Science Publishing Group: Journal of Energy and Natural Resources: Table of Contents
The <i> Journal of Energy and Natural Resources (JENR) </i> reports on the development of scientific and engineering knowledge in the planning, management, and generation of energy and natural resources. <BR/> <i>JENR </i> aims to promote rapid communication and dialogue among researchers, scientists, and engineers working in the areas of energy and natural resources. The journal provides a focus for activities concerning the development, assessment and management of energy and natural resources related programs. It is hoped that this journal will prove to be an important factor in raising the standards of discussion, analyses, and evaluations relating to energy and natural resources programs.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jenr Science Publishing Group: Journal of Energy and Natural Resources: Table of Contents
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Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
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Effect of High Pressure Homogenization on Aqueous Phase Solvent Extraction of Lipids from Nannochloris Oculata Microalgae
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The ability to extract lipids from high-moisture Nannochloris Oculata algal biomass disrupted with high pressure homogenization was investigated. During the first phase, the effect of high pressure homogenization (system pressure and number of passes) on disrupting aqueous algae (of different concentrations and degree of stress) was investigated. Se-condly, the effect of degree of cell wall disruption on the amount of lipids extracted with three solvents, namely: hexane, dichloromethane and chloroform, were compared. Studies reveled that high pressure homogenization is effective on cell disruption while the amount of system pressure being the most significant factor affecting the degree of cell breakage. Al-though the number of passes had some impact, the level of disruption seemed to level-off after a certain number of passes. The study revealed that slightly polar solvents (such as chloroform and dichloromethane) performed better in aqueous-phase lipid extractions as compared to hexane. Also, it was revealed that it was not necessary to disrupt the algal cells completely to achieve appreciable levels of lipid yields. In fact, conditions that exerted only 20% of the cells to completely disrupt, allowed sufficient damage to liberate most of the lipids contained in the remainder of the cells.
The ability to extract lipids from high-moisture Nannochloris Oculata algal biomass disrupted with high pressure homogenization was investigated. During the first phase, the effect of high pressure homogenization (system pressure and number of passes) on disrupting aqueous algae (of different concentrations and degree of stress) was investigated. Se-condly, the effect of degree of cell wall disruption on the amount of lipids extracted with three solvents, namely: hexane, dichloromethane and chloroform, were compared. Studies reveled that high pressure homogenization is effective on cell disruption while the amount of system pressure being the most significant factor affecting the degree of cell breakage. Al-though the number of passes had some impact, the level of disruption seemed to level-off after a certain number of passes. The study revealed that slightly polar solvents (such as chloroform and dichloromethane) performed better in aqueous-phase lipid extractions as compared to hexane. Also, it was revealed that it was not necessary to disrupt the algal cells completely to achieve appreciable levels of lipid yields. In fact, conditions that exerted only 20% of the cells to completely disrupt, allowed sufficient damage to liberate most of the lipids contained in the remainder of the cells.
Effect of High Pressure Homogenization on Aqueous Phase Solvent Extraction of Lipids from Nannochloris Oculata Microalgae
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20120101.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Nalin Samarasinghe
Sandun Fernando
Brock Faulkner
Effect of High Pressure Homogenization on Aqueous Phase Solvent Extraction of Lipids from Nannochloris Oculata Microalgae
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© Science Publishing Group
Utilizations of Food Waste as an Anaerobic Digester Feedstock
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For many years, anaerobic digestion has been utilized in order to treat the odorous, pathogenic, and dissolved-oxygen-reducing-characteristics of both anthropogenic and livestock effluent waste streams. In addition to this beneficial biological treatment, such digestion provides both methane gas and digestate which serve as a valuable fuel and fertilizer, respectively. However, food waste also has the potential to serve as a useful feedstock for anaerobic digestion due to its high volatile (combustible) solids content and propensity for rapid biodegradation. There are a number of parameters of concern when using food waste for such digestion which increases the operation complexity of digester systems, but if such devices are properly monitored and adjusted, food waste has the potential to serve as a sole feedstock or as part of a dual manure-food waste input; both cases provide an improvement in gas generation production.
For many years, anaerobic digestion has been utilized in order to treat the odorous, pathogenic, and dissolved-oxygen-reducing-characteristics of both anthropogenic and livestock effluent waste streams. In addition to this beneficial biological treatment, such digestion provides both methane gas and digestate which serve as a valuable fuel and fertilizer, respectively. However, food waste also has the potential to serve as a useful feedstock for anaerobic digestion due to its high volatile (combustible) solids content and propensity for rapid biodegradation. There are a number of parameters of concern when using food waste for such digestion which increases the operation complexity of digester systems, but if such devices are properly monitored and adjusted, food waste has the potential to serve as a sole feedstock or as part of a dual manure-food waste input; both cases provide an improvement in gas generation production.
Utilizations of Food Waste as an Anaerobic Digester Feedstock
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20130201.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Krishna Kumar
Omprakash Sahu
Utilizations of Food Waste as an Anaerobic Digester Feedstock
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© Science Publishing Group
Natural Resources as a Factor Socioeconomic Development: The Case Northeastern Montenegro
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The paper discusses the natural resources of the northeastern of Montenegro as a factor of socio-economic development. Based on the properties of relief, we have selected three relatively homogeneous regions for economic development. Area sub region alluvial plains of rivers, river terraces, lake sediments Berane, Andrijevica and Polimlja Valley has the most favorable conditions for intensive agricultural production, summer tourism, construction and transport development. Diversity and complementarily of water resources is the main characteristic of the considered region, which is of particular importance for the future economic development. In the water resources, we looked at the possibilities of exploiting hydropower, water supply of population and industry, agriculture water supply. Thanks to the geological structure of the valley Berane there are significant reserves of brown coal and lignite (total reserves are 176.231.197 tons). Program development and production of coal in the valley Berane would cause intense regrouping and integration of industrial enterprises and caused the need for capacity expansion (Beran Village, Dolac). In the region, appear to ore metals: lead, zinc, copper, iron and pyrite. From non-metallic mineral resources, occupy their presence and reservoir construction materials: gravel, sand and decorative stone. Agricultural land is an important part of the natural wealth of the region. In the period 1964-2005 in the agricultural land there was a change in the way of exploitation to reduce the area under fields and gardens and pastures and increased the area under orchards and meadows.
The paper discusses the natural resources of the northeastern of Montenegro as a factor of socio-economic development. Based on the properties of relief, we have selected three relatively homogeneous regions for economic development. Area sub region alluvial plains of rivers, river terraces, lake sediments Berane, Andrijevica and Polimlja Valley has the most favorable conditions for intensive agricultural production, summer tourism, construction and transport development. Diversity and complementarily of water resources is the main characteristic of the considered region, which is of particular importance for the future economic development. In the water resources, we looked at the possibilities of exploiting hydropower, water supply of population and industry, agriculture water supply. Thanks to the geological structure of the valley Berane there are significant reserves of brown coal and lignite (total reserves are 176.231.197 tons). Program development and production of coal in the valley Berane would cause intense regrouping and integration of industrial enterprises and caused the need for capacity expansion (Beran Village, Dolac). In the region, appear to ore metals: lead, zinc, copper, iron and pyrite. From non-metallic mineral resources, occupy their presence and reservoir construction materials: gravel, sand and decorative stone. Agricultural land is an important part of the natural wealth of the region. In the period 1964-2005 in the agricultural land there was a change in the way of exploitation to reduce the area under fields and gardens and pastures and increased the area under orchards and meadows.
Natural Resources as a Factor Socioeconomic Development: The Case Northeastern Montenegro
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20130202.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Goran Rajović
Jelisavka Bulatović
Natural Resources as a Factor Socioeconomic Development: The Case Northeastern Montenegro
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© Science Publishing Group
Influence of Solid Concentration on the Flow Characteristics and Settling Rate of Coal-Water Slurries
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Coal–water slurries were prepared with a sub-bituminous coal at varying coal and water ratios using an anionic liquid soap as a surfactant. The slurry properties, viscosity and stability were determined. The rheological properties of the slurries were investigated to ascertain the characteristics of the slurries. The results showed that increasing coal (solid) concentration increased the density of the slurries. Higher density gave rise to more viscous slurries. The behaviour of the slurries changed from Newtonian to non-Newtonian at higher solid concentrations. The slurries with lower solid concentration settled faster than the higher solid concentration slurries.
Coal–water slurries were prepared with a sub-bituminous coal at varying coal and water ratios using an anionic liquid soap as a surfactant. The slurry properties, viscosity and stability were determined. The rheological properties of the slurries were investigated to ascertain the characteristics of the slurries. The results showed that increasing coal (solid) concentration increased the density of the slurries. Higher density gave rise to more viscous slurries. The behaviour of the slurries changed from Newtonian to non-Newtonian at higher solid concentrations. The slurries with lower solid concentration settled faster than the higher solid concentration slurries.
