and coagulation period were determined. The maximum coag-flocculation performance is recorded at rate constant, K of 5x10-5 l/mg.mm, dosage of 500mg/l, pH of 6 and coagulation period of 5.4 mins. While the coag-flocculation efficiency obtained E > 70% at the condition of the experiment.
Corchorus olitorius, (CR) an environmentally friendly biomass was used as a coagulant in this work for the treatment of phosphorus containing effluent using Nephelometric method. The research evaluates the coag-flocculation efficiency of CR coagulant as well as kinetic parameter response of CR to varying pH and dosage of the waste water effluent. Coag-flocculation reaction order α, coag-flocculation rate constant K, and coagulation period were determined. The maximum coag-flocculation performance is recorded at rate constant, K of 5x10-5 l/mg.mm, dosage of 500mg/l, pH of 6 and coagulation period of 5.4 mins. While the coag-flocculation efficiency obtained E > 70% at the condition of the experiment.
Coag-Flocculation Kinetics of Phosphorus Containing Effluent Using Corchorus Olitorious Seed
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140206.14
Science Research
2014-12-10
© Science Publishing Group
Akinpelu Kamoru Babayemi
Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli
Akindele Oyetunde Okewale
Coag-Flocculation Kinetics of Phosphorus Containing Effluent Using Corchorus Olitorious Seed
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178
178
2014-12-10
2014-12-10
10.11648/j.sr.20140206.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.14
© Science Publishing Group
Rice (Oryza Sativa) and Chickpea (Cicer aritinum L) Relay Intercropping Systems in an Additive Series Experiment in Rain Fed Lowland Ecosystem of Fogera Vertisols
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.15
Study on rice as a main crop and chickpea as a companion crop relay intercropping in an additive series experiment in rain fed lowland ecosystem of Fogera vertisols was conducted for two consecutive years to test the rice-chick pea relay intercropping planting method and to determine the optimum proportion for component crops in rice- chick pea relay intercropping on transplanted rice. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. Five seed rates of chick pea relayed intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice and one sole rice were tested i.e. full recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice, two-third of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice, two-third of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between alternate rows of transplanted rice, half of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice, half of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between alternate rows of transplanted rice and the sole transplanted rice used as comparison. Rice yield and yield component data were statistically subjected to analysis of variance using SAS-JMP-5 software. All growth, yield and yield component of rice did not significantly affected by additive relay intercropping and seed proportion in rice-chickpea relay intercropping systems. However, the study conducted for two consecutive years at all test sits confirmed that chick pea after twenty to thirty days from the planting time was completely dried and unable to gave seed yield from rice-chickpea relay intercropping experiment. Hence, under current crop management practice of rice at Fogera vertisol areas, chickpea cannot replace the grass pea in rice-grass pea relay intercropping system (farmers practice); and relay intercropping of chickpea with rice is not economically important for farmers to increase the yield potential and land use efficiency. It needs intensive Agronomy research on rice-chickpea intercropping systems and breeding on both component crops.
Study on rice as a main crop and chickpea as a companion crop relay intercropping in an additive series experiment in rain fed lowland ecosystem of Fogera vertisols was conducted for two consecutive years to test the rice-chick pea relay intercropping planting method and to determine the optimum proportion for component crops in rice- chick pea relay intercropping on transplanted rice. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. Five seed rates of chick pea relayed intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice and one sole rice were tested i.e. full recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice, two-third of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice, two-third of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between alternate rows of transplanted rice, half of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between rows of transplanted rice, half of the recommended seed rate of chick pea relay intercropped in between alternate rows of transplanted rice and the sole transplanted rice used as comparison. Rice yield and yield component data were statistically subjected to analysis of variance using SAS-JMP-5 software. All growth, yield and yield component of rice did not significantly affected by additive relay intercropping and seed proportion in rice-chickpea relay intercropping systems. However, the study conducted for two consecutive years at all test sits confirmed that chick pea after twenty to thirty days from the planting time was completely dried and unable to gave seed yield from rice-chickpea relay intercropping experiment. Hence, under current crop management practice of rice at Fogera vertisol areas, chickpea cannot replace the grass pea in rice-grass pea relay intercropping system (farmers practice); and relay intercropping of chickpea with rice is not economically important for farmers to increase the yield potential and land use efficiency. It needs intensive Agronomy research on rice-chickpea intercropping systems and breeding on both component crops.
Rice (Oryza Sativa) and Chickpea (Cicer aritinum L) Relay Intercropping Systems in an Additive Series Experiment in Rain Fed Lowland Ecosystem of Fogera Vertisols
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140206.15
Science Research
2014-12-22
© Science Publishing Group
Yayeh Bitew
Fekremariam Asargew
Rice (Oryza Sativa) and Chickpea (Cicer aritinum L) Relay Intercropping Systems in an Additive Series Experiment in Rain Fed Lowland Ecosystem of Fogera Vertisols
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184
184
2014-12-22
2014-12-22
10.11648/j.sr.20140206.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.15
© Science Publishing Group
Research on the Dynamometer Temperature Characteristics of Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dynamometer
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.16
The dynamometer measuring device through the magnetic rheological fluid self-designed, analyzes the basic characteristics of magneto rheological fluid, and then through the experimental study on the temperature characteristics of magneto rheological fluid. Dynamometer with magneto rheological fluid (MRF) was tested, in different conditions, when the system reached the steady state, temperature changes in the key points of the rotary. And through the analysis, the temperature distribution of the device was obtained, which provides the theoretical basis for the effect of temperature on transmission performance. Then, the obtained results, which can provided a good reference for the design of MRF gearing to optimum design and intelligent cooling system.
The dynamometer measuring device through the magnetic rheological fluid self-designed, analyzes the basic characteristics of magneto rheological fluid, and then through the experimental study on the temperature characteristics of magneto rheological fluid. Dynamometer with magneto rheological fluid (MRF) was tested, in different conditions, when the system reached the steady state, temperature changes in the key points of the rotary. And through the analysis, the temperature distribution of the device was obtained, which provides the theoretical basis for the effect of temperature on transmission performance. Then, the obtained results, which can provided a good reference for the design of MRF gearing to optimum design and intelligent cooling system.
Research on the Dynamometer Temperature Characteristics of Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dynamometer
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20140206.16
Science Research
2015-01-04
© Science Publishing Group
Fang Yi
Luo Yiping
Ren Hongjuan
Research on the Dynamometer Temperature Characteristics of Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dynamometer
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188
188
2015-01-04
2015-01-04
10.11648/j.sr.20140206.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20140206.16
© Science Publishing Group
Influence of the Phosphate Salts Nature on the Synthesis of Apatite in a Wet Atmosphere
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.11
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2, HAP) is widely used as a bone graft substitute, potential carriers of drugs and in the purification of proteins, et could be synthesized artificially by various methods but the hydrothermal method at low temperature, which gives a good crystallinity, is often used. Moreover, several studies have shown that, in the synthesis of calcium phosphate, the nature of the final product may differ depending on the experimental conditions including the value of the initial Ca / P ratio, the nature of the calcium salts used and influence of the residence time of the initial products used in experimental conditions. Thus, in this work, while maintaining the initial Ca / P ratio to a fixed value (1,00 ± 0,01), we followed the behavior of two initial mixtures of a calcium salt and one of two other phosphate salts (di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate) as a function of residence time in an autoclave at a temperature of 80 °C in a saturated water vapor environment. The characteristics of the final product were carried out by four methods: X-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy in the range 400 cm-1 _ 4000 cm-1, chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD analysis has shown that the products obtained have all an apatite structure. They show the presence, alongside that of apatite, the identifiable stripes of the calcite for the residence times in the experience that are less than 48 hours. Similarly, the infrared absorption spectroscopy for short residence times ranging from 2 hours to 8 am always have shown the presence of the bands specific to the CO32- ions which are fit for calcite and which decrease by increasing the residence time. Beyond this time, in the two experimental conditions, we note the total disappearance of these bands after 48 hours. Beyond 48 hours, by chemical analysis the atomic ratio Ca / P remains practically constant and equal to 1.60 ± 0.01 for salts (NH4) H2PO4 and 1.58 ± 0.01 synthesized from the salts (NH4) H2PO4 within experimental error. Also, the SEM photographs have shown the presence of a phase formed of a needle agglomerate.
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2, HAP) is widely used as a bone graft substitute, potential carriers of drugs and in the purification of proteins, et could be synthesized artificially by various methods but the hydrothermal method at low temperature, which gives a good crystallinity, is often used. Moreover, several studies have shown that, in the synthesis of calcium phosphate, the nature of the final product may differ depending on the experimental conditions including the value of the initial Ca / P ratio, the nature of the calcium salts used and influence of the residence time of the initial products used in experimental conditions. Thus, in this work, while maintaining the initial Ca / P ratio to a fixed value (1,00 ± 0,01), we followed the behavior of two initial mixtures of a calcium salt and one of two other phosphate salts (di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate) as a function of residence time in an autoclave at a temperature of 80 °C in a saturated water vapor environment. The characteristics of the final product were carried out by four methods: X-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy in the range 400 cm-1 _ 4000 cm-1, chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD analysis has shown that the products obtained have all an apatite structure. They show the presence, alongside that of apatite, the identifiable stripes of the calcite for the residence times in the experience that are less than 48 hours. Similarly, the infrared absorption spectroscopy for short residence times ranging from 2 hours to 8 am always have shown the presence of the bands specific to the CO32- ions which are fit for calcite and which decrease by increasing the residence time. Beyond this time, in the two experimental conditions, we note the total disappearance of these bands after 48 hours. Beyond 48 hours, by chemical analysis the atomic ratio Ca / P remains practically constant and equal to 1.60 ± 0.01 for salts (NH4) H2PO4 and 1.58 ± 0.01 synthesized from the salts (NH4) H2PO4 within experimental error. Also, the SEM photographs have shown the presence of a phase formed of a needle agglomerate.
Influence of the Phosphate Salts Nature on the Synthesis of Apatite in a Wet Atmosphere
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150301.11
Science Research
2015-01-26
© Science Publishing Group
Rachida Elosrouti
Brahim Sallek
Hassan Chaair
Khalid Digua
Hassan Oudadesse
Influence of the Phosphate Salts Nature on the Synthesis of Apatite in a Wet Atmosphere
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1
6
6
2015-01-26
2015-01-26
10.11648/j.sr.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Studies on in Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Aqueous, Ethanol, Ethylacetate and N-Hexane Extracts of Leaves of Datura stramonium and Ocimum gratissimum
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.12
The in vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of aqueous, ethanol, ethylacetate and n-hexane extracts of leaves of Datura stramonium and Ocimum gratissimum were investigated. Due to the fact that Free radicals are implicated in many diseases including diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer, ageing. etc. In the treatment of these diseases, antioxidant therapy has gained utmost importance. The phytochemical analysis was carried out by standard methods and the antioxidant activity of the various extracts were measured on the basis of the free radical scavenging activity of the extract on stable 1, 1-diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl (DPPH) at varying concentrations of the plant extracts (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/ml) and absorbance was measured at 517nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results indicated that alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and tannins were present in D. stramonium ethanol leaf extract while alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids were present in O. gratissimum n-Hexane leaf extract. The percentage inhibition of the solvent extracts at 100 μg/ml - aqueous (30.77 %), ethanol (74.90 %), ethylacetate (49.94 %) and n-hexane (69.90 %) for D. stramonium while for O. gratissimum - aqueous (45.84 %), ethanol (49.47 %), ethylacetate (63.94 %) and n-hexane (91.14 %). Of all the extracts, n-hexane leave extract of O. gratissimum exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 0.21 μg/ml compared to ethanol leave extracts of D. stramonium with IC50 0.29 μg/ml. This study revealed that n-hexane leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum had a more potent antioxidant activity compared to the ethanol leaf extract of D. stramonium which had moderate antioxidant activity. Both plants extracts had no significant difference when compared with ascorbic acid standard (0.19 µg/ml) at (P≤.05). The phytochemical profile of the plants might be responsible for their high antioxidant activity, thus justifying wide use of O. gratissimum in diet which could provide a source of high dietary antioxidants and D. stramonium in ethno-botanical applications.