Influence of Solid Concentration on the Flow Characteristics and Settling Rate of Coal-Water Slurries
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20130203.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Kenechukwu Emmanuel Ugwu
Anthony Chibuzo Ofomatah
Samson Ifeanyi Eze
Influence of Solid Concentration on the Flow Characteristics and Settling Rate of Coal-Water Slurries
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© Science Publishing Group
Impact of Different Factors on Biogas Production in Poultry Dropping Based Biogas Plants of Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, with poultry farms number of 215000 and poultry population of 200 million, has a potential of 1.33TWhr electricity per year. Despite of this huge potential, only few number of biogas plants have been deployed till date. Besides, most of these plants are unable to produce the expected amount of biogas as most of the digesters of these plants are made locally and they don’t have any scheme for monitoring and controlling temperature, pH, bacterial population in digester, mixture of different substrate, hydraulic retention time, total solid (TS), periodic agitation, periodic loading and unloading of substrate etc. But, there is few bigger size plants which contain imported digesters equipped with monitoring and controlling schemes, hence they produce bigger amount of biogas. In this study, an analysis has been done focusing the impacts of above mentioned factors on biogas production by comparing biogas production between locally made digesters and imported digesters. The result reveals that up to 75% more biogas is generated in imported digesters than the locally made digesters.
Bangladesh, with poultry farms number of 215000 and poultry population of 200 million, has a potential of 1.33TWhr electricity per year. Despite of this huge potential, only few number of biogas plants have been deployed till date. Besides, most of these plants are unable to produce the expected amount of biogas as most of the digesters of these plants are made locally and they don’t have any scheme for monitoring and controlling temperature, pH, bacterial population in digester, mixture of different substrate, hydraulic retention time, total solid (TS), periodic agitation, periodic loading and unloading of substrate etc. But, there is few bigger size plants which contain imported digesters equipped with monitoring and controlling schemes, hence they produce bigger amount of biogas. In this study, an analysis has been done focusing the impacts of above mentioned factors on biogas production by comparing biogas production between locally made digesters and imported digesters. The result reveals that up to 75% more biogas is generated in imported digesters than the locally made digesters.
Impact of Different Factors on Biogas Production in Poultry Dropping Based Biogas Plants of Bangladesh
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20130204.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Shariful Islam
Asif Islam
Dipendra Shah
Enamul Basher
Impact of Different Factors on Biogas Production in Poultry Dropping Based Biogas Plants of Bangladesh
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© Science Publishing Group
Traditional Uses of Ethnobotanical Plants for Construction of the Hut and Hamlets in the Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary of Rajasthan, India
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An extensive survey of the Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuaryof Rajasthan has been made to document the information about ethnobotanical plants being used by them to construct Hut and hamlets. 31 plant species of angiosperms have been recorded along withtheirplant parts used toconstruct of various types of Hut and hamlets in the sanctuary.
An extensive survey of the Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuaryof Rajasthan has been made to document the information about ethnobotanical plants being used by them to construct Hut and hamlets. 31 plant species of angiosperms have been recorded along withtheirplant parts used toconstruct of various types of Hut and hamlets in the sanctuary.
Traditional Uses of Ethnobotanical Plants for Construction of the Hut and Hamlets in the Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary of Rajasthan, India
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20130205.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Kanhaiya Lal Meena
Vimala Dhaka
Prakash Chandra Ahir
Traditional Uses of Ethnobotanical Plants for Construction of the Hut and Hamlets in the Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary of Rajasthan, India
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© Science Publishing Group
Environment Education and Sustainable Development Initiatives in Jamaica
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Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a concept that goes far beyond environmental education. It is the educational process of achieving human development (which envisages three pillars of human development: “economic growth”, “social development”, and “environmental protection”) in an inclusive, equitable and secure manner. It, thus, includes education for: poverty alleviation, human rights, gender equality, cultural diversity, international understanding, peace, etc. The concept of putting environmentally sustainable development into practice involves challenges that are as diverse as the make-up of population. Sustainable development ultimately depends on enhancing people’s capacities as individuals and groups to improve their own lives and to take greater control over their own destinies. Education is contended to be a critical tool for achieving sustainable development. The major environmental problems in Jamaica involve water quality and waste disposal. Further, about 680 plant species are also threatened. Endangered species in Jamaica include the tundra peregrine falcon, swallowtail butterfly, green sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, and American crocodile. This paper proposes a framework for conceptualizing, planning for and implementing an education agenda for sustainable development within the Jamaican context. The paper concludes that Jamaica will continue to achieve its goals in adopting the right approach for the ongoing interdependence of the environment and the economy in the 21st century and beyond. The Jamaican Government seeks to stimulate “economic re-growth” and stimulate the minds of people to create an interest in exploring solutions to environmental issues.
Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a concept that goes far beyond environmental education. It is the educational process of achieving human development (which envisages three pillars of human development: “economic growth”, “social development”, and “environmental protection”) in an inclusive, equitable and secure manner. It, thus, includes education for: poverty alleviation, human rights, gender equality, cultural diversity, international understanding, peace, etc. The concept of putting environmentally sustainable development into practice involves challenges that are as diverse as the make-up of population. Sustainable development ultimately depends on enhancing people’s capacities as individuals and groups to improve their own lives and to take greater control over their own destinies. Education is contended to be a critical tool for achieving sustainable development. The major environmental problems in Jamaica involve water quality and waste disposal. Further, about 680 plant species are also threatened. Endangered species in Jamaica include the tundra peregrine falcon, swallowtail butterfly, green sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, and American crocodile. This paper proposes a framework for conceptualizing, planning for and implementing an education agenda for sustainable development within the Jamaican context. The paper concludes that Jamaica will continue to achieve its goals in adopting the right approach for the ongoing interdependence of the environment and the economy in the 21st century and beyond. The Jamaican Government seeks to stimulate “economic re-growth” and stimulate the minds of people to create an interest in exploring solutions to environmental issues.
Environment Education and Sustainable Development Initiatives in Jamaica
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20130206.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Santosh Kumar Mishra
Environment Education and Sustainable Development Initiatives in Jamaica
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© Science Publishing Group
Economic Load Dispatch with the Proposed GA Algorithm for Large Scale System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140301.11
Economic load dispatch (ELD) have been applied to obtain optimal fuel cost of generating units. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a global search technique based on principles inspired from the genetic and evolution mechanism observed in natural biological systems. This paper presents a novel stochastic Genetic Algorithm approach to solve the Economic Load Dispatch problem considering various generator constraints and also conserves an acceptable system performance in terms of limits on generator real and reactive power outputs bus voltages, shunt capacitors/reactors, transformers tap-setting and power flow of transmission lines. The ELD problem in a power system is to determine the optimal combination of power outputs for all generating units which will minimize the total fuel cost while satisfying all practical constraints. To show its efficiency and effectiveness, the proposed GA algorithm is applied to some types of ED problems containing non-smooth cost functions of 13 and 40 generating units systems (large scale systems). The experimental results show that the proposed GA approach is comparatively capable of obtaining higher quality solution.
Economic load dispatch (ELD) have been applied to obtain optimal fuel cost of generating units. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a global search technique based on principles inspired from the genetic and evolution mechanism observed in natural biological systems. This paper presents a novel stochastic Genetic Algorithm approach to solve the Economic Load Dispatch problem considering various generator constraints and also conserves an acceptable system performance in terms of limits on generator real and reactive power outputs bus voltages, shunt capacitors/reactors, transformers tap-setting and power flow of transmission lines. The ELD problem in a power system is to determine the optimal combination of power outputs for all generating units which will minimize the total fuel cost while satisfying all practical constraints. To show its efficiency and effectiveness, the proposed GA algorithm is applied to some types of ED problems containing non-smooth cost functions of 13 and 40 generating units systems (large scale systems). The experimental results show that the proposed GA approach is comparatively capable of obtaining higher quality solution.