The in vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of aqueous, ethanol, ethylacetate and n-hexane extracts of leaves of Datura stramonium and Ocimum gratissimum were investigated. Due to the fact that Free radicals are implicated in many diseases including diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer, ageing. etc. In the treatment of these diseases, antioxidant therapy has gained utmost importance. The phytochemical analysis was carried out by standard methods and the antioxidant activity of the various extracts were measured on the basis of the free radical scavenging activity of the extract on stable 1, 1-diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl (DPPH) at varying concentrations of the plant extracts (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/ml) and absorbance was measured at 517nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results indicated that alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and tannins were present in D. stramonium ethanol leaf extract while alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids were present in O. gratissimum n-Hexane leaf extract. The percentage inhibition of the solvent extracts at 100 μg/ml - aqueous (30.77 %), ethanol (74.90 %), ethylacetate (49.94 %) and n-hexane (69.90 %) for D. stramonium while for O. gratissimum - aqueous (45.84 %), ethanol (49.47 %), ethylacetate (63.94 %) and n-hexane (91.14 %). Of all the extracts, n-hexane leave extract of O. gratissimum exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 0.21 μg/ml compared to ethanol leave extracts of D. stramonium with IC50 0.29 μg/ml. This study revealed that n-hexane leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum had a more potent antioxidant activity compared to the ethanol leaf extract of D. stramonium which had moderate antioxidant activity. Both plants extracts had no significant difference when compared with ascorbic acid standard (0.19 µg/ml) at (P≤.05). The phytochemical profile of the plants might be responsible for their high antioxidant activity, thus justifying wide use of O. gratissimum in diet which could provide a source of high dietary antioxidants and D. stramonium in ethno-botanical applications.
Comparative Studies on in Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Aqueous, Ethanol, Ethylacetate and N-Hexane Extracts of Leaves of Datura stramonium and Ocimum gratissimum
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150301.12
Science Research
2015-02-02
© Science Publishing Group
Chintem Williams D. G.
Nzelibe Humphrey Chukwuemeka
Comparative Studies on in Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Aqueous, Ethanol, Ethylacetate and N-Hexane Extracts of Leaves of Datura stramonium and Ocimum gratissimum
3
1
12
12
2015-02-02
2015-02-02
10.11648/j.sr.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Optimum Design and Simulation of Structure Parameters of Pantograph Based on Equivalent Mass
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.15
Based on the mathematical model of geometric relations of high-speed single-arm pantograph, structure parameters of the high-speed single-arm pantograph are optimized and designed applying multi-objective Optimization technology. Considering good contact of pantograph-catenary, rising height of pantograph and time of rising and dropping pantograph as the constraint condition, and considering the trajectory of pantograph head and the equivalent mass of pantograph as the target, a group of optimal structural parameters are gained combining with MATLAB software. The three-dimensional modeling of pantograph is completed according to the results of optimization. Applying virtual prototype technology to simulated analysis can verify the precision of the optimization results and methods.
Based on the mathematical model of geometric relations of high-speed single-arm pantograph, structure parameters of the high-speed single-arm pantograph are optimized and designed applying multi-objective Optimization technology. Considering good contact of pantograph-catenary, rising height of pantograph and time of rising and dropping pantograph as the constraint condition, and considering the trajectory of pantograph head and the equivalent mass of pantograph as the target, a group of optimal structural parameters are gained combining with MATLAB software. The three-dimensional modeling of pantograph is completed according to the results of optimization. Applying virtual prototype technology to simulated analysis can verify the precision of the optimization results and methods.
Optimum Design and Simulation of Structure Parameters of Pantograph Based on Equivalent Mass
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150301.15
Science Research
2015-02-15
© Science Publishing Group
Zhang Shufeng
Yang Jian
Song Ruigang
Yuan Tianchen
Optimum Design and Simulation of Structure Parameters of Pantograph Based on Equivalent Mass
3
1
29
29
2015-02-15
2015-02-15
10.11648/j.sr.20150301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Thermal Time Utilization of Plum in Semi Arid Region of Gangetic Plain
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.14
Plum prefers temperate climate thus a major crop of hills however, it has been found growing from higher hills in Srinagar to Jaipur in Rajasthan and areas around Delhi. It requires less chilling hours and can tolerate frost and high summers both, that is why it can be cultivated in both low temperatures to 0°C and up, highest up to 47°C in summers. Among the major Japanese cultivar the Kala Amritsari, Satluj Purple and Titron are planted at HAU farm in 2001 on which the present study was done during 2013-14. The overall growth was observed better in Kala Amritsari followed by Satluj purple and Titron which is a late maturing variety. The thermal time required by Kala Amritsari and Satluj Purple was at par but the Titron required more thermal indices. The heat use efficiency was observed highest for Kala Amritsari and lowest for Titron whereas the photothermal index was highest in Titron followed by Kala Amritsari and Satluj Purple. The thermal units explained the 94 per cent variation in fruit yield of Kala Amritsari, 87 per cent variation in Satluj Purple and 83 percent variation in fruit yield of Titron cultivar.
Plum prefers temperate climate thus a major crop of hills however, it has been found growing from higher hills in Srinagar to Jaipur in Rajasthan and areas around Delhi. It requires less chilling hours and can tolerate frost and high summers both, that is why it can be cultivated in both low temperatures to 0°C and up, highest up to 47°C in summers. Among the major Japanese cultivar the Kala Amritsari, Satluj Purple and Titron are planted at HAU farm in 2001 on which the present study was done during 2013-14. The overall growth was observed better in Kala Amritsari followed by Satluj purple and Titron which is a late maturing variety. The thermal time required by Kala Amritsari and Satluj Purple was at par but the Titron required more thermal indices. The heat use efficiency was observed highest for Kala Amritsari and lowest for Titron whereas the photothermal index was highest in Titron followed by Kala Amritsari and Satluj Purple. The thermal units explained the 94 per cent variation in fruit yield of Kala Amritsari, 87 per cent variation in Satluj Purple and 83 percent variation in fruit yield of Titron cultivar.
Thermal Time Utilization of Plum in Semi Arid Region of Gangetic Plain
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150301.14
Science Research
2015-02-15
© Science Publishing Group
Mohan Singh
Ram Niwas
Thermal Time Utilization of Plum in Semi Arid Region of Gangetic Plain
3
1
24
24
2015-02-15
2015-02-15
10.11648/j.sr.20150301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Susceptibility of Vegetatively Propagated Khaya anthoteca to Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) Soil Inoculum Infection
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.13
Stem tip cuttings of Khaya anthoteca seedlings were experimented for the trapping of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF). This study aimed to determine the effect of hormone and wounding treatments on the vegetative propagation of K. anthoteca seedlings and the susceptibility of these cuttings to AMF soil inoculums infection compared to some other bait species such as Sorghum bicolor and Puereria javanica. The results indicated that, K. anthoteca can successfully be propagated through stem cutting with only wounding and without hormone (auxin) applications. Analysis of variance tested at 5% significance level revealed no differences between the treatment means of hormone and wounding on the number of roots. Again, the lengths of the longest roots were not significantly different over the control treatment. In the trapping experiment, there were no significant differences in terms of root segment colonization between K. anthoteca cuttings and the other trapping species. This observation was however, frequent in the young and meristematic segments of the roots for K. anthoteca. An average root colonization of 32% was observed for K. anthoteca and the highest recorded by S. bicolor of 43%. Thus, about a third of root segments of K. anthoteca were colonized by AMF. There was also a significant positive correlation between percentage root segment colonization and the number of counted spores. The study concludes that wounding of K. anthoteca six-month old seedlings prior to vegetative propagation by cutting play vital role with respect to the rooting ability of the propagules compared to non-wounded propagules and also not significantly different from that of synthetic hormone application. Again, K. anthoteca is susceptible to AMF just like most tropical plant species in Indonesia. Finally, AMF soil inoculums can also be a good source of inoculants for establishing K. anthoteca in areas of degraded lands for revegetation purposes.
Stem tip cuttings of Khaya anthoteca seedlings were experimented for the trapping of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF). This study aimed to determine the effect of hormone and wounding treatments on the vegetative propagation of K. anthoteca seedlings and the susceptibility of these cuttings to AMF soil inoculums infection compared to some other bait species such as Sorghum bicolor and Puereria javanica. The results indicated that, K. anthoteca can successfully be propagated through stem cutting with only wounding and without hormone (auxin) applications. Analysis of variance tested at 5% significance level revealed no differences between the treatment means of hormone and wounding on the number of roots. Again, the lengths of the longest roots were not significantly different over the control treatment. In the trapping experiment, there were no significant differences in terms of root segment colonization between K. anthoteca cuttings and the other trapping species. This observation was however, frequent in the young and meristematic segments of the roots for K. anthoteca. An average root colonization of 32% was observed for K. anthoteca and the highest recorded by S. bicolor of 43%. Thus, about a third of root segments of K. anthoteca were colonized by AMF. There was also a significant positive correlation between percentage root segment colonization and the number of counted spores. The study concludes that wounding of K. anthoteca six-month old seedlings prior to vegetative propagation by cutting play vital role with respect to the rooting ability of the propagules compared to non-wounded propagules and also not significantly different from that of synthetic hormone application. Again, K. anthoteca is susceptible to AMF just like most tropical plant species in Indonesia. Finally, AMF soil inoculums can also be a good source of inoculants for establishing K. anthoteca in areas of degraded lands for revegetation purposes.