Economic Load Dispatch with the Proposed GA Algorithm for Large Scale System
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140301.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hamed Aliyari
Reza Effatnejad
Ardavan Areyaei
Economic Load Dispatch with the Proposed GA Algorithm for Large Scale System
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2014-01-01
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© Science Publishing Group
Does a Windfall Lead to a Downfall? A Study of Mineral Rents and Genuine Growth in Selected African Countries
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The mining industry helps governments to increase revenues resulting in job creation, infrastructural development and enhancing the standard of living of the local communities. However, it is also a potential source of environmental pollution and rent-seeking. This study examines the relationship between mineral rents and genuine income in a multivariate panel data analysis in Botswana, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, South Africa and Zambia at the aggregate and industrial levels. The findings suggest that mineral revenues have been a blessing to these countries at the aggregate level but affected industrial growth negatively. These findings support evidence in the literature that mineral resource abundance slows growth in industrial output. The study also reveals that growth in mineral rich countries is principally driven by investment in capital and energy consumption. It is therefore recommended that mineral revenues should be invested in capital and alternative energy sources to boost aggregate and industrial growth.
The mining industry helps governments to increase revenues resulting in job creation, infrastructural development and enhancing the standard of living of the local communities. However, it is also a potential source of environmental pollution and rent-seeking. This study examines the relationship between mineral rents and genuine income in a multivariate panel data analysis in Botswana, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, South Africa and Zambia at the aggregate and industrial levels. The findings suggest that mineral revenues have been a blessing to these countries at the aggregate level but affected industrial growth negatively. These findings support evidence in the literature that mineral resource abundance slows growth in industrial output. The study also reveals that growth in mineral rich countries is principally driven by investment in capital and energy consumption. It is therefore recommended that mineral revenues should be invested in capital and alternative energy sources to boost aggregate and industrial growth.
Does a Windfall Lead to a Downfall? A Study of Mineral Rents and Genuine Growth in Selected African Countries
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140301.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-04-09
© Science Publishing Group
Ishmael Ackah
Dankwa Kankam
Kwaku Appiah- Adu
Does a Windfall Lead to a Downfall? A Study of Mineral Rents and Genuine Growth in Selected African Countries
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2014-04-09
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© Science Publishing Group
Modelling the Competition for Forest Resources: The Case of Sweden
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Past decades increasing shares of forest resources have been diverted from the forest sector to the energy sector. The increasing utilization of forest fuel is, to a large extent, caused by economic policies introduced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Since the energy sector is believed to continue to increase its use of forest fuel in the energy production in Sweden, it is of interest to investigate the effects of this. The purpose of this study is to analyses the extent and degree of forest resources competition in the presence of climate policy by accounting for the inter-linkages of forest resources utilization between the energy sector and the forest industries. A partial equilibrium model was thus constructed and applied to the Swedish forest sector and energy sector. A baseline scenario is calibrated using the GAMS software. Four scenarios with alternative development paths are then simulated and compared to the baseline scenario. The results indicate that the impacts on the procurement competition between the forest sector and the energy sector are relatively moderate also in situations of expanding production in the forest industries. An increase in the competition between industries in the energy sector can however be observed.
Past decades increasing shares of forest resources have been diverted from the forest sector to the energy sector. The increasing utilization of forest fuel is, to a large extent, caused by economic policies introduced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Since the energy sector is believed to continue to increase its use of forest fuel in the energy production in Sweden, it is of interest to investigate the effects of this. The purpose of this study is to analyses the extent and degree of forest resources competition in the presence of climate policy by accounting for the inter-linkages of forest resources utilization between the energy sector and the forest industries. A partial equilibrium model was thus constructed and applied to the Swedish forest sector and energy sector. A baseline scenario is calibrated using the GAMS software. Four scenarios with alternative development paths are then simulated and compared to the baseline scenario. The results indicate that the impacts on the procurement competition between the forest sector and the energy sector are relatively moderate also in situations of expanding production in the forest industries. An increase in the competition between industries in the energy sector can however be observed.
Modelling the Competition for Forest Resources: The Case of Sweden
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140302.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-05-15
© Science Publishing Group
Anna Olsson
Robert Lundmark
Modelling the Competition for Forest Resources: The Case of Sweden
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2014-05-15
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© Science Publishing Group
Water Absorption Properties of Some Tropical Timber Species
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The water absorption characteristics during soaking of Terminalia superba ( Ofram), Terminalia ivorensis (Emere) as currently threatened timber species and Quassia undulata ( Hotrohotro) and Recinodendron heudelotii.(Wama) as lesser used timber species were studied to determine and compare their absorption and diffusion coefficients as potential substitutes for utilization. Water soaking was carried out for nineteen days and the data were fitted into the Fick’s model to determine both the water absorption and diffusion coefficients. The study showed that, the mean values of the water absorption coefficient at initial stages of moisture sorption for Hortrohotro, Ofram, Emere and Wama were 3.51x 10-3, 4.31x10-3, 1.67x10-3 and 8.27x10-4 (kg/m2/s) respectively. The corresponding mean values of this parameter for the entire soaking process were also determined for the timber species viz; Ofram (2.91x 10-3), Hortrohotro (2.58x 10-3), Emere (1.14x 10-3) and Wama (6.11x 10-4) kg/m2s respectively. The measured diffusion coefficient for Wama, Emere, Ofram and Hotrohotro timber species were 9.637x10,-4 6.694x10-3 4.185x10-2 and 2.899x10-2 kg/m2/s respectively. Emere and Wama had lower absorption and diffusion characteristics than Hortrohotro and Ofram. Based on this study, Wama could be substituted for Emere and Hortrohotro with Ofram.
The water absorption characteristics during soaking of Terminalia superba ( Ofram), Terminalia ivorensis (Emere) as currently threatened timber species and Quassia undulata ( Hotrohotro) and Recinodendron heudelotii.(Wama) as lesser used timber species were studied to determine and compare their absorption and diffusion coefficients as potential substitutes for utilization. Water soaking was carried out for nineteen days and the data were fitted into the Fick’s model to determine both the water absorption and diffusion coefficients. The study showed that, the mean values of the water absorption coefficient at initial stages of moisture sorption for Hortrohotro, Ofram, Emere and Wama were 3.51x 10-3, 4.31x10-3, 1.67x10-3 and 8.27x10-4 (kg/m2/s) respectively. The corresponding mean values of this parameter for the entire soaking process were also determined for the timber species viz; Ofram (2.91x 10-3), Hortrohotro (2.58x 10-3), Emere (1.14x 10-3) and Wama (6.11x 10-4) kg/m2s respectively. The measured diffusion coefficient for Wama, Emere, Ofram and Hotrohotro timber species were 9.637x10,-4 6.694x10-3 4.185x10-2 and 2.899x10-2 kg/m2/s respectively. Emere and Wama had lower absorption and diffusion characteristics than Hortrohotro and Ofram. Based on this study, Wama could be substituted for Emere and Hortrohotro with Ofram.
Water Absorption Properties of Some Tropical Timber Species
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140302.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Emmanuel Tete Okoh
Water Absorption Properties of Some Tropical Timber Species
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2014-06-17
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© Science Publishing Group
Tree Species Diversity and Dominance in Gelai Forest Reserve, Tanzania
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.12
Tree species diversity and dominance of Gelai Forest Reserve, an isolated montane forest located in an arid area of Northern Tanzania remains unknown. A systematic grid of 390 m x 780 m between 100 plots of 0.02 ha, along nine transects was used during the forest survey. The tree species present, location, diameter above breast height (dbh) and botanical names were recorded including regenerants of tree species and key shrub species. These parameters were then used to determine species diversity index, dominance index, number of tree species regenerants, number of stems per ha and tree basal area per ha. A total of 39 tree species were recorded. The tree species with the highest importance values were Nuxia conjesta (70.7), Olea europaea (44.4) and Crotalaria stulhmanii (40.4). The Simpson index value ranged between 0.0 and 0.034; with Crotalaria stulhmanii having the highest (0.034) index. The tree species diversity index ranged between 0.016 and 0.313. Forest stocking was 377 stems per ha while species basal area ranged between 0.098 m2 and 439 m2 per ha, with Nuxia congesta occupying the highest (439.07 m2 per ha) area and Acacia rovumae the lowest (0.098 m2 per ha), respectively. Seventy nine regenerants were recorded on 9% of the plots. Shrubs, herbs and grasses were found on 55% of the plots mainly without trees dominated by Vernonia galamensis, Leonatis leonorus, Ocimum suave and Solonum incanum. In conclusion, the forest has high tree species diversity which is a good stand characteristic of a natural forest. This survey established a baseline for future monitoring of the forest performance after mitigation of human activities.
Tree species diversity and dominance of Gelai Forest Reserve, an isolated montane forest located in an arid area of Northern Tanzania remains unknown. A systematic grid of 390 m x 780 m between 100 plots of 0.02 ha, along nine transects was used during the forest survey. The tree species present, location, diameter above breast height (dbh) and botanical names were recorded including regenerants of tree species and key shrub species. These parameters were then used to determine species diversity index, dominance index, number of tree species regenerants, number of stems per ha and tree basal area per ha. A total of 39 tree species were recorded. The tree species with the highest importance values were Nuxia conjesta (70.7), Olea europaea (44.4) and Crotalaria stulhmanii (40.4). The Simpson index value ranged between 0.0 and 0.034; with Crotalaria stulhmanii having the highest (0.034) index. The tree species diversity index ranged between 0.016 and 0.313. Forest stocking was 377 stems per ha while species basal area ranged between 0.098 m2 and 439 m2 per ha, with Nuxia congesta occupying the highest (439.07 m2 per ha) area and Acacia rovumae the lowest (0.098 m2 per ha), respectively. Seventy nine regenerants were recorded on 9% of the plots. Shrubs, herbs and grasses were found on 55% of the plots mainly without trees dominated by Vernonia galamensis, Leonatis leonorus, Ocimum suave and Solonum incanum. In conclusion, the forest has high tree species diversity which is a good stand characteristic of a natural forest. This survey established a baseline for future monitoring of the forest performance after mitigation of human activities.
Tree Species Diversity and Dominance in Gelai Forest Reserve, Tanzania
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Noah Sitati
Nathan Gichohi
Philip Lenaiyasa
Peter Millanga
Michael Maina
Fiesta Warinwa
Philip Muruthi
Tree Species Diversity and Dominance in Gelai Forest Reserve, Tanzania
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37
37
2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Fibre, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ghanaian Hardwoods
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.11
Wood fibre properties (fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness and lumen diameter), physical (oven-dry density) and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compression parallel to the grain) of four tropical hardwood species (Terminalia superba (Ofram) and Terminalia ivorensis (Emere), as currently threatened timber species and Quassia undulata ( Hotrohotro) and Recinodendron heudelotii(Wama) as lesser used timber species were investigated to measure and compare their timber properties as potential substitutes. Tree normal trees of each tree species were selected and log samples were cut at the middle portion of stem height to determine the properties. The study revealed that, the densities, compression parallel to grain, modulus of rapture and modulus of elasticity of Ofram and Hortrohotro were not significant, but that of Emere and Wama were significant. The modulus of elasticity of Emere was however not significant. Based on these findings Hortrohotro could be substituted for Ofram and Emere with Wama.
Wood fibre properties (fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness and lumen diameter), physical (oven-dry density) and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compression parallel to the grain) of four tropical hardwood species (Terminalia superba (Ofram) and Terminalia ivorensis (Emere), as currently threatened timber species and Quassia undulata ( Hotrohotro) and Recinodendron heudelotii(Wama) as lesser used timber species were investigated to measure and compare their timber properties as potential substitutes. Tree normal trees of each tree species were selected and log samples were cut at the middle portion of stem height to determine the properties. The study revealed that, the densities, compression parallel to grain, modulus of rapture and modulus of elasticity of Ofram and Hortrohotro were not significant, but that of Emere and Wama were significant. The modulus of elasticity of Emere was however not significant. Based on these findings Hortrohotro could be substituted for Ofram and Emere with Wama.
Fibre, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ghanaian Hardwoods
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-06-17
© Science Publishing Group
Emmanuel Tete Okoh
Fibre, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ghanaian Hardwoods
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30
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2014-06-17
2014-06-17
10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Impact of Extraction Methods upon Light Absorbance of Natural Organic Dyes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Application
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.13
Aqueous extraction, cold ethanol, and Soxhlet hot ethanol extraction methods were used to study the general trend in performance of dyes as sensitisers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) from different plants based on optical absorbance, and consequently light harvesting efficiency (LHE). Spathodea campanulata, Thevetia peruviana, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Delonix regia and Acalypha wilkesiana ‘Haleakala’ were used in this study. From the UV/Visible spectrophotometer with the recorded absorption measurements in the range between 300 – 700 nm, the cold ethanol and Soxhlet hot ethanol extracts exhibited LHE between 80 – 100% over 400 ~ 550 nm of visible range, and 40 – 99% for water extracts dyes between 400 – 700 nm. Ethanol extract of Acalypha wilkesiana ‘Haleakala’ had the highest LHE and a widely spread optical spectrum between 400 – 700 nm; it was earmarked as a potential sensitizer candidate for DSSC. The phytochemical screening was applied to detect the presence of anthocyanins, quinones, cuomarines and others in the extracts. Based on the phytochemical screening, there was no appreciable impact of the extraction methods on the presence of the organic compounds relative to individual samples; and also the optical absorption showed that no extraction method was found consistently better than the other in all extracts.
Aqueous extraction, cold ethanol, and Soxhlet hot ethanol extraction methods were used to study the general trend in performance of dyes as sensitisers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) from different plants based on optical absorbance, and consequently light harvesting efficiency (LHE). Spathodea campanulata, Thevetia peruviana, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Delonix regia and Acalypha wilkesiana ‘Haleakala’ were used in this study. From the UV/Visible spectrophotometer with the recorded absorption measurements in the range between 300 – 700 nm, the cold ethanol and Soxhlet hot ethanol extracts exhibited LHE between 80 – 100% over 400 ~ 550 nm of visible range, and 40 – 99% for water extracts dyes between 400 – 700 nm. Ethanol extract of Acalypha wilkesiana ‘Haleakala’ had the highest LHE and a widely spread optical spectrum between 400 – 700 nm; it was earmarked as a potential sensitizer candidate for DSSC. The phytochemical screening was applied to detect the presence of anthocyanins, quinones, cuomarines and others in the extracts. Based on the phytochemical screening, there was no appreciable impact of the extraction methods on the presence of the organic compounds relative to individual samples; and also the optical absorption showed that no extraction method was found consistently better than the other in all extracts.
Impact of Extraction Methods upon Light Absorbance of Natural Organic Dyes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Application
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.13
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-06-30
© Science Publishing Group
Barness Chirazo Mphande
Alexander Pogrebnoi
Impact of Extraction Methods upon Light Absorbance of Natural Organic Dyes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Application
3
3
45
45
2014-06-30
2014-06-30
10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Wind Energy Potential in North East Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.11
This research reports wind energy potential evaluation of two locations in the north east Nigeria (Bauchi and Borno). The evaluation is based on Weibull and Rayleigh models using 17 years mean monthly wind speed data covering the period (1990-2006). The result shows that Rayleigh is best fit model that describes the wind speed data at 10 m height. Reference mean power density (based on the measured probability distribution) was compared with those obtained from the Weibull and Rayleigh models. In calculating the percentage error, results shows that Weibull provided better power density estimation in all 12 months than the Rayleigh model. From this research work, it was found that Borno has high wind power density 273.16 W/m2 for Weibull and 365.77 W/m2 for Rayleigh in the month of June as compared Bauchi with highest power density of 31.45 W/m2 for Weibull and 37.06 W/m2 for Rayleigh in the month of May.
This research reports wind energy potential evaluation of two locations in the north east Nigeria (Bauchi and Borno). The evaluation is based on Weibull and Rayleigh models using 17 years mean monthly wind speed data covering the period (1990-2006). The result shows that Rayleigh is best fit model that describes the wind speed data at 10 m height. Reference mean power density (based on the measured probability distribution) was compared with those obtained from the Weibull and Rayleigh models. In calculating the percentage error, results shows that Weibull provided better power density estimation in all 12 months than the Rayleigh model. From this research work, it was found that Borno has high wind power density 273.16 W/m2 for Weibull and 365.77 W/m2 for Rayleigh in the month of June as compared Bauchi with highest power density of 31.45 W/m2 for Weibull and 37.06 W/m2 for Rayleigh in the month of May.