Susceptibility of Vegetatively Propagated Khaya anthoteca to Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) Soil Inoculum Infection
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150301.13
Science Research
2015-02-15
© Science Publishing Group
Philip Worlanyo Dugbley
Irdika Mansur
Basuki Wasis
Susceptibility of Vegetatively Propagated Khaya anthoteca to Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) Soil Inoculum Infection
3
1
18
18
2015-02-15
2015-02-15
10.11648/j.sr.20150301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Effects of Treatment Application Rates (FYM and Gypsum) and Pore Volume Leaching Water on Exchangeable Sodium and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Saline Sodic Soils of Babile District, Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150302.11
Incubation and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of FYM, gypsum and pore volume (PV) of water on ESP and Ksat of saline sodic soils. Factorial combination of three rates of FYM (0, 20 and 30 ton ha-1), four rat of gypsum (0, 50, 75, 100 and 125% GR) and three PV of water (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0) were applied into the soil in complete randomized design with three replications. The soils were incubated using a plastic pot for a week followed by leaching with various PV of water. The data obtained subjected to analysis of variance. Results indicated that sole application of gypsum at different rates and their combination with FYM significantly decreased the ESP of the soil compared to FYM and the control. However, larger exchangeable Na released and then decreased the soil ESP with the use of combined FYM and gypsum treatments than sole application of gypsum for every increment in applied PV of leaching water. Similarly, the Ksat of soils was higher in combined than sole application of FYM and gypsum for all applied fixed PV of leaching water. On the other hand, increasing sole application of FYM and gypsum increased the Ksat of soil and the numerical values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the control but lower than the different combinations. Though, the Ksat of soil increased with increasing rates of applied FYM and gypsum; these values showed decreasing trend as PV of leaching water increased. In general, the interaction effects of different levels of FYM, gypsum and PV of water were significant (P < 0.05) in improving the ESP and Ksat of the saline sodic soils of Bisidimo. In conclusion, among the various treatments considered, combinations of 20 tons FYM ha-1 with gypsum (50, 75 and 100% GR) rates and leaching up to three PV of water are adequate to reclaim saline sodic soil to permissible limit and then theses combinations are recommended for resource poor farmers. The experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design with two replicates.
Incubation and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of FYM, gypsum and pore volume (PV) of water on ESP and Ksat of saline sodic soils. Factorial combination of three rates of FYM (0, 20 and 30 ton ha-1), four rat of gypsum (0, 50, 75, 100 and 125% GR) and three PV of water (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0) were applied into the soil in complete randomized design with three replications. The soils were incubated using a plastic pot for a week followed by leaching with various PV of water. The data obtained subjected to analysis of variance. Results indicated that sole application of gypsum at different rates and their combination with FYM significantly decreased the ESP of the soil compared to FYM and the control. However, larger exchangeable Na released and then decreased the soil ESP with the use of combined FYM and gypsum treatments than sole application of gypsum for every increment in applied PV of leaching water. Similarly, the Ksat of soils was higher in combined than sole application of FYM and gypsum for all applied fixed PV of leaching water. On the other hand, increasing sole application of FYM and gypsum increased the Ksat of soil and the numerical values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the control but lower than the different combinations. Though, the Ksat of soil increased with increasing rates of applied FYM and gypsum; these values showed decreasing trend as PV of leaching water increased. In general, the interaction effects of different levels of FYM, gypsum and PV of water were significant (P < 0.05) in improving the ESP and Ksat of the saline sodic soils of Bisidimo. In conclusion, among the various treatments considered, combinations of 20 tons FYM ha-1 with gypsum (50, 75 and 100% GR) rates and leaching up to three PV of water are adequate to reclaim saline sodic soil to permissible limit and then theses combinations are recommended for resource poor farmers. The experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design with two replicates.
Effects of Treatment Application Rates (FYM and Gypsum) and Pore Volume Leaching Water on Exchangeable Sodium and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Saline Sodic Soils of Babile District, Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150302.11
Science Research
2015-02-28
© Science Publishing Group
Assefa Adane
Heluf Gebrekidan
Kibebew Kibret
Effects of Treatment Application Rates (FYM and Gypsum) and Pore Volume Leaching Water on Exchangeable Sodium and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Saline Sodic Soils of Babile District, Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia
3
2
37
37
2015-02-28
2015-02-28
10.11648/j.sr.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Geochemistry of Sodium Alkaline Igneous Formations in NE Vietnam: Evidence of Paleohotspot & Mesohotspot Traces
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150302.12
Researched results on geochemistry of major, trace and isotopic elements from igneous formations in NE Vietnam area have established a Sodium alkaline igneous Province (Chi Nguyen et al., 2004), which consist of a chain of alkaline igneous formations: ijolite- melteigite- jacupirangite- nepheline syenite rocks from Pia Ma massif (Tuyen Quang) toward SE distance ~200km via Bang Phuc massif (Bac Kan), and then to Ngoi Biec one (Yen Bai) towards SW~ 250km, they created a assemblage of alkaline ultramafic-mafic and nepheline syenite rocks at Viet Bac Craton, that is a part of South China Platform margin. The research on petrogenesis of the above mentioned alkaline rocks show that: 1) Alkaline ultramafic – mafic rocks and nepheline syenite has a very high content of (Na2O+K2O) from (1.94-8.4%) to (9.62-16.7%), high Al2O3 from (6.88-16.93%) to (17.2 - 24.32%) belong to both alkaline ultramafic- mafic groups and nepheline syenite rock. The P2O5 content of those 2 groups is very high (0.7- 1.10%). Agpait Index (AI) of nepheline syenite rocks < 1, but Na > K and Ca, Mg contents is high, showing nepheline syenite is the miaskitic type. The total content of (REE+Y) varies from 164÷432ppm with Ce/Y=2.83÷6.64,(La/Sm)N=4.12,(Ce/Sm)N=2.64, (Yb/Lu)N = 1.27, Eu/Eu*= 0.1-0.28. However, the range isotope content of Sr and Nd in whole rocks of Pia Ma and that of Cho Don are different, in Pia Ma: 0.705846 ÷ 0.706419 and 0.511831 ÷ 0.511975 with value of εNd = - 2.35 ÷ +0.12 belong to EM1- type and aged in 519 ± 40Ma (Early Cambrian); in Cho Don: 0.709893 ÷ 0.718356 and 0.511854 ÷ 0.512010 with value of εNd = - 9.79 to - 2.9 belong to EM2-type and aged in 231 ± 23 Ma (Late Triassic ). 2) The geochemical characteristics of trace elements and isotope from above rocks indicated that, have fractional crystallization of a mixed magma liquid with composition of nephelinite derived from partial melting of depleted mantle source. This magma source may intruded into crust at Pia Ma in Early Paleozoic (Paleohotspot trace) and then at Cho Don and Ngoi Biec in Late Triassic (Mesohotspot traces) as they pass over "hotspot" in mantle. Possibly, this hotspot reactivated in Eocen and by the way to open the East Sea. The movenment speed of South China Plate towards North is about 0,7- 2,2 mm/year.
Researched results on geochemistry of major, trace and isotopic elements from igneous formations in NE Vietnam area have established a Sodium alkaline igneous Province (Chi Nguyen et al., 2004), which consist of a chain of alkaline igneous formations: ijolite- melteigite- jacupirangite- nepheline syenite rocks from Pia Ma massif (Tuyen Quang) toward SE distance ~200km via Bang Phuc massif (Bac Kan), and then to Ngoi Biec one (Yen Bai) towards SW~ 250km, they created a assemblage of alkaline ultramafic-mafic and nepheline syenite rocks at Viet Bac Craton, that is a part of South China Platform margin. The research on petrogenesis of the above mentioned alkaline rocks show that: 1) Alkaline ultramafic – mafic rocks and nepheline syenite has a very high content of (Na2O+K2O) from (1.94-8.4%) to (9.62-16.7%), high Al2O3 from (6.88-16.93%) to (17.2 - 24.32%) belong to both alkaline ultramafic- mafic groups and nepheline syenite rock. The P2O5 content of those 2 groups is very high (0.7- 1.10%). Agpait Index (AI) of nepheline syenite rocks < 1, but Na > K and Ca, Mg contents is high, showing nepheline syenite is the miaskitic type. The total content of (REE+Y) varies from 164÷432ppm with Ce/Y=2.83÷6.64,(La/Sm)N=4.12,(Ce/Sm)N=2.64, (Yb/Lu)N = 1.27, Eu/Eu*= 0.1-0.28. However, the range isotope content of Sr and Nd in whole rocks of Pia Ma and that of Cho Don are different, in Pia Ma: 0.705846 ÷ 0.706419 and 0.511831 ÷ 0.511975 with value of εNd = - 2.35 ÷ +0.12 belong to EM1- type and aged in 519 ± 40Ma (Early Cambrian); in Cho Don: 0.709893 ÷ 0.718356 and 0.511854 ÷ 0.512010 with value of εNd = - 9.79 to - 2.9 belong to EM2-type and aged in 231 ± 23 Ma (Late Triassic ). 2) The geochemical characteristics of trace elements and isotope from above rocks indicated that, have fractional crystallization of a mixed magma liquid with composition of nephelinite derived from partial melting of depleted mantle source. This magma source may intruded into crust at Pia Ma in Early Paleozoic (Paleohotspot trace) and then at Cho Don and Ngoi Biec in Late Triassic (Mesohotspot traces) as they pass over "hotspot" in mantle. Possibly, this hotspot reactivated in Eocen and by the way to open the East Sea. The movenment speed of South China Plate towards North is about 0,7- 2,2 mm/year.
Geochemistry of Sodium Alkaline Igneous Formations in NE Vietnam: Evidence of Paleohotspot & Mesohotspot Traces
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150302.12
Science Research
2015-03-17
© Science Publishing Group
Nguyen Trung Chi
Martin F. J. Flower
Geochemistry of Sodium Alkaline Igneous Formations in NE Vietnam: Evidence of Paleohotspot & Mesohotspot Traces
3
2
44
44
2015-03-17
2015-03-17
10.11648/j.sr.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Event Tree as a Classification Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.12
In this paper event tree model as qualitative support method was used. This is applied to fault tree analysis. Transfer and transformation facts and rules for problem solving were described. Method for knowledge extraction was presented. Mechanism of decision making and conclusions was implemented. Faults detection and classification were examined. That is significant for isolating all types of hazard and take appropriate steps to reduce and control these hazards.
In this paper event tree model as qualitative support method was used. This is applied to fault tree analysis. Transfer and transformation facts and rules for problem solving were described. Method for knowledge extraction was presented. Mechanism of decision making and conclusions was implemented. Faults detection and classification were examined. That is significant for isolating all types of hazard and take appropriate steps to reduce and control these hazards.
Event Tree as a Classification Model
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.12
Science Research
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Jelena Djurovic
Danica Brzic
Tatjana Kaludjerovic Radoicic
Event Tree as a Classification Model
3
3
57
57
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Large Scale Process System Optimization
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.13
Optimization requires object function definition, constraints, and criteria. Complex optimization with more independent variables and more object functions has some diffulcuties. Simplified models often are very useful to represent the problem adequately over small ranges of the independent variables. Because of that structure representation methods were studied in this paper. Block diagrams, system streams, block element with system inputs and outputs were examined. In this paper an approach of complex optimization of production system by duals optimization was derived.
Optimization requires object function definition, constraints, and criteria. Complex optimization with more independent variables and more object functions has some diffulcuties. Simplified models often are very useful to represent the problem adequately over small ranges of the independent variables. Because of that structure representation methods were studied in this paper. Block diagrams, system streams, block element with system inputs and outputs were examined. In this paper an approach of complex optimization of production system by duals optimization was derived.
Large Scale Process System Optimization
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.13
Science Research
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Milan Milivojevic
Stanko Zerajic
Large Scale Process System Optimization
3
3
65
65
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Modeling Method in the Scientific Research
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.14
In this paper modeling method in research was studied. The knowledge acquisition of structural description from examples was provided. Knowledge based systems must represent information abstractly so that it can be stored and manipulated effectively. There are difficulties formulating the knowledge explicitly as rules and other abstractions and induction. Inductive and deductive methods were considered. In this paper models purpose in research work was examined. Knowledge formulation and learning principles by models were studied.