Analysis of Wind Energy Potential in North East Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
A. Ahmed
A. A. Bello
D. Habou
Analysis of Wind Energy Potential in North East Nigeria
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50
50
2014-08-05
2014-08-05
10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Jatropha Curcas L: A Sustainable Feedstock for the Production of Bioenergy and by Products
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.12
Pot experimental studies were carried out in Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2011 to May 2013, to produce sustainable biomass feedstock of Jatropha curcas L. The experiment also focused to evaluate the morphological, physiological and physiochemical parameters of Jatropha including biofuel and seed cake characteristics after fuel extraction. The leaves, petioles and seeds of the plants were collected from the earthen pot to determine the nutrient contents. The current study provides a reliable account of the endogenic concentrations of nutrients present in petiole and their content in leaves and seeds. Experimental results revealed that the morphological parameters responded better in mature plant compared to young plant but the physiological parameter showed variations at 2 growth stages. The different nutrient contents, including the crude protein in the petiole, were higher than the leaves in the young plants when compared to older plant, whereas the reverse was observed at two year old mature plants. The seed kernel contained more nutrients, especially Nitrogen (6.97%) and Crude Protein (43.15%), followed by seed cake and the husk. After maturity, the plant provided about 250 to 300 ml of crude oil per plant and the characteristics of fuel responded better (Flush point-252°C, Ignition point 325.8°C, Specific gravity of 0.9222, Density 0.91992, high Cetane (Ignition Quality) number of 58.7, Sulfur % of 0.128, Iodine (103.67 mg/g) and Saponification (197.88 mg/g) value in comparison to fossil fuel, with higher nutrients content in seed cake residue as byproduct obtained after extraction of oil, which could be used as an excellent organic fertilizer, with nutrients value, N: 3.6%, P2O5: 1.9% and K2O: 1.5%. Also the oil contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty acid (78.74%) resulting in characteristically low levels of free fatty acids, which improves storability. The crude oil without any modification could easily be used in lamp for illumination. The presence of unsaturated fatty acids (high iodine value) allows it to remain fluid at lower temperatures. The low sulfur content indicates less harmful sulfur dioxide (SO2) exhaust emissions when the oil is used as a fuel.
Pot experimental studies were carried out in Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2011 to May 2013, to produce sustainable biomass feedstock of Jatropha curcas L. The experiment also focused to evaluate the morphological, physiological and physiochemical parameters of Jatropha including biofuel and seed cake characteristics after fuel extraction. The leaves, petioles and seeds of the plants were collected from the earthen pot to determine the nutrient contents. The current study provides a reliable account of the endogenic concentrations of nutrients present in petiole and their content in leaves and seeds. Experimental results revealed that the morphological parameters responded better in mature plant compared to young plant but the physiological parameter showed variations at 2 growth stages. The different nutrient contents, including the crude protein in the petiole, were higher than the leaves in the young plants when compared to older plant, whereas the reverse was observed at two year old mature plants. The seed kernel contained more nutrients, especially Nitrogen (6.97%) and Crude Protein (43.15%), followed by seed cake and the husk. After maturity, the plant provided about 250 to 300 ml of crude oil per plant and the characteristics of fuel responded better (Flush point-252°C, Ignition point 325.8°C, Specific gravity of 0.9222, Density 0.91992, high Cetane (Ignition Quality) number of 58.7, Sulfur % of 0.128, Iodine (103.67 mg/g) and Saponification (197.88 mg/g) value in comparison to fossil fuel, with higher nutrients content in seed cake residue as byproduct obtained after extraction of oil, which could be used as an excellent organic fertilizer, with nutrients value, N: 3.6%, P2O5: 1.9% and K2O: 1.5%. Also the oil contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty acid (78.74%) resulting in characteristically low levels of free fatty acids, which improves storability. The crude oil without any modification could easily be used in lamp for illumination. The presence of unsaturated fatty acids (high iodine value) allows it to remain fluid at lower temperatures. The low sulfur content indicates less harmful sulfur dioxide (SO2) exhaust emissions when the oil is used as a fuel.
Jatropha Curcas L: A Sustainable Feedstock for the Production of Bioenergy and by Products
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-10-18
© Science Publishing Group
Kamrun Nahar
Sanwar Azam Sunny
Jatropha Curcas L: A Sustainable Feedstock for the Production of Bioenergy and by Products
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4
57
57
2014-10-18
2014-10-18
10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of the Shape Surface of Absorber Plate on Performance of Built-in-Storage Solar Water Heater
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.11
An experimental and numerical study was carried out on a storage solar collectors to verify its suitability for domestic use. These storage collectors can be used as storage water tanks to replace the ordinary cubical or cylindrical tank commonly used in Iraqi houses. The paper includes study the effect of the shape surface of absorber plate on performance of storage solar collector by construction of three-box type, built –in-storage water heaters with three different shape of front absorber plat, flat, wavy, and zigzag shapes. Experiments were conducted in summer and autumn seasons, and the results were comparable to the theoretical calculation. The results indicated clearly that the storage collector can be used for providing hot water for domestic uses, the zigzag storage collector was the best to obtain a high temperature than the other two designs, also the finite difference model proved to be useful for prediction of water temperatures under variable operating conditions.
An experimental and numerical study was carried out on a storage solar collectors to verify its suitability for domestic use. These storage collectors can be used as storage water tanks to replace the ordinary cubical or cylindrical tank commonly used in Iraqi houses. The paper includes study the effect of the shape surface of absorber plate on performance of storage solar collector by construction of three-box type, built –in-storage water heaters with three different shape of front absorber plat, flat, wavy, and zigzag shapes. Experiments were conducted in summer and autumn seasons, and the results were comparable to the theoretical calculation. The results indicated clearly that the storage collector can be used for providing hot water for domestic uses, the zigzag storage collector was the best to obtain a high temperature than the other two designs, also the finite difference model proved to be useful for prediction of water temperatures under variable operating conditions.
Effect of the Shape Surface of Absorber Plate on Performance of Built-in-Storage Solar Water Heater
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-10-22
© Science Publishing Group
Omer Khalil Ahmad
Ahmed Hassan Ahmed
Obiad Majeed Ali
Effect of the Shape Surface of Absorber Plate on Performance of Built-in-Storage Solar Water Heater
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65
65
2014-10-22
2014-10-22
10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Volume Models for Single Trees in Tropical Rainforests in Tanzania
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.12
The present study was the first to develop total tree, stem and branches volume models for rainforests in south-eastern Africa based on destructive sampling. The number of sample trees was 60 and diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height (h) ranged from 6 to 117 cm and from 6.4 m to 50 m, respectively. Large parts of the total volume and stem volume variations were explained by the models (Pseudo-R2 ranged from 0.85 to 0.93) and they performed relatively well over different size classes. When considering the challenges in height measurements in rainforests, we in general recommend applying model 3 with dbh only as independent variable. For large trees we recommend model 2 (dbh and h as independent variables) because of the moderating effect h has on volume predictions. If accurate stem volumes are needed for forestry licensing or for calculating compensation of timber loss, we also recommend model 2. As long as the allometry of the trees obviously is not different from that of our study site, the developed models may also be applied for rainforests elsewhere in Tanzania, but further testing of the models is also recommended.
The present study was the first to develop total tree, stem and branches volume models for rainforests in south-eastern Africa based on destructive sampling. The number of sample trees was 60 and diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height (h) ranged from 6 to 117 cm and from 6.4 m to 50 m, respectively. Large parts of the total volume and stem volume variations were explained by the models (Pseudo-R2 ranged from 0.85 to 0.93) and they performed relatively well over different size classes. When considering the challenges in height measurements in rainforests, we in general recommend applying model 3 with dbh only as independent variable. For large trees we recommend model 2 (dbh and h as independent variables) because of the moderating effect h has on volume predictions. If accurate stem volumes are needed for forestry licensing or for calculating compensation of timber loss, we also recommend model 2. As long as the allometry of the trees obviously is not different from that of our study site, the developed models may also be applied for rainforests elsewhere in Tanzania, but further testing of the models is also recommended.
Volume Models for Single Trees in Tropical Rainforests in Tanzania
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-11-10
© Science Publishing Group
Abel Malyango Masota
Eliakimu Zahabu
Rogers Ernest Malimbwi
Ole Martin Bollandsås
Tron Haakon Eid
Volume Models for Single Trees in Tropical Rainforests in Tanzania
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76
76
2014-11-10
2014-11-10
10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Saccharification of Ulva Lactuca Via Pseudoalteromonas Piscicida for Biofuel Production
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.11
Pseudoalteromonas piscicida WM21 was isolated from seawater at Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt. It was promising to hydrolyze the polysaccharides of Ulva lactuca. Ulva lactuca contained 44% carbohydrates, 5% lipids, 16% proteins, 12% Fibers and 23% ash. Optimization of reducing sugars production by P. piscicida WM21 was investigated using Plackett- Burmman design. The main effect data as well as the t-test results suggested that the beef extract and inoculum size are the most effective variables that controlled the reducing sugar produced by P. piscicida. Considerable positive effects of the high levels of substrate concentration and low levels of incubation period were also suggested. On the other hand, variations within the examined levels of pH levels, NaCl and peptone recorded slight effects. While the main effect data as well as the t-test results suggested that the substrate concentration and incubation period were the most effective variables that controlled amylase activity produced by P. piscicida. To evaluate the accuracy of the applied Plackett-Burman statistical design, a verification experiment was carried out. The predicted near optimum and far from optimum levels of the independent variables were examined and compared to the basal condition settings. The applied near optimum condition, resulted in approximately 56 mg/g increase in reducing sugar with 6 mm amylase activity by P. piscicida when compared to the basal medium formulation, while the conditions predicted to be far from optimal recorded approximately 45 mg/g decreases in reducing sugar with 3 mm amylase activity. These results supported the predictions of the applied Plackett-Burman experiment for enhancement of reducing sugar production by marine microorganisms.