In this paper modeling method in research was studied. The knowledge acquisition of structural description from examples was provided. Knowledge based systems must represent information abstractly so that it can be stored and manipulated effectively. There are difficulties formulating the knowledge explicitly as rules and other abstractions and induction. Inductive and deductive methods were considered. In this paper models purpose in research work was examined. Knowledge formulation and learning principles by models were studied.
Modeling Method in the Scientific Research
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.14
Science Research
2015-04-29
© Science Publishing Group
Jelenka Savkovic-Stevanovic
Modeling Method in the Scientific Research
3
3
71
71
2015-04-29
2015-04-29
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Factors Contributing to Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: A Case Study of Tuberculosis Patients Attending Rift Valley Provincial General Hospital Nakuru, Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.11
Tuberculosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya. The main challenges compounding Tuberculosis control include drug resistant tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) co-infections and the declining funding for tuberculosis control among others. Factors such as non-adherence to therapy, poor drug quality or poor prescribing practices have been reported to contribute to Drug Resistance TB. The study aimed at establishing factors that contribute to development of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among patients on TB treatment attending the Rift Valley Provincial General Hospital, Nakuru. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey of patients with tuberculosis. Primary data was collected using semi structured questionnaire while secondary data was retrieved from the patient’s treatment records. Clearance to conduct the study was sought from the Hospital Authorities and written consent obtained from the participants. Data was analyzed using computer Statistical Package for Social Science. Fifty three percent of the study participants were in the 21 – 40 years age brackets while the male to female ratio was 5:4. Majority (61.3 %) of the patients were co-infected with HIV/AIDS and 42.5 % were new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 23.7 % were smear negative PTB or Extra-Pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), 28.5 % were retreatment and/ or relapse while 4.3 % were chronic and/ or multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Eighty five percent of the participants adhered to treatment while patients beginning to feel better was cited as the major factor (42.5 %) leading to non-adherence to treatment. High percentage of tuberculosis - HIV/AIDS co-infection and high prevalence of tuberculosis among women was observed in this study. There need for impact assessment of the 2007/ 2008 post-elections violence on the spread of TB and development of MDR-TB in the affected parts of Rift Valley Province.
Tuberculosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya. The main challenges compounding Tuberculosis control include drug resistant tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) co-infections and the declining funding for tuberculosis control among others. Factors such as non-adherence to therapy, poor drug quality or poor prescribing practices have been reported to contribute to Drug Resistance TB. The study aimed at establishing factors that contribute to development of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among patients on TB treatment attending the Rift Valley Provincial General Hospital, Nakuru. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey of patients with tuberculosis. Primary data was collected using semi structured questionnaire while secondary data was retrieved from the patient’s treatment records. Clearance to conduct the study was sought from the Hospital Authorities and written consent obtained from the participants. Data was analyzed using computer Statistical Package for Social Science. Fifty three percent of the study participants were in the 21 – 40 years age brackets while the male to female ratio was 5:4. Majority (61.3 %) of the patients were co-infected with HIV/AIDS and 42.5 % were new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 23.7 % were smear negative PTB or Extra-Pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), 28.5 % were retreatment and/ or relapse while 4.3 % were chronic and/ or multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Eighty five percent of the participants adhered to treatment while patients beginning to feel better was cited as the major factor (42.5 %) leading to non-adherence to treatment. High percentage of tuberculosis - HIV/AIDS co-infection and high prevalence of tuberculosis among women was observed in this study. There need for impact assessment of the 2007/ 2008 post-elections violence on the spread of TB and development of MDR-TB in the affected parts of Rift Valley Province.
Factors Contributing to Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: A Case Study of Tuberculosis Patients Attending Rift Valley Provincial General Hospital Nakuru, Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.11
Science Research
2015-05-08
© Science Publishing Group
Lucia Kipkoech Keter
Silas Kandie Cherogony
Richard Kipserem Korir
Charles Mutai
Factors Contributing to Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: A Case Study of Tuberculosis Patients Attending Rift Valley Provincial General Hospital Nakuru, Kenya
3
3
52
52
2015-05-08
2015-05-08
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Modeling Principles, Theory and Methods
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.15
In this paper modeling theory and methods were developed. Modeling method linking previous knowledge, known facts, scientific laws and hypothesis so that from them can conclude knew knowledge about given domain Integration modeling method was derived. Models in various levels were investigated including variables input and output parameters, and contour conditions. Fundamentals of the microscopic to the macroscopic models were studied. The molecular modeling was considered. The process operation models were derived.
In this paper modeling theory and methods were developed. Modeling method linking previous knowledge, known facts, scientific laws and hypothesis so that from them can conclude knew knowledge about given domain Integration modeling method was derived. Models in various levels were investigated including variables input and output parameters, and contour conditions. Fundamentals of the microscopic to the macroscopic models were studied. The molecular modeling was considered. The process operation models were derived.
Modeling Principles, Theory and Methods
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.15
Science Research
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Jelenka Savkovic-Stevanovic
Modeling Principles, Theory and Methods
3
3
78
78
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Unlocking the Quest for Artificial Wisdom as Integration of Artificial Intelligence with Desire
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.16
Wisdom = Knowledge + Desire. Desire = Need - Knowledge of Self - Unbiased Reasoning. Wisdom is the process of dynamic correlations among knowledge quanta (KQ), and desire quanta to generate new knowledge, and desire quanta, that in turn generates new propositions as priori, or, counterbalanced, or self-presenting to have 'true belief de re' to enable belief without sufficient evidence or dis-belief with sufficient evidence. Dynamic correlation procedure is the use of generalizability thesis (GZT) to synthesize inside intelligence improvement loop (IIL). The collection of data, creation of information, crashing of information to KQ and conceiving of KQ in long term memory (LTM) on generation of explicit links to other KQs those are already in existence and subsequent generation of wisdom module to be collected as data is termed as IIL. We may define artificial wisdom (AW) as integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with desire. AI is the p proposition of GZT, desire is the q proposition, and r is the integration operator (INO). Thinking and creation is manifestation of dynamic correlation of desire with knowledge. INO should have two parts - integration process (IP) and integration rules (IR). IP will be the set of propositions to effect the AI to satisfy needs. IP always follows IR to fulfill the growth needs. As per IIL the set of rules or algorithms are the scholar’s capability to reference different KQ simultaneously. The edge of discovery comes from the effectiveness of the parallel processing activities of the multiprocessor environment that again in turn depends on the rules and algorithms defined with propositional knowledge. The thinking capability of AW is to be branched out in 'mutually exclusive and/or inclusive' hardware and software standardizations. The term 'mutually exclusive and/or inclusive' refers a multiprocessor parallel processing system, with simplified linking and loading scheme to work in real time. That is a machine that can behave, think like a human and be trained or else upgraded with very simple instruction sets. This seems to be easier if there is a hardware interpreter for high-level language. It is interpreter because while referencing a KQ for any (possible) remark, KQ will interpret only the present information (focal knowledge with respect to the comprehensive whole for which it is called for).
Wisdom = Knowledge + Desire. Desire = Need - Knowledge of Self - Unbiased Reasoning. Wisdom is the process of dynamic correlations among knowledge quanta (KQ), and desire quanta to generate new knowledge, and desire quanta, that in turn generates new propositions as priori, or, counterbalanced, or self-presenting to have 'true belief de re' to enable belief without sufficient evidence or dis-belief with sufficient evidence. Dynamic correlation procedure is the use of generalizability thesis (GZT) to synthesize inside intelligence improvement loop (IIL). The collection of data, creation of information, crashing of information to KQ and conceiving of KQ in long term memory (LTM) on generation of explicit links to other KQs those are already in existence and subsequent generation of wisdom module to be collected as data is termed as IIL. We may define artificial wisdom (AW) as integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with desire. AI is the p proposition of GZT, desire is the q proposition, and r is the integration operator (INO). Thinking and creation is manifestation of dynamic correlation of desire with knowledge. INO should have two parts - integration process (IP) and integration rules (IR). IP will be the set of propositions to effect the AI to satisfy needs. IP always follows IR to fulfill the growth needs. As per IIL the set of rules or algorithms are the scholar’s capability to reference different KQ simultaneously. The edge of discovery comes from the effectiveness of the parallel processing activities of the multiprocessor environment that again in turn depends on the rules and algorithms defined with propositional knowledge. The thinking capability of AW is to be branched out in 'mutually exclusive and/or inclusive' hardware and software standardizations. The term 'mutually exclusive and/or inclusive' refers a multiprocessor parallel processing system, with simplified linking and loading scheme to work in real time. That is a machine that can behave, think like a human and be trained or else upgraded with very simple instruction sets. This seems to be easier if there is a hardware interpreter for high-level language. It is interpreter because while referencing a KQ for any (possible) remark, KQ will interpret only the present information (focal knowledge with respect to the comprehensive whole for which it is called for).
Unlocking the Quest for Artificial Wisdom as Integration of Artificial Intelligence with Desire
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.16
Science Research
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Aloke Sarkar
Unlocking the Quest for Artificial Wisdom as Integration of Artificial Intelligence with Desire
3
3
88
88
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.16
© Science Publishing Group
HPLC Analysis and Bio-kinetics Study of Pyrazinamide in Healthy Volunteers After Oral Administration
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.17
Pyrazinamide is use for the treatment of tuberculosis in all over the world. Bio kinetics deals with the mathematical description of drug changes in the body with time function. This study was designed to investigate the bio kinetics of Pyrazinamide after oral administration of Pyrazinamide (25mg) tablet in 10 healthy volunteers. The blood samples of each volunteer were collected from 0.5 to 12 hours at different time intervals after the medication. The concentration of Pyrazinamide in plasma samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitative observations were recorded that include the mean ± SD value of absorption rate constant (Ka), time to peak (Tmax) and peak concentration (Cmax) were 0.38 ± 0.25/h, 2.248 ± 0.64 h and 4.165 ± 2.13µg/mL, respectively. The mean ± SD values of absorption half-life (t1/2a) and elimination half-life (t1/2b) were 2.078 ± 1.678h and 0.2908 ± 1.721 hours. The mean ± SD values of volume of distribution and total body clearance were 40 ± 27.4L and 3.351 ± 1.27 h, respectively. Mean residue time (MRT) showed mean ± SD and area under curve (AUC) were 17.23 ± 12.78 h and 90.4 ± 76.2 h.mg/L, respectively.
Pyrazinamide is use for the treatment of tuberculosis in all over the world. Bio kinetics deals with the mathematical description of drug changes in the body with time function. This study was designed to investigate the bio kinetics of Pyrazinamide after oral administration of Pyrazinamide (25mg) tablet in 10 healthy volunteers. The blood samples of each volunteer were collected from 0.5 to 12 hours at different time intervals after the medication. The concentration of Pyrazinamide in plasma samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitative observations were recorded that include the mean ± SD value of absorption rate constant (Ka), time to peak (Tmax) and peak concentration (Cmax) were 0.38 ± 0.25/h, 2.248 ± 0.64 h and 4.165 ± 2.13µg/mL, respectively. The mean ± SD values of absorption half-life (t1/2a) and elimination half-life (t1/2b) were 2.078 ± 1.678h and 0.2908 ± 1.721 hours. The mean ± SD values of volume of distribution and total body clearance were 40 ± 27.4L and 3.351 ± 1.27 h, respectively. Mean residue time (MRT) showed mean ± SD and area under curve (AUC) were 17.23 ± 12.78 h and 90.4 ± 76.2 h.mg/L, respectively.