Pseudoalteromonas piscicida WM21 was isolated from seawater at Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt. It was promising to hydrolyze the polysaccharides of Ulva lactuca. Ulva lactuca contained 44% carbohydrates, 5% lipids, 16% proteins, 12% Fibers and 23% ash. Optimization of reducing sugars production by P. piscicida WM21 was investigated using Plackett- Burmman design. The main effect data as well as the t-test results suggested that the beef extract and inoculum size are the most effective variables that controlled the reducing sugar produced by P. piscicida. Considerable positive effects of the high levels of substrate concentration and low levels of incubation period were also suggested. On the other hand, variations within the examined levels of pH levels, NaCl and peptone recorded slight effects. While the main effect data as well as the t-test results suggested that the substrate concentration and incubation period were the most effective variables that controlled amylase activity produced by P. piscicida. To evaluate the accuracy of the applied Plackett-Burman statistical design, a verification experiment was carried out. The predicted near optimum and far from optimum levels of the independent variables were examined and compared to the basal condition settings. The applied near optimum condition, resulted in approximately 56 mg/g increase in reducing sugar with 6 mm amylase activity by P. piscicida when compared to the basal medium formulation, while the conditions predicted to be far from optimal recorded approximately 45 mg/g decreases in reducing sugar with 3 mm amylase activity. These results supported the predictions of the applied Plackett-Burman experiment for enhancement of reducing sugar production by marine microorganisms.
Saccharification of Ulva Lactuca Via Pseudoalteromonas Piscicida for Biofuel Production
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-11-25
© Science Publishing Group
El-Naggar M. M.
Abdul-Raouf U. M.
Ibrahim H. A. H.
El-Sayed W. M. M.
Saccharification of Ulva Lactuca Via Pseudoalteromonas Piscicida for Biofuel Production
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2014-11-25
2014-11-25
10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.11
© Science Publishing Group
Correlation among Vitrinite Reflectance Ro%, Pyrolysis Parameters, and Atomic H/C Ratio: Implications for Evaluating Petroleum Potential of Coal and Carbonaceous Materials
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.12
In this study, 26 samples from northwest Taiwan, 12 from Mainland China, 13 from Australia and 39 from literature were jointly examined to explore relationships among pyrolysis parameters, Vitrinite Reflectance Ro%, and Atomic H/C ratio. Samples of mixed high and low maturity coal were combined in proportions determined by the total quantity in the furnace prior to the Rock-Eval analysis and used to explore the correlation between the pyrolysis parameter, Tmax, and the vitrinite reflectance. These average values were then plotted against the corresponding Tmax results. The experimental results revealed that:(1) For low maturity coal samples that were mixed with different proportions of high maturity coal samples, the Tmax values fell within a range of low maturities. Alternativly, for samples containing the reworked sedimentary materials in the rock formation, the Tmax values were similar to the maturity of young material. (2) For sampling or Rock-Eval analysis of the high maturity materials, contamination with low maturity material should be avoided, even in very small amounts. (3) Afterproportional mixing, there was no evidence of a general linear relationship between the average of vitrinite reflectance, Ro%, and the corresponding Tmax value recorded. The atomic H/C ratio, as well as the BI, HI, QI, S1, and S2, generally decreases while the maturity (Tmax (oC); vitrinite reflectance Ro%) increases. The atomic H/C ratio decreases slightly from 1.1 to 0.7 while maturity increased from Ro 0.55% to 0.85%. Samples with atomic H/C ratio within this range show significant change in certain other geochemical parameters (eg. BI, HI, QI, PI, S1, S2, S1+S2, Tmax). Organic matter in the samples studied is of type II/III kerogen based on the relationship between HI and Tmax. The hydrocarbon potential per unit organic carbon (S1+S2/TOC) of the organic matter in this study to be approximately 100~380, similar to the potential of humic coal used in general gas and oil production. This shows that organic matter in an oil window of Ro%=0.55 and atomic H/C=1.1 have reached a certain maturity and hydrocarbon potential. Overall, when the atomic H/C ratio increases, the BI, HI, QI, S1, and S2 also show an increasing trend; therefore, these parameters and atomic H/C ratio show a certain correlation.
In this study, 26 samples from northwest Taiwan, 12 from Mainland China, 13 from Australia and 39 from literature were jointly examined to explore relationships among pyrolysis parameters, Vitrinite Reflectance Ro%, and Atomic H/C ratio. Samples of mixed high and low maturity coal were combined in proportions determined by the total quantity in the furnace prior to the Rock-Eval analysis and used to explore the correlation between the pyrolysis parameter, Tmax, and the vitrinite reflectance. These average values were then plotted against the corresponding Tmax results. The experimental results revealed that:(1) For low maturity coal samples that were mixed with different proportions of high maturity coal samples, the Tmax values fell within a range of low maturities. Alternativly, for samples containing the reworked sedimentary materials in the rock formation, the Tmax values were similar to the maturity of young material. (2) For sampling or Rock-Eval analysis of the high maturity materials, contamination with low maturity material should be avoided, even in very small amounts. (3) Afterproportional mixing, there was no evidence of a general linear relationship between the average of vitrinite reflectance, Ro%, and the corresponding Tmax value recorded. The atomic H/C ratio, as well as the BI, HI, QI, S1, and S2, generally decreases while the maturity (Tmax (oC); vitrinite reflectance Ro%) increases. The atomic H/C ratio decreases slightly from 1.1 to 0.7 while maturity increased from Ro 0.55% to 0.85%. Samples with atomic H/C ratio within this range show significant change in certain other geochemical parameters (eg. BI, HI, QI, PI, S1, S2, S1+S2, Tmax). Organic matter in the samples studied is of type II/III kerogen based on the relationship between HI and Tmax. The hydrocarbon potential per unit organic carbon (S1+S2/TOC) of the organic matter in this study to be approximately 100~380, similar to the potential of humic coal used in general gas and oil production. This shows that organic matter in an oil window of Ro%=0.55 and atomic H/C=1.1 have reached a certain maturity and hydrocarbon potential. Overall, when the atomic H/C ratio increases, the BI, HI, QI, S1, and S2 also show an increasing trend; therefore, these parameters and atomic H/C ratio show a certain correlation.
Correlation among Vitrinite Reflectance Ro%, Pyrolysis Parameters, and Atomic H/C Ratio: Implications for Evaluating Petroleum Potential of Coal and Carbonaceous Materials
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2014-12-21
© Science Publishing Group
Hsien-Tsung Lee
Li-Chung Sun
Correlation among Vitrinite Reflectance Ro%, Pyrolysis Parameters, and Atomic H/C Ratio: Implications for Evaluating Petroleum Potential of Coal and Carbonaceous Materials
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2014-12-21
2014-12-21
10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20140306.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Water Depth and Temperature on the Productivity of a Double Slope Solar Still
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.11
Drinkable water is a basic necessity for humanity, and the increase in human population growth has led to water pollution to the surface and underground water reservoirs. In order to meet the increasing demand for potable water, researchers have developed various technologies to meet this target. Solar distillation is a technology suitable for producing distilled water from brackish water. This is achieved by the use of a solar still. A solar still is a simple solar device used in converting salt/brackish water into potable water. In this research, the productivity of water by a double slope solar still was determined by varying the water depth and surrounding temperature for nine days in the premises of Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria at 6.5oN, 3.35oE. In this research embarked upon, it was observed that at a depth of 2.0cm the maximum output of the solar still was obtained and a maximum efficiency of 25.3%.
Drinkable water is a basic necessity for humanity, and the increase in human population growth has led to water pollution to the surface and underground water reservoirs. In order to meet the increasing demand for potable water, researchers have developed various technologies to meet this target. Solar distillation is a technology suitable for producing distilled water from brackish water. This is achieved by the use of a solar still. A solar still is a simple solar device used in converting salt/brackish water into potable water. In this research, the productivity of water by a double slope solar still was determined by varying the water depth and surrounding temperature for nine days in the premises of Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria at 6.5oN, 3.35oE. In this research embarked upon, it was observed that at a depth of 2.0cm the maximum output of the solar still was obtained and a maximum efficiency of 25.3%.