HPLC Analysis and Bio-kinetics Study of Pyrazinamide in Healthy Volunteers After Oral Administration
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.17
Science Research
2015-05-28
© Science Publishing Group
Bushra Munir
Bilal Ahmed
Abdul Ghaffar
Tahira Iqbal
Naila Rafiq
Farah Latif
HPLC Analysis and Bio-kinetics Study of Pyrazinamide in Healthy Volunteers After Oral Administration
3
3
92
92
2015-05-28
2015-05-28
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.17
© Science Publishing Group
Illuminance of FL Tubes Controlled by Depths of Gap Between Positive Column and Phosphor Screen
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.18
Since the opaque phosphor screens cover up the inside of the FL tubes, the presence of the depths of the gap between positive column and phosphor screen has ever reported in the study on the lighted FL tubes since the invention of the FL tube. It has found that the depths of the gap in the lighted FL tubes conceal the unrivaled advantage of the FL tubes over the solid lighting devices. The invisible depths of the gap are non-distractively and quantitatively determined by the measurements of the build-up curve of the light intensities from the lighted FL tubes in the Ulbricht Sphere. The determined depth of the gap of the selected commercial 40W-HCFL tube as the best one was 3 x 10-3 m. The depths of the gap are markedly changed with the FL producers, indicating no quality control of the gaps. The unexcited Hg atoms in the gap act as the optical filter for the UV lights from the positive column before reaching to the phosphor screen. The results suggest us that if the depth of the gap reduces to 3 x 10-4 m, the illuminance (lm m-2) of the present 40W-HCFL tube will go up to 2.5 times. The systematic study on the gaps of the lighted FL tube remains for a future study.
Since the opaque phosphor screens cover up the inside of the FL tubes, the presence of the depths of the gap between positive column and phosphor screen has ever reported in the study on the lighted FL tubes since the invention of the FL tube. It has found that the depths of the gap in the lighted FL tubes conceal the unrivaled advantage of the FL tubes over the solid lighting devices. The invisible depths of the gap are non-distractively and quantitatively determined by the measurements of the build-up curve of the light intensities from the lighted FL tubes in the Ulbricht Sphere. The determined depth of the gap of the selected commercial 40W-HCFL tube as the best one was 3 x 10-3 m. The depths of the gap are markedly changed with the FL producers, indicating no quality control of the gaps. The unexcited Hg atoms in the gap act as the optical filter for the UV lights from the positive column before reaching to the phosphor screen. The results suggest us that if the depth of the gap reduces to 3 x 10-4 m, the illuminance (lm m-2) of the present 40W-HCFL tube will go up to 2.5 times. The systematic study on the gaps of the lighted FL tube remains for a future study.
Illuminance of FL Tubes Controlled by Depths of Gap Between Positive Column and Phosphor Screen
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.18
Science Research
2015-06-06
© Science Publishing Group
Lyuji Ozawa
Illuminance of FL Tubes Controlled by Depths of Gap Between Positive Column and Phosphor Screen
3
3
104
104
2015-06-06
2015-06-06
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.18
© Science Publishing Group
Sorption of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) onto El-Mex Bay Sediments, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.21
The objective of this work is to study the sorption behavior of Linear Alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) onto El-Mex Bay sediments. The Bay is a part of Alexandria coast on the Mediterranean Sea located in Northern Egypt. The study showed homogenous distributions of LAS homologues in El-Mex Bay sediments. The range of the LAS concentration in sediments was between 0.370 and 0.540 μgg-1 dry solids. High total LAS concentrations in the bay sediments coincide with small amounts of DO (0.5-1.9 mgl-1) and low Eh values. The LAS homologues were usually detected between 10 and 13 carbon atoms, with C11- and C12-LAS; they are the most adsorbed on the bay sediments. Sorption experiments on the Bay sediments were performed with different organic matter content (ranged from 0.9 to1.16%) and were applied at different pH values (3.8, 8.5 and 12). The sorption behavior of LAS on El-Mex Bay sediments is satisfactory described by the Freundlich and Stern-Graham isotherm equations. Based on the data presented in this work, the following conclusion was drawn: Sorption distribution coefficients were significantly increased with the increasing the organic matter content due to the hydrophobic interaction between the alkyl chain and organic carbon content of the sediment. LAS sorption on sediments was strongly affected by pH and decreased with increasing pH value for each sediment sample which can be attributed either to electrostatic interactions or to specific chemical interactions.
The objective of this work is to study the sorption behavior of Linear Alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) onto El-Mex Bay sediments. The Bay is a part of Alexandria coast on the Mediterranean Sea located in Northern Egypt. The study showed homogenous distributions of LAS homologues in El-Mex Bay sediments. The range of the LAS concentration in sediments was between 0.370 and 0.540 μgg-1 dry solids. High total LAS concentrations in the bay sediments coincide with small amounts of DO (0.5-1.9 mgl-1) and low Eh values. The LAS homologues were usually detected between 10 and 13 carbon atoms, with C11- and C12-LAS; they are the most adsorbed on the bay sediments. Sorption experiments on the Bay sediments were performed with different organic matter content (ranged from 0.9 to1.16%) and were applied at different pH values (3.8, 8.5 and 12). The sorption behavior of LAS on El-Mex Bay sediments is satisfactory described by the Freundlich and Stern-Graham isotherm equations. Based on the data presented in this work, the following conclusion was drawn: Sorption distribution coefficients were significantly increased with the increasing the organic matter content due to the hydrophobic interaction between the alkyl chain and organic carbon content of the sediment. LAS sorption on sediments was strongly affected by pH and decreased with increasing pH value for each sediment sample which can be attributed either to electrostatic interactions or to specific chemical interactions.
Sorption of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) onto El-Mex Bay Sediments, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.21
Science Research
2015-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed Abd El-Aziz Okbah
Abd El-Monum Mohamed Ibrahim
Mohamed Nazieh Gamal
Edweb Ali Salem Dango
Sorption of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) onto El-Mex Bay Sediments, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt
3
3
121
121
2015-06-12
2015-06-12
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.21
© Science Publishing Group
Study on Variation in Seed Morphology, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Madhuca longifolia Grown in Different Agro-Climatic Zones in Sri Lanka
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.20
The aim of this study was to determine the variation in morphology of seeds, seed oil content and the fatty acid profile of M. longifolia and, to find the relationship between oil content and fatty acid composition with environmental conditions. Seeds were collected representing four agro-climatic zones in Sri Lanka. The length (2.7333-3.4333 cm), width (1.0633-1.2967 cm) and the weight (0.9262-1.4018 g) were determined in seeds. Significant differences were there within agro-climatic zones. Oil from seed kernel was extracted with Soxhlet method using n-Hexane (bp. 65-70° C) and the fatty acid profile was determined using GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry). Results reveal significant differences in oil content (50.07-53.85%) among agro-climatic zones. As the major fatty acids, Oleic, Stearic, Palmitic and Linoleic were resulted in all four agro-climatic zones. The total saturated fatty acid content (C18:0, C16:0, C14:0, C17:0, C19:0, C22:0, C24:0, C26:0, C20:0 and C8:0) varied from 40.87-47.20%. However the total unsaturated fatty acid content (C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:1) was within the range of 49.6-53.86% (TMUFA+TPUFA), here the highest content was recorded in low country intermediate zone and the lowest in mid country intermediate zone. Oil content and the fatty acid composition were not correlated with the studied geographical parameters.
The aim of this study was to determine the variation in morphology of seeds, seed oil content and the fatty acid profile of M. longifolia and, to find the relationship between oil content and fatty acid composition with environmental conditions. Seeds were collected representing four agro-climatic zones in Sri Lanka. The length (2.7333-3.4333 cm), width (1.0633-1.2967 cm) and the weight (0.9262-1.4018 g) were determined in seeds. Significant differences were there within agro-climatic zones. Oil from seed kernel was extracted with Soxhlet method using n-Hexane (bp. 65-70° C) and the fatty acid profile was determined using GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry). Results reveal significant differences in oil content (50.07-53.85%) among agro-climatic zones. As the major fatty acids, Oleic, Stearic, Palmitic and Linoleic were resulted in all four agro-climatic zones. The total saturated fatty acid content (C18:0, C16:0, C14:0, C17:0, C19:0, C22:0, C24:0, C26:0, C20:0 and C8:0) varied from 40.87-47.20%. However the total unsaturated fatty acid content (C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:1) was within the range of 49.6-53.86% (TMUFA+TPUFA), here the highest content was recorded in low country intermediate zone and the lowest in mid country intermediate zone. Oil content and the fatty acid composition were not correlated with the studied geographical parameters.
Study on Variation in Seed Morphology, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Madhuca longifolia Grown in Different Agro-Climatic Zones in Sri Lanka
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.20
Science Research
2015-06-10
© Science Publishing Group
Mihiri Munasinghe
Jagath Wansapala
Study on Variation in Seed Morphology, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Madhuca longifolia Grown in Different Agro-Climatic Zones in Sri Lanka
3
3
109
109
2015-06-10
2015-06-10
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.20
© Science Publishing Group
Purification and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes and the Formation of Magnetic Semiconductors for the Spintronic Application
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.22
This article reports the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encapsulating iron (Fe) that would lead to formation of magnetic semiconductors, employing the arc discharge method. Morphology of the samples is studied from transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging. Data is recorded by x-ray diffractometer (XRD) and identification of the sample constituent by energy dispersion x-ray (EDX). TEM images of metal added samples indicated that defects are completely removed after mono acidic treatment and open air oxidizing at 4000C for 15 minutes, leaving nano sized carbonaceous attached on surfaces of carbon nanotubes and catalyst particles encapsulated. This formation is recognized as a phenomenon at certain temperature. EDX examination shows that there is oxygen constituent remaining after purification along with iron and carbon, perhaps forming FeO during the reaction with water, indicating success in metal incorporation. This envisages that there would be formation of magnetic semiconductors where iron ions may take carbon cites in the CNTs of semiconducting characteristics, as can be revealed from experiments. This suggests that magnetic carbon nanotubes can be used for the spintronic application.
This article reports the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encapsulating iron (Fe) that would lead to formation of magnetic semiconductors, employing the arc discharge method. Morphology of the samples is studied from transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging. Data is recorded by x-ray diffractometer (XRD) and identification of the sample constituent by energy dispersion x-ray (EDX). TEM images of metal added samples indicated that defects are completely removed after mono acidic treatment and open air oxidizing at 4000C for 15 minutes, leaving nano sized carbonaceous attached on surfaces of carbon nanotubes and catalyst particles encapsulated. This formation is recognized as a phenomenon at certain temperature. EDX examination shows that there is oxygen constituent remaining after purification along with iron and carbon, perhaps forming FeO during the reaction with water, indicating success in metal incorporation. This envisages that there would be formation of magnetic semiconductors where iron ions may take carbon cites in the CNTs of semiconducting characteristics, as can be revealed from experiments. This suggests that magnetic carbon nanotubes can be used for the spintronic application.