Effect of Water Depth and Temperature on the Productivity of a Double Slope Solar Still
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2015-01-12
© Science Publishing Group
T. A. Babalola
A. O. Boyo
R. O. Kesinro
Effect of Water Depth and Temperature on the Productivity of a Double Slope Solar Still
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1
4
4
2015-01-12
2015-01-12
10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.11
© Science Publishing Group
A Comparison between Statistical Analysis and Grey Model Analysis on Assessed Parameters of Petroleum Potential from Organic Materials
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.12
This study aims to investigate the impact of changes in the Tmax and Ro% on the assessed parameters (S1, S2, S1+S2, HI, QI, BI, PI, TOC) of petroleum potential of organic materials. The samples studied include coals and coaly shales of Mushan Formation, Shihti Formation and Nanchuang Formation in NW Taiwan, coals and an oil shale from Mainland China, the well-drilled chip samples from NW Australia, in addition to the data of samples were included from literatures. This work will get on the detecting data of 10 parameters (S1, S2, S1+S2, TOC, HI, QI, BI, PI, Ro%, Tmax) and progressing statistical analysis, and focus the study on comparison between grey forecast of grey relational grade and regression model forecast. The results from statistical analysis (include temperature-treated samples were individually subjected to Rock-Eval analysis) of the all parameters data for all samples in this research project, not only be executed a linear regression, curve regression between any two parameters, and multivariate regression, but also be carried on the forecast of grey correlation grade of grey theory (include grey relational generating (Nominal-the-better-:Ro%; Larger-the-better-: Tmax, HI, QI, BI, S2, S1+ S2, S1; smaller-the-better-: TOC, PI) and globalization grey relational grade). So far, obtain roughly the consistency of results from two type predictive analysis. The constructed HI, QI and BI bands were broad at low maturities and gradually narrowed with increasing thermal maturity. The petroleum generation potential is completely exhausted at a vitrinite reflectance of 2.0-2.2% or a Tmax of 510-520°C. An increase in HI and QI suggests extra petroleum potential related to changes in the structure of the organic material. A decline in BI signifies the start of the oil expulsion window and occurs within the vitrinite reflectance range 0.75-1.05 % or a Tmax of 440-455 oC. Furthermore, petroleum potential can be divided into four different parts based on the cross-plot of HI vs. %Ro. The area with the highest petroleum potential is located in sectionⅡ with %Ro=0.6-1.0%, and HI>100. Oil generation potential is rapidly exhausted at section Ⅲ with %Ro >1.0%. This result is in accordance with the regression curve of HI and QI with %Ro based on 97 samples with %Ro=1.0~5.6%.
This study aims to investigate the impact of changes in the Tmax and Ro% on the assessed parameters (S1, S2, S1+S2, HI, QI, BI, PI, TOC) of petroleum potential of organic materials. The samples studied include coals and coaly shales of Mushan Formation, Shihti Formation and Nanchuang Formation in NW Taiwan, coals and an oil shale from Mainland China, the well-drilled chip samples from NW Australia, in addition to the data of samples were included from literatures. This work will get on the detecting data of 10 parameters (S1, S2, S1+S2, TOC, HI, QI, BI, PI, Ro%, Tmax) and progressing statistical analysis, and focus the study on comparison between grey forecast of grey relational grade and regression model forecast. The results from statistical analysis (include temperature-treated samples were individually subjected to Rock-Eval analysis) of the all parameters data for all samples in this research project, not only be executed a linear regression, curve regression between any two parameters, and multivariate regression, but also be carried on the forecast of grey correlation grade of grey theory (include grey relational generating (Nominal-the-better-:Ro%; Larger-the-better-: Tmax, HI, QI, BI, S2, S1+ S2, S1; smaller-the-better-: TOC, PI) and globalization grey relational grade). So far, obtain roughly the consistency of results from two type predictive analysis. The constructed HI, QI and BI bands were broad at low maturities and gradually narrowed with increasing thermal maturity. The petroleum generation potential is completely exhausted at a vitrinite reflectance of 2.0-2.2% or a Tmax of 510-520°C. An increase in HI and QI suggests extra petroleum potential related to changes in the structure of the organic material. A decline in BI signifies the start of the oil expulsion window and occurs within the vitrinite reflectance range 0.75-1.05 % or a Tmax of 440-455 oC. Furthermore, petroleum potential can be divided into four different parts based on the cross-plot of HI vs. %Ro. The area with the highest petroleum potential is located in sectionⅡ with %Ro=0.6-1.0%, and HI>100. Oil generation potential is rapidly exhausted at section Ⅲ with %Ro >1.0%. This result is in accordance with the regression curve of HI and QI with %Ro based on 97 samples with %Ro=1.0~5.6%.
A Comparison between Statistical Analysis and Grey Model Analysis on Assessed Parameters of Petroleum Potential from Organic Materials
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2015-01-30
© Science Publishing Group
Hsien-Tsung Lee
A Comparison between Statistical Analysis and Grey Model Analysis on Assessed Parameters of Petroleum Potential from Organic Materials
4
1
26
26
2015-01-30
2015-01-30
10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Enhancing Biomass Energy Efficiency in Rural Households of Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.11
The rural population of Ethiopia entirely depends on biomass for everyday energy needs except for light. The traditional system, particularly during cooking, incurs among others huge energy loss that could have been used otherwise. The system has been recognized as having significant effect on natural resource degradation, harmful health hazards and negative economic consequences. As a result, the government has been encouraging the use of energy saving technologies. Mirt and Gonze stoves are the two most dominantly promoted technologies. Promotion and efficiency evaluations were conducted. The result of the evaluation confirmed that households that use Mirt and Gonze stoves can save more than 33% and 20% of wood biomass that could have been used if traditional open stove was used, respectively. The time efficiency, length of time the stoves gave energy to bake additional Injera for Mirt and Gonze was increased by 63% and 50%, respectively. Thus, Mirt and stoves are efficient than the traditional open stoves. Due to durability, farmers preferred Mirt stove over Gonze. Utilization of Mirt stove can save 15% of wood biomass over Gonze. Promotion of Mirt stove in rural Ethiopia is vital to enhance biomass energy efficiency.
The rural population of Ethiopia entirely depends on biomass for everyday energy needs except for light. The traditional system, particularly during cooking, incurs among others huge energy loss that could have been used otherwise. The system has been recognized as having significant effect on natural resource degradation, harmful health hazards and negative economic consequences. As a result, the government has been encouraging the use of energy saving technologies. Mirt and Gonze stoves are the two most dominantly promoted technologies. Promotion and efficiency evaluations were conducted. The result of the evaluation confirmed that households that use Mirt and Gonze stoves can save more than 33% and 20% of wood biomass that could have been used if traditional open stove was used, respectively. The time efficiency, length of time the stoves gave energy to bake additional Injera for Mirt and Gonze was increased by 63% and 50%, respectively. Thus, Mirt and stoves are efficient than the traditional open stoves. Due to durability, farmers preferred Mirt stove over Gonze. Utilization of Mirt stove can save 15% of wood biomass over Gonze. Promotion of Mirt stove in rural Ethiopia is vital to enhance biomass energy efficiency.
Enhancing Biomass Energy Efficiency in Rural Households of Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2015-04-09
© Science Publishing Group
Dagninet Amare
Asmamaw Endeblhatu
Awole Muhabaw
Enhancing Biomass Energy Efficiency in Rural Households of Ethiopia
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33
33
2015-04-09
2015-04-09
10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.11
© Science Publishing Group
Preparation of Charcoal Pellets from Eucalyptus Wood with Different Binders
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.12
At present, there is great interest in using biomass as an alternative energetic source, as it is renewable and environmentally friendly. In the case of solid fuels, biomass has low energetic density, although it can be increased by charring and pelletizing. These methods also allow the improvement of physical properties, such as hydrophobicity and resistance to microbiological attack. In this work, the agglomeration of charcoal dust produced from sawmill waste with three different binders (wood tar, molasses and starch) was studied. The procedure included agglomeration and curing by heating in air atmosphere. The prepared charcoal pellets showed appropriate mechanical resistance, higher heating value than the original wood residues and higher energetic density than charcoal. Molasses and tar used as binders in the preparation of fuel pellets allow energy densification and an adequate durability of the products.
At present, there is great interest in using biomass as an alternative energetic source, as it is renewable and environmentally friendly. In the case of solid fuels, biomass has low energetic density, although it can be increased by charring and pelletizing. These methods also allow the improvement of physical properties, such as hydrophobicity and resistance to microbiological attack. In this work, the agglomeration of charcoal dust produced from sawmill waste with three different binders (wood tar, molasses and starch) was studied. The procedure included agglomeration and curing by heating in air atmosphere. The prepared charcoal pellets showed appropriate mechanical resistance, higher heating value than the original wood residues and higher energetic density than charcoal. Molasses and tar used as binders in the preparation of fuel pellets allow energy densification and an adequate durability of the products.