Purification and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes and the Formation of Magnetic Semiconductors for the Spintronic Application
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150303.22
Science Research
2015-06-25
© Science Publishing Group
Chernet Amente
Keya Dharamvir
Purification and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes and the Formation of Magnetic Semiconductors for the Spintronic Application
3
3
128
128
2015-06-25
2015-06-25
10.11648/j.sr.20150303.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150303.22
© Science Publishing Group
Illuminance (lm M-2) of Compact 20W-HCFL Tube
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.14
It has found that the study on the FL tubes has made with the deliberately modified Ulbricht Spheres for the determination of the luminous efficiency (lm W) that uses in the study on the colorimetry and that invalidates the study on the light sources. The study on the light sources should make with either illuminance (lm m-2), or luminance (cd m-2) and irradiance (W m-2). The rooms in the house should be illuminated with the daytime scenery with the slightly overcastting sky (330 lm m-2) that human eyes adjust for 5 million years. The illuminance (lm m-2) of the commercial compact-20W-HCFL tubes, which have selected from the stores, has determined with the corrected Ulbricht Sphere. The selection criterion is the temperature of the positive column above 60oC of the lighted FL tubes. The examined compact 20W-HCFL tubes have the illuminance (5700 ± 300 lm m-2). Two compact 20W-HCFL tubes that set in a large opaque plastic cover comfortably illuminate the 30 m2 with the 380 lm m-2. The determined W does not involve in the generation energy of the lights in the FL tubes. The reduction of the Wact of the external AC driving circuits remains for a future study.
It has found that the study on the FL tubes has made with the deliberately modified Ulbricht Spheres for the determination of the luminous efficiency (lm W) that uses in the study on the colorimetry and that invalidates the study on the light sources. The study on the light sources should make with either illuminance (lm m-2), or luminance (cd m-2) and irradiance (W m-2). The rooms in the house should be illuminated with the daytime scenery with the slightly overcastting sky (330 lm m-2) that human eyes adjust for 5 million years. The illuminance (lm m-2) of the commercial compact-20W-HCFL tubes, which have selected from the stores, has determined with the corrected Ulbricht Sphere. The selection criterion is the temperature of the positive column above 60oC of the lighted FL tubes. The examined compact 20W-HCFL tubes have the illuminance (5700 ± 300 lm m-2). Two compact 20W-HCFL tubes that set in a large opaque plastic cover comfortably illuminate the 30 m2 with the 380 lm m-2. The determined W does not involve in the generation energy of the lights in the FL tubes. The reduction of the Wact of the external AC driving circuits remains for a future study.
Illuminance (lm M-2) of Compact 20W-HCFL Tube
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.14
Science Research
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Lyuji Ozawa
Illuminance (lm M-2) of Compact 20W-HCFL Tube
3
4
179
179
2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.14
© Science Publishing Group
Breast Carcinoma in Younger Algerian Eastern Women: Epidemiological Profile in Series of 135 Cases
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.17
Background: Actually, Breast cancer constitutes one of the most health problems in Algeria, and the leading cause of death among Algerian women. Breast cancer in young women is a rare form, but it has an aggressive behavior associated with a poor prognosis. Aims: this study focuses to report breast cancers phenotype in Algerian younger women. Material and methods: In order to better understand the determinants and tumor biology may explain earlier onset and aggressive breast cancers characteristics in Algeria from December 2011 to July 2014, 135 patients aged 40 years and under diagnosed with breast cancer were included in the study. Results: One hundred thirty-five women recorded, 65.9% patients were aged between 36-40 years. The mean age was 36.29 years. A significantly higher proportion of women were overweight or obese (62.9%). 75.6% patientshad full-term pregnancy. 29.6% breast cancers were diagnosed during pregnancy or after childbirth. 34.1% patients had a family history. In 87.4% of cases the revealing sign was nodule self-examination. Stage II and III associated with nodal extension, higher pathological grade, HR positive, were predominant. Neo-adjuvant was administered to 17.8%. 74.1%patients underwent radical mastectomy using Patey technique with complete axillary dissection.40.7% patients had distal metastases after diagnosis. The mean clinical tumor size was 4.88 cm.71.1% of tumors were invasive ductal carcinoma.69.9% patients had no family history. Conclusion: Breast tumors among Algerian young women are advanced with poor prognosis.
Background: Actually, Breast cancer constitutes one of the most health problems in Algeria, and the leading cause of death among Algerian women. Breast cancer in young women is a rare form, but it has an aggressive behavior associated with a poor prognosis. Aims: this study focuses to report breast cancers phenotype in Algerian younger women. Material and methods: In order to better understand the determinants and tumor biology may explain earlier onset and aggressive breast cancers characteristics in Algeria from December 2011 to July 2014, 135 patients aged 40 years and under diagnosed with breast cancer were included in the study. Results: One hundred thirty-five women recorded, 65.9% patients were aged between 36-40 years. The mean age was 36.29 years. A significantly higher proportion of women were overweight or obese (62.9%). 75.6% patientshad full-term pregnancy. 29.6% breast cancers were diagnosed during pregnancy or after childbirth. 34.1% patients had a family history. In 87.4% of cases the revealing sign was nodule self-examination. Stage II and III associated with nodal extension, higher pathological grade, HR positive, were predominant. Neo-adjuvant was administered to 17.8%. 74.1%patients underwent radical mastectomy using Patey technique with complete axillary dissection.40.7% patients had distal metastases after diagnosis. The mean clinical tumor size was 4.88 cm.71.1% of tumors were invasive ductal carcinoma.69.9% patients had no family history. Conclusion: Breast tumors among Algerian young women are advanced with poor prognosis.
Breast Carcinoma in Younger Algerian Eastern Women: Epidemiological Profile in Series of 135 Cases
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.17
Science Research
2015-07-23
© Science Publishing Group
Sarra Henouda
Assia Bensalem
Leila Rouabah
Breast Carcinoma in Younger Algerian Eastern Women: Epidemiological Profile in Series of 135 Cases
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205
205
2015-07-23
2015-07-23
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.17
© Science Publishing Group
Generating Spatial Correlated Binary Data Through a Copulas Method
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.18
Simulating spatial correlated binary data is very important on many cases, but it is not easily to accomplish, as there are restrictions on the parameters of Bernoulli variables. This paper develops a copulas method to generate spatial correlated binary data. The spatial binary data generated by this method has an inverse spatial pattern comparing with the latent Gaussian random field data, however they have similar empirical variograms, although the closed form for the spatial correlation is not available specifically.
Simulating spatial correlated binary data is very important on many cases, but it is not easily to accomplish, as there are restrictions on the parameters of Bernoulli variables. This paper develops a copulas method to generate spatial correlated binary data. The spatial binary data generated by this method has an inverse spatial pattern comparing with the latent Gaussian random field data, however they have similar empirical variograms, although the closed form for the spatial correlation is not available specifically.
Generating Spatial Correlated Binary Data Through a Copulas Method
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.18
Science Research
2015-07-25
© Science Publishing Group
Renhao Jin
Sha Wang
Fang Yan
Jie Zhu
Generating Spatial Correlated Binary Data Through a Copulas Method
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212
212
2015-07-25
2015-07-25
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.18
© Science Publishing Group
The Design and Need for Jigs and Fixtures in Manufacturing
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.19
The paper gave a detailed definition of jigs and fixtures, and also identified the numerous advantages that are associated with the use of jigs and fixtures in manufacturing to include: production increase, cost reduction, interchangeability and high accuracy of parts, reduction of the need for inspection and quality control expenses, reduction of accident as safety is improved, automation of machine tool to an appreciable extent, easy machining of complex and heavy components, as well as low variability in dimension which leads to consistent quality of manufactured products. The work also explained that since the design is dependent on numerous factors which are analyzed to achieve an optimum output, that jigs and fixtures should be made of rigid light materials to facilitate easy handling. For adequate strength and rigidity, a mild steel with 16 millimeters diameter was chosen for the design of a sample jig and fixture. Mild steel which contain about 0.29% of carbon are very cheap, and because of their easy availability are often the choicest material for the making of jigs of fixtures.With 1.5 as the material factor ‘k’ for mild steel, a feed rate of 0.17 millimeter per revolution, and a drill diameter of 16 millimeters, the Thrust/Drilling force was calculated as 3094.2 N. The Force acting on each of the lips was calculated as 1700 N, the Torque (M) was gotten as 1360N-mm, while the value of the Clamping Force was also calculated as 4080N. The calculated values confirmed that a 16 millimeter diameter mild will lead to the construction of a rigid and strong jigs and fixtures that will guarantee high machining accuracy, consistent quality of products, and interchangeability. Finall, the paper advocated that jigs and fixtures must be provided with adequate clearance which should allow for variations in size of components especially during forging, milling, and casting operations.
The paper gave a detailed definition of jigs and fixtures, and also identified the numerous advantages that are associated with the use of jigs and fixtures in manufacturing to include: production increase, cost reduction, interchangeability and high accuracy of parts, reduction of the need for inspection and quality control expenses, reduction of accident as safety is improved, automation of machine tool to an appreciable extent, easy machining of complex and heavy components, as well as low variability in dimension which leads to consistent quality of manufactured products. The work also explained that since the design is dependent on numerous factors which are analyzed to achieve an optimum output, that jigs and fixtures should be made of rigid light materials to facilitate easy handling. For adequate strength and rigidity, a mild steel with 16 millimeters diameter was chosen for the design of a sample jig and fixture. Mild steel which contain about 0.29% of carbon are very cheap, and because of their easy availability are often the choicest material for the making of jigs of fixtures.With 1.5 as the material factor ‘k’ for mild steel, a feed rate of 0.17 millimeter per revolution, and a drill diameter of 16 millimeters, the Thrust/Drilling force was calculated as 3094.2 N. The Force acting on each of the lips was calculated as 1700 N, the Torque (M) was gotten as 1360N-mm, while the value of the Clamping Force was also calculated as 4080N. The calculated values confirmed that a 16 millimeter diameter mild will lead to the construction of a rigid and strong jigs and fixtures that will guarantee high machining accuracy, consistent quality of products, and interchangeability. Finall, the paper advocated that jigs and fixtures must be provided with adequate clearance which should allow for variations in size of components especially during forging, milling, and casting operations.
The Design and Need for Jigs and Fixtures in Manufacturing
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.19
Science Research
2015-07-28
© Science Publishing Group
Charles Chikwendu Okpala
Ezeanyim Okechukwu C.
The Design and Need for Jigs and Fixtures in Manufacturing
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2015-07-28
2015-07-28
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.19
© Science Publishing Group
Factors Affecting the Choices of Coping Strategies for Climate Extremes: The Case of Yabello District, Borana Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.11
This study was undertaken in Yabello district of Borana zone to identify factors affecting the choices of coping strategies for climate extremes and the ongoing coping strategies in topical condition. The primary data collected from 123-sample households was analyzed with multinomial logit model. The multinomial logit outcomes were includes coping strategy 1 (Livestock diversification based coping strategies), coping strategy 2 (Integrated crop-livestock based diversification based coping strategies), coping strategy 3 (Livestock diversification, water and rangeland management based coping strategies) and coping strategy 4 (Livestock diversification, income earning opportunities and strategic feeding system based coping strategies). From MNLM result, sex of household head, education status of household head, size of livestock holding, market distance from homestead, access to credit, access to early warning information, access to training and pastoral/agro-pastoral income are the key determinants of the choices of coping strategies for climate extremes. Thus, establishment of formal early warning information centers and sophisticated delivery system, improving access to market, training, credit scheme, improving livestock holding and income of the household would boost the choices of best coping strategies to overcome deleterious impacts of climate extremes.
This study was undertaken in Yabello district of Borana zone to identify factors affecting the choices of coping strategies for climate extremes and the ongoing coping strategies in topical condition. The primary data collected from 123-sample households was analyzed with multinomial logit model. The multinomial logit outcomes were includes coping strategy 1 (Livestock diversification based coping strategies), coping strategy 2 (Integrated crop-livestock based diversification based coping strategies), coping strategy 3 (Livestock diversification, water and rangeland management based coping strategies) and coping strategy 4 (Livestock diversification, income earning opportunities and strategic feeding system based coping strategies). From MNLM result, sex of household head, education status of household head, size of livestock holding, market distance from homestead, access to credit, access to early warning information, access to training and pastoral/agro-pastoral income are the key determinants of the choices of coping strategies for climate extremes. Thus, establishment of formal early warning information centers and sophisticated delivery system, improving access to market, training, credit scheme, improving livestock holding and income of the household would boost the choices of best coping strategies to overcome deleterious impacts of climate extremes.
Factors Affecting the Choices of Coping Strategies for Climate Extremes: The Case of Yabello District, Borana Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.11
Science Research
2015-06-25
© Science Publishing Group
Dirriba Mengistu
Jema Haji
Factors Affecting the Choices of Coping Strategies for Climate Extremes: The Case of Yabello District, Borana Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
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136
136
2015-06-25
2015-06-25
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Development of New Electrons Sources for coil-EEFL Tube
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.20
After the critical study on the established FL tubes, it has found a formation of the new internal DC electric power generator in the Ar gas space between the needle cathode and anode. The internal DC electric power generator, which completely isolates from the external DC electric circuit by the electron flow, forms with the volumes of the glow light in front of the needle electrodes that are covered with the layer of the frit glass. The lights are generated by the moving electrons between the cathode and anode of the internal DC electric power generator. The results lead us to the development of the prototype of the coil-EEFL tube that has zero power consumption of the external DC driving circuit.
After the critical study on the established FL tubes, it has found a formation of the new internal DC electric power generator in the Ar gas space between the needle cathode and anode. The internal DC electric power generator, which completely isolates from the external DC electric circuit by the electron flow, forms with the volumes of the glow light in front of the needle electrodes that are covered with the layer of the frit glass. The lights are generated by the moving electrons between the cathode and anode of the internal DC electric power generator. The results lead us to the development of the prototype of the coil-EEFL tube that has zero power consumption of the external DC driving circuit.
Development of New Electrons Sources for coil-EEFL Tube
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.20
Science Research
2015-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Lyuji Ozawa
Development of New Electrons Sources for coil-EEFL Tube
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2015-08-05
2015-08-05
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.20
© Science Publishing Group
Coil-EEFL Tubes as Unrivaled Light Source with Small Wcoil Over Solid Light Sources
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.21
It has found that the active power consumption, Wcoil, of the single coil-EEFL tube that is not related with the energy for the generation of the lights, reduces to below 0.1 Wact of the commercial CCFL tube with the same brightness of the original CCFL tube. The coil-EEFL tubes allow the parallel connection with the single external AC driving circuit. ΣWcoil of 10 coil-EEFL tubes goes down to 0.03 ΣWact. The figure of the merit of the lighting devices is quantum efficiency ηq. The ηq of the FL tubes is the astronomical number that is 1013 visible photons per unit volume (m3) of Ar gas space per unit time (s) by one moving electron in the superconductive vacuum. The coil-EEFL tubes hold the unrivaled advantage with the power consumption and illuminance (lm m-2) over the solid LED lamps that have only ηq ≈ 0.5. A half of the injected electrons inevitably lose the energy by the Joule Heat.
It has found that the active power consumption, Wcoil, of the single coil-EEFL tube that is not related with the energy for the generation of the lights, reduces to below 0.1 Wact of the commercial CCFL tube with the same brightness of the original CCFL tube. The coil-EEFL tubes allow the parallel connection with the single external AC driving circuit. ΣWcoil of 10 coil-EEFL tubes goes down to 0.03 ΣWact. The figure of the merit of the lighting devices is quantum efficiency ηq. The ηq of the FL tubes is the astronomical number that is 1013 visible photons per unit volume (m3) of Ar gas space per unit time (s) by one moving electron in the superconductive vacuum. The coil-EEFL tubes hold the unrivaled advantage with the power consumption and illuminance (lm m-2) over the solid LED lamps that have only ηq ≈ 0.5. A half of the injected electrons inevitably lose the energy by the Joule Heat.
Coil-EEFL Tubes as Unrivaled Light Source with Small Wcoil Over Solid Light Sources
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.21
Science Research
2015-08-06
© Science Publishing Group
Lyuji Ozawa
Coil-EEFL Tubes as Unrivaled Light Source with Small Wcoil Over Solid Light Sources
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239
239
2015-08-06
2015-08-06
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.21
© Science Publishing Group
Quartz Veins Characteristics and Au Mineralization Within the Batouri Au District, East Cameroon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.12
The Batouri south Au district of East Cameroon is hosted by biotite-amphibole meta-granites that belong to the Pan-African group of Pre-to Syn D1 and D<sub>2</sub> Neoproterozoic granitoids. Hydrothermal activity and Au mineralization in this area is greatly enhanced by the presence of fractures, foliations, faults (sinistral) and vein splays hosted within a foliated meta-granite basement. Thirteen samples of 1.00 kg each of quartz vein were crushed and panned for Au-grain recovery. Fire Assay geochemistry was used to analyze eighteen samples for Au. Field results identified foliated and non-foliated GQV/BQV quartz vein varieties. The mineralization style in the area is mainly by fracture filled. Disseminated Au is common in the weathered wall rock envelop associated with mineralized veinlets. Au-grade from fire assay geochemistry varies from ~0.056 g/t to 2.844 g/t similar to 3-4 g/t Au-grade from field analysis associated with the GQV veinlets and weathered wall rock. The highest Au-grade was obtained from the foliated variety of GQV (QV<sub>2</sub>). Recovered Au-grains varied in shape and sizes (102-392 μm).
The Batouri south Au district of East Cameroon is hosted by biotite-amphibole meta-granites that belong to the Pan-African group of Pre-to Syn D1 and D<sub>2</sub> Neoproterozoic granitoids. Hydrothermal activity and Au mineralization in this area is greatly enhanced by the presence of fractures, foliations, faults (sinistral) and vein splays hosted within a foliated meta-granite basement. Thirteen samples of 1.00 kg each of quartz vein were crushed and panned for Au-grain recovery. Fire Assay geochemistry was used to analyze eighteen samples for Au. Field results identified foliated and non-foliated GQV/BQV quartz vein varieties. The mineralization style in the area is mainly by fracture filled. Disseminated Au is common in the weathered wall rock envelop associated with mineralized veinlets. Au-grade from fire assay geochemistry varies from ~0.056 g/t to 2.844 g/t similar to 3-4 g/t Au-grade from field analysis associated with the GQV veinlets and weathered wall rock. The highest Au-grade was obtained from the foliated variety of GQV (QV<sub>2</sub>). Recovered Au-grains varied in shape and sizes (102-392 μm).
Quartz Veins Characteristics and Au Mineralization Within the Batouri Au District, East Cameroon
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.12
Science Research
2015-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Mero Yannah
Cheo Emmanuel Suh
Mboudou Germain M. Mboudou
Quartz Veins Characteristics and Au Mineralization Within the Batouri Au District, East Cameroon
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149
149
2015-06-30
2015-06-30
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Optimisation of Reflow Profile of Surface Mount Assembly Using Taguchi Design of Experiments
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.13
A major source of concern in the electronic manufacturing industry is the reliability of solder joints produced by lead-free solders pastes. Research has shown that solder joint produced with a thin layer of intermetallic compounds (IMC) during the reflow process has a higher reliability. The focus of this paper is on the development of a deeper understanding of the lead-free reflow soldering process and to optimise the reflow profile using Taguchi Design of Experiments (DOE). The optimum parameters are those that yield lower IMC layers. The experiment was designed to consider the effect of the following reflow soldering parameters: soak temperature, time above liquidus, soak time and time to peak temperature. The eight (8) reflow profiles studied were derived from the Taguchi DOE which also included three factorial interactions. A stencil with three (3) holes of diameters 3.1 mm, 3.7 mm and 4.3 mm was used in the solder printing process, after which the samples were reflowed. The samples were then thermal cycled, cross-sectioned and finally the IMC image captured and analysed using an optical electron microscope. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) carried out on the results indicate the soak time to be the most significant factor in achieving a solder joint with a thin IMC layer. The next most significant factor was the time above liquidus, and the most significant interaction was found to be the interaction between the soak temperature and time above liquidus. The results indicate a soak time of 60 seconds and time above liquidus of 60 seconds is preferred to achieve a thin IMC layer. The recommended time to peak temperature is 240 seconds and the soak temperature is 150°C. The results can be very useful to researchers and scientists in the surface mount technology (SMT) field, providing an understanding of the effect of the four reflow parameters studied. In addition, the DOE methodology used in this research can be adopted by other process improvement engineers or scientists involved in the optimisation of a process or product.
A major source of concern in the electronic manufacturing industry is the reliability of solder joints produced by lead-free solders pastes. Research has shown that solder joint produced with a thin layer of intermetallic compounds (IMC) during the reflow process has a higher reliability. The focus of this paper is on the development of a deeper understanding of the lead-free reflow soldering process and to optimise the reflow profile using Taguchi Design of Experiments (DOE). The optimum parameters are those that yield lower IMC layers. The experiment was designed to consider the effect of the following reflow soldering parameters: soak temperature, time above liquidus, soak time and time to peak temperature. The eight (8) reflow profiles studied were derived from the Taguchi DOE which also included three factorial interactions. A stencil with three (3) holes of diameters 3.1 mm, 3.7 mm and 4.3 mm was used in the solder printing process, after which the samples were reflowed. The samples were then thermal cycled, cross-sectioned and finally the IMC image captured and analysed using an optical electron microscope. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) carried out on the results indicate the soak time to be the most significant factor in achieving a solder joint with a thin IMC layer. The next most significant factor was the time above liquidus, and the most significant interaction was found to be the interaction between the soak temperature and time above liquidus. The results indicate a soak time of 60 seconds and time above liquidus of 60 seconds is preferred to achieve a thin IMC layer. The recommended time to peak temperature is 240 seconds and the soak temperature is 150°C. The results can be very useful to researchers and scientists in the surface mount technology (SMT) field, providing an understanding of the effect of the four reflow parameters studied. In addition, the DOE methodology used in this research can be adopted by other process improvement engineers or scientists involved in the optimisation of a process or product.