Preparation of Charcoal Pellets from Eucalyptus Wood with Different Binders
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2015-05-05
© Science Publishing Group
Alejandro Amaya
Mariana Corengia
Andrés Cuña
Jorge De Vivo
Andrés Sarachik
Nestor Tancredi
Preparation of Charcoal Pellets from Eucalyptus Wood with Different Binders
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39
39
2015-05-05
2015-05-05
10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150402.12
© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Analysis of the Fuel Properties of Ethylester Biodiesels from Cyperus esculentus, Sesamum indicum and Colocynthus vulgaris Seed Oils
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.11
The relative abundance of some Nigerian seed oils coupled with the little knowledge of their biodiesel usage prompted the need for this research. Biodiesel production is a very modern and technological area for researchers due to the relevance that it is winning everyday because of the increase in the petroleum price and the environmental advantages. In this work, studies were carried out to investigate the fuel properties of Cyperus esculentus, Colocynthus vulgaris, Sesamum indicum ethylesters and their corresponding ethyl ester blends. Ethylesters of these oils were prepared by H2SO4 catalysed transesterification reaction between the oils and ethanol. The fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, flash points, pour point and water crackle were determined. GC-MS was used to determine the fatty acid profile of the transesterified oils. The fuel properties correlated very well with the fatty acid compositions. The results showed that the oils were rich in saturated fatty acids (66.67%), appreciable value of monounsaturated fatty acids (33.33%) and little percent (33.33%) polyunsaturated fatty acids and absence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Cyperus esculentus and Sesamum indicum esters. The fatty acid chain lengths that were predominant in Cyperus esculentus, Colocynthus vulgaris, Sesamum indicum were C16, C18 and C20. The fuel properties of Colocynthus vulgaris, Cyperus esculentus and Sesamum indicum biodiesel blends were better when compared to the oil and petrodiesel in terms of flash points, viscosity and pour points, hence the optimum engine performance of both oil and petrodiesel could be improved by use of these biodiesel feedstock.
The relative abundance of some Nigerian seed oils coupled with the little knowledge of their biodiesel usage prompted the need for this research. Biodiesel production is a very modern and technological area for researchers due to the relevance that it is winning everyday because of the increase in the petroleum price and the environmental advantages. In this work, studies were carried out to investigate the fuel properties of Cyperus esculentus, Colocynthus vulgaris, Sesamum indicum ethylesters and their corresponding ethyl ester blends. Ethylesters of these oils were prepared by H2SO4 catalysed transesterification reaction between the oils and ethanol. The fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, flash points, pour point and water crackle were determined. GC-MS was used to determine the fatty acid profile of the transesterified oils. The fuel properties correlated very well with the fatty acid compositions. The results showed that the oils were rich in saturated fatty acids (66.67%), appreciable value of monounsaturated fatty acids (33.33%) and little percent (33.33%) polyunsaturated fatty acids and absence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Cyperus esculentus and Sesamum indicum esters. The fatty acid chain lengths that were predominant in Cyperus esculentus, Colocynthus vulgaris, Sesamum indicum were C16, C18 and C20. The fuel properties of Colocynthus vulgaris, Cyperus esculentus and Sesamum indicum biodiesel blends were better when compared to the oil and petrodiesel in terms of flash points, viscosity and pour points, hence the optimum engine performance of both oil and petrodiesel could be improved by use of these biodiesel feedstock.
Comparative Analysis of the Fuel Properties of Ethylester Biodiesels from Cyperus esculentus, Sesamum indicum and Colocynthus vulgaris Seed Oils
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2015-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Anekwe Ozioma Juliana
Ajiwe Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu
Comparative Analysis of the Fuel Properties of Ethylester Biodiesels from Cyperus esculentus, Sesamum indicum and Colocynthus vulgaris Seed Oils
4
3
44
44
2015-06-12
2015-06-12
10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.11
© Science Publishing Group
Transesterification of Palm Oil to Biodiesel and Optimization of Production Conditions i.e. Methanol, Sodium Hydroxide and Temperature
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.12
Biodiesel is an alkyl ester of long chain fatty acids and considered as an alternative to lower the appalling consequence of fuel on the environment. It is produced by transesterification of a fat or oil with a short chain primary alcohol like methanol and alkali like sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) was used as source to produce biodiesel and Box Behnken experimental design was applied to see the effect of various process parameters, i.e. methanol quantity, alkali concentration and temperature for the optimization of calorific value of biodiesel. Response surface plots and contour plot were created in order to perceive the optimum condition. Though, all the three variables significantly affected the calorific value of the palm biodiesel, but it was found that methanol was more effective variable than alkali concentration and temperature. It was observed that 12.5 ml methanol/50 ml oil and 0.4 gm NaOH/50 ml oil and 55°C temperature were optimum condition, where the calorific value of palm biodiesel is 9297.206 kcal/kg.
Biodiesel is an alkyl ester of long chain fatty acids and considered as an alternative to lower the appalling consequence of fuel on the environment. It is produced by transesterification of a fat or oil with a short chain primary alcohol like methanol and alkali like sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) was used as source to produce biodiesel and Box Behnken experimental design was applied to see the effect of various process parameters, i.e. methanol quantity, alkali concentration and temperature for the optimization of calorific value of biodiesel. Response surface plots and contour plot were created in order to perceive the optimum condition. Though, all the three variables significantly affected the calorific value of the palm biodiesel, but it was found that methanol was more effective variable than alkali concentration and temperature. It was observed that 12.5 ml methanol/50 ml oil and 0.4 gm NaOH/50 ml oil and 55°C temperature were optimum condition, where the calorific value of palm biodiesel is 9297.206 kcal/kg.
Transesterification of Palm Oil to Biodiesel and Optimization of Production Conditions i.e. Methanol, Sodium Hydroxide and Temperature
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.12
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2015-06-23
© Science Publishing Group
Shaila Siddiqua
Abdullah Al Mamun
Sheikh Md. Enayetul Babar
Transesterification of Palm Oil to Biodiesel and Optimization of Production Conditions i.e. Methanol, Sodium Hydroxide and Temperature
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51
51
2015-06-23
2015-06-23
10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150403.12
© Science Publishing Group
Jordanian Oil Shales: Variability, Processing Technologies, and Utilization Options
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150404.11
Jordan has a huge Oil Shale (OS) reserves with about 50 billion tons are located in the central part. Oil Shale is considered the only potentially discovered fossil fuel in Jordan. Jordanian OS is characterized by its good quality, near surface deposits with low stripping ratio. The main deposits are located in central Jordan with good road network and effectively thin population. On general, the reported physical and chemical properties suggest vertical variability pattern within the same deposits and lateral variability between the deposits. Extraction behavior also confirms such variability. The dependency of Jordan on imported crude oil and gas put extra pressure on the Jordanian economy as a result of the heavy and yet growing energy bill. The Jordanian government shows interest in commercializing its potential OS reserves and signed many agreements and memo of understanding with many external companies’ expert in OS processing, such as Shell international. In this work, the variability of Jordanian OS will be investigated with reference to the current status on their processing and utilization options
Jordan has a huge Oil Shale (OS) reserves with about 50 billion tons are located in the central part. Oil Shale is considered the only potentially discovered fossil fuel in Jordan. Jordanian OS is characterized by its good quality, near surface deposits with low stripping ratio. The main deposits are located in central Jordan with good road network and effectively thin population. On general, the reported physical and chemical properties suggest vertical variability pattern within the same deposits and lateral variability between the deposits. Extraction behavior also confirms such variability. The dependency of Jordan on imported crude oil and gas put extra pressure on the Jordanian economy as a result of the heavy and yet growing energy bill. The Jordanian government shows interest in commercializing its potential OS reserves and signed many agreements and memo of understanding with many external companies’ expert in OS processing, such as Shell international. In this work, the variability of Jordanian OS will be investigated with reference to the current status on their processing and utilization options
Jordanian Oil Shales: Variability, Processing Technologies, and Utilization Options
doi:10.11648/j.jenr.20150404.11
Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
2015-08-13
© Science Publishing Group
Hani Muhaisen Alnawafleh
Feras Younis Fraige
Laila Abdullah Al-khatib
Mohammad Khaleel Dweirj
Jordanian Oil Shales: Variability, Processing Technologies, and Utilization Options
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4
55
55
2015-08-13
2015-08-13
10.11648/j.jenr.20150404.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=167&doi=10.11648/j.jenr.20150404.11
© Science Publishing Group