Optimisation of Reflow Profile of Surface Mount Assembly Using Taguchi Design of Experiments
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.13
Science Research
2015-07-02
© Science Publishing Group
Gabriel Takyi
Peter Kojo Bernasko
Optimisation of Reflow Profile of Surface Mount Assembly Using Taguchi Design of Experiments
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169
2015-07-02
2015-07-02
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Nutrient Salts and Chlorophyll-a in Surface Seawater Along Alexandria Costal Zone Area
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.15
The aim of the present study is to investigate the hydrographic characteristics, nutrient salts and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) along Alexandria Costal Zone Area. The study revealed that the pH values lie slightly in the alkaline side, with a range of 7.53 to 8.12, salinity showed a slightly variation, it ranged from 35.34 to 38.28 PSU, the values of dissolved oxygen were fluctuated between 4.77 and 11.13 mgl-1. The annual average of nutrients (μM) was as follow: (7.97 ± 1.72), (0.66 ± 0.14), (2.18 ± 0.73), (0.37± 0.09) and (12.42 ± 4.04) for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, reactive phosphate and silicate, respectively. Relatively high levels of Chl-a concentrations was recorded during the period of study ranged from 0.38 to 6.96µgl-1 and a positive correlation was found between Chl-a and both NO3, NH4, PO4 and SiO4 (r= 0.383, 0.303, 0.213 and 0.341, respectively). Very high values of N/P ratio were recorded during the study period, this consideration showed that Phosphorus was limiting factor in the study area.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the hydrographic characteristics, nutrient salts and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) along Alexandria Costal Zone Area. The study revealed that the pH values lie slightly in the alkaline side, with a range of 7.53 to 8.12, salinity showed a slightly variation, it ranged from 35.34 to 38.28 PSU, the values of dissolved oxygen were fluctuated between 4.77 and 11.13 mgl-1. The annual average of nutrients (μM) was as follow: (7.97 ± 1.72), (0.66 ± 0.14), (2.18 ± 0.73), (0.37± 0.09) and (12.42 ± 4.04) for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, reactive phosphate and silicate, respectively. Relatively high levels of Chl-a concentrations was recorded during the period of study ranged from 0.38 to 6.96µgl-1 and a positive correlation was found between Chl-a and both NO3, NH4, PO4 and SiO4 (r= 0.383, 0.303, 0.213 and 0.341, respectively). Very high values of N/P ratio were recorded during the study period, this consideration showed that Phosphorus was limiting factor in the study area.
Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Nutrient Salts and Chlorophyll-a in Surface Seawater Along Alexandria Costal Zone Area
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.15
Science Research
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Edweb Ali Salem Dango
Mahmoud Salem Ibrahim
Mohamed Abel Aziz Okbah
Mei Ibrahim El Gmaal
Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Nutrient Salts and Chlorophyll-a in Surface Seawater Along Alexandria Costal Zone Area
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190
190
2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.15
© Science Publishing Group
Husbandry Practices and Utilization of Camel Products in Borana Zone of Southern Oromia, Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.16
This survey was conducted in Borana zone to assess camel husbandry and product utilization practices, and identify major constraints of camel production. The result showed that camel was ranked the first economically important livestock species followed by goats and cattle, consecutively. Per producer holding of female of 1-3 year, heifer of 3-5 year, matured female of greater than 5 year, male of 5 year, male of less than 5 year and breeding bull greater than 5 year camel was 4.17, 2.50, 3.83, 1.83, 0.50 and 0.50, respectively. Selection of breeding bull and female camel and uncontrolled mating was common practices. Lactation length was 13.38 months while daily milking frequencies were 3.24 and 2.57 during wet and dry season, respectively. Daily milk yield per camel was 8.4 and 4.75 liters for wet and dry seasons, respectively. A liter of camel milk cost 2.30 and 4 birr during wet and dry season, respectively. Disease, poisonous plants, and low extension and health services were the main problems of camel production. Boosting the capacity of the community on improved husbandry practices and product utilization, and developing coordinated efforts for camel diseases control and prevention schemes should be an assignments of all stakeholders.
This survey was conducted in Borana zone to assess camel husbandry and product utilization practices, and identify major constraints of camel production. The result showed that camel was ranked the first economically important livestock species followed by goats and cattle, consecutively. Per producer holding of female of 1-3 year, heifer of 3-5 year, matured female of greater than 5 year, male of 5 year, male of less than 5 year and breeding bull greater than 5 year camel was 4.17, 2.50, 3.83, 1.83, 0.50 and 0.50, respectively. Selection of breeding bull and female camel and uncontrolled mating was common practices. Lactation length was 13.38 months while daily milking frequencies were 3.24 and 2.57 during wet and dry season, respectively. Daily milk yield per camel was 8.4 and 4.75 liters for wet and dry seasons, respectively. A liter of camel milk cost 2.30 and 4 birr during wet and dry season, respectively. Disease, poisonous plants, and low extension and health services were the main problems of camel production. Boosting the capacity of the community on improved husbandry practices and product utilization, and developing coordinated efforts for camel diseases control and prevention schemes should be an assignments of all stakeholders.
Husbandry Practices and Utilization of Camel Products in Borana Zone of Southern Oromia, Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150304.16
Science Research
2015-07-09
© Science Publishing Group
Dejene Takele Gebissa
Husbandry Practices and Utilization of Camel Products in Borana Zone of Southern Oromia, Ethiopia
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197
197
2015-07-09
2015-07-09
10.11648/j.sr.20150304.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150304.16
© Science Publishing Group
Sweet Potato (Ipomia Batatus) Varieties Evaluation in Borana Mid Altitude
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.12
Sweet potato is one of the most important root and tuber crop for food and feed value. Borana mid altitudes in general and abaya woreda in particular are among the important sweet potato growing regions in southern Ethiopia. However, seeds of improved sweet potato varieties are either unavailable or inadequate. Therefore, the objective of this research is to test a range of improved varieties under Borana condition to identify genotypes with relatively better performance. To this effect, six improved and recommended varieties of sweet potato (Awassa 83, Beletech, Belela, Temesgen, Kulfu and Tula) were brought from Awassa research center and tried for their adaptation at Abaya woreda samara site with local variety in RCBD with three replications in 2014 and 2015 years. The result showed that the local variety is superior in yield and yield components in both years. The local variety gives average marketable fresh yield 111ton ha-1 with a yield advantage of about 77 ton ha-1over the highest yielded improved variety, Awassa 83,which gives about 34 ton ha-1. Therefore it is concluded that the farmers of Borana mid altitudes can continue to produce their local variety until superior variety will be developed for their specific area. Cultivar collection and screening activities can be suggested to develop suitable varieties for the area
Sweet potato is one of the most important root and tuber crop for food and feed value. Borana mid altitudes in general and abaya woreda in particular are among the important sweet potato growing regions in southern Ethiopia. However, seeds of improved sweet potato varieties are either unavailable or inadequate. Therefore, the objective of this research is to test a range of improved varieties under Borana condition to identify genotypes with relatively better performance. To this effect, six improved and recommended varieties of sweet potato (Awassa 83, Beletech, Belela, Temesgen, Kulfu and Tula) were brought from Awassa research center and tried for their adaptation at Abaya woreda samara site with local variety in RCBD with three replications in 2014 and 2015 years. The result showed that the local variety is superior in yield and yield components in both years. The local variety gives average marketable fresh yield 111ton ha-1 with a yield advantage of about 77 ton ha-1over the highest yielded improved variety, Awassa 83,which gives about 34 ton ha-1. Therefore it is concluded that the farmers of Borana mid altitudes can continue to produce their local variety until superior variety will be developed for their specific area. Cultivar collection and screening activities can be suggested to develop suitable varieties for the area
Sweet Potato (Ipomia Batatus) Varieties Evaluation in Borana Mid Altitude
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150305.12
Science Research
2015-08-20
© Science Publishing Group
Desalegn Regassa
Addis Shiferaw
Wakene Tigre
Sweet Potato (Ipomia Batatus) Varieties Evaluation in Borana Mid Altitude
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5
251
251
2015-08-20
2015-08-20
10.11648/j.sr.20150305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Quantum State Evolution in C<sup>2</sup> and G<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.11
Quantum mechanical qubit states as elements of two dimensional complex Hilbert space can be generalized to elements of even subalgebra of geometric algebra over three dimensional Euclidian space. The construction critically depends on generalization of formal, unspecified, complex plane to arbitrary variable, but explicitly defined, planes in 3D, and of usual Hopf fibration to special maps of the geometric algebra elements to the unit sphere in 3D generated by arbitrary unit value bivectors. Analysis of the structure of the map of the even subalgebra to the Hilbert space demonstrates that quantum state evolution in the latter gives only restricted information compared to that in geometric algebra.
Quantum mechanical qubit states as elements of two dimensional complex Hilbert space can be generalized to elements of even subalgebra of geometric algebra over three dimensional Euclidian space. The construction critically depends on generalization of formal, unspecified, complex plane to arbitrary variable, but explicitly defined, planes in 3D, and of usual Hopf fibration to special maps of the geometric algebra elements to the unit sphere in 3D generated by arbitrary unit value bivectors. Analysis of the structure of the map of the even subalgebra to the Hilbert space demonstrates that quantum state evolution in the latter gives only restricted information compared to that in geometric algebra.
Quantum State Evolution in C<sup>2</sup> and G<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150305.11
Science Research
2015-08-20
© Science Publishing Group
Alexander Soiguine
Quantum State Evolution in C<sup>2</sup> and G<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>
3
5
247
247
2015-08-20
2015-08-20
10.11648/j.sr.20150305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Research on Bicycle Riding Clothes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.13
With people's awareness of health and environmental protection improve, and now more and more people began to choose the way of low carbon, energy saving, and free travel mode- riding. In our country, Cycling clothes, as an important equipment of riding movement which is gradually entering people's field of vision. Firstly, the paper analyzes the characteristics of the structure design of cycling clothes, then the selection of the functional fabrics, the design requirements of the pattern and the color.Finally make a prospect of the future development of riding clothes in China.which can provide reference for the latter research and enterprise production.
With people's awareness of health and environmental protection improve, and now more and more people began to choose the way of low carbon, energy saving, and free travel mode- riding. In our country, Cycling clothes, as an important equipment of riding movement which is gradually entering people's field of vision. Firstly, the paper analyzes the characteristics of the structure design of cycling clothes, then the selection of the functional fabrics, the design requirements of the pattern and the color.Finally make a prospect of the future development of riding clothes in China.which can provide reference for the latter research and enterprise production.
Research on Bicycle Riding Clothes
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150305.13
Science Research
2015-08-31
© Science Publishing Group
Zhang Kun
Wang Yanzhen
Research on Bicycle Riding Clothes
3
5
255
255
2015-08-31
2015-08-31
10.11648/j.sr.20150305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.13
© Science Publishing Group
Research Status of the Quaternary Sedimentation in the Chengdu Basin
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.14
The Quaternary of the Chengdu Basin contains abundant geological information. After being studied for decades, there are still some disputes over the Quaternary sedimentary environment and evolution and the filling sequence of basin, etc., on the whole even though some common perspectives have been reached with regard to stratigraphic architecture and structural characteristics. Particularly, more aspects must be further studied, including gravel characteristics and response to tectonic activity.
The Quaternary of the Chengdu Basin contains abundant geological information. After being studied for decades, there are still some disputes over the Quaternary sedimentary environment and evolution and the filling sequence of basin, etc., on the whole even though some common perspectives have been reached with regard to stratigraphic architecture and structural characteristics. Particularly, more aspects must be further studied, including gravel characteristics and response to tectonic activity.
Research Status of the Quaternary Sedimentation in the Chengdu Basin
doi:10.11648/j.sr.20150305.14
Science Research
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Zhao Xueqin
Zhao Lijuan
Wang Fudong
Research Status of the Quaternary Sedimentation in the Chengdu Basin
3
5
260
260
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.sr.20150305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=181&doi=10.11648/j.sr.20150305.14
© Science Publishing Group