Science Publishing Group: International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering: Table of Contents
<i> International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (IJEPE) </i> publishes original research and review articles in the fields of energy and power. This journal also publishes survey, tutorial and discussion papers from experts in these fields to promote intuitive understanding of the state-of-the-art and technology trends. The coverage of the journal includes all sorts of researches on thermal science, fluid mechanics, energy and environment, power system and automation, power electronic, high voltage and pulse power, sustainable energy as well as other energy issues.
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International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
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Investigation of Nigerian 330 Kv Electrical Network with Distributed Generation Penetration – Part II: Optimization Analyses
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20120101.12
The objective of this paper is to present the tools implemented in PowerFactory for the optimization of the proposed network. It involves the calculate optimal power flow analysis (OPF); optimal placement, type and size of capacitors in the network; the optimal type of reinforcement cables and overhead lines and lastly, optimization of a certain objective function in a network, whilst fulfilling equality constraints (the load flow equations) and inequality constraints (that is, generator reactive power limits). The applications of the OPF include transmission line overload removal, transmission system control, available transfer capability calculation (ATC), real and reactive power pricing, transmission component valuation, and transmission system mar-ginal pricing. Power capacitors are very useful for power factor correction, loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and dis-tribution system-capacity release/increase. The conductor, which is determined by this optimization method, maintains acceptable voltage levels of the radial distribution system. Besides, it gives maximum saving in the capital cost of conducting material and cost of energy losses. The method also shows that only proper selection of optimum branch conductors reduces losses.
The objective of this paper is to present the tools implemented in PowerFactory for the optimization of the proposed network. It involves the calculate optimal power flow analysis (OPF); optimal placement, type and size of capacitors in the network; the optimal type of reinforcement cables and overhead lines and lastly, optimization of a certain objective function in a network, whilst fulfilling equality constraints (the load flow equations) and inequality constraints (that is, generator reactive power limits). The applications of the OPF include transmission line overload removal, transmission system control, available transfer capability calculation (ATC), real and reactive power pricing, transmission component valuation, and transmission system mar-ginal pricing. Power capacitors are very useful for power factor correction, loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and dis-tribution system-capacity release/increase. The conductor, which is determined by this optimization method, maintains acceptable voltage levels of the radial distribution system. Besides, it gives maximum saving in the capital cost of conducting material and cost of energy losses. The method also shows that only proper selection of optimum branch conductors reduces losses.
Investigation of Nigerian 330 Kv Electrical Network with Distributed Generation Penetration – Part II: Optimization Analyses
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20120101.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
F. K. Ariyo
O. J. Ojo
Investigation of Nigerian 330 Kv Electrical Network with Distributed Generation Penetration – Part II: Optimization Analyses
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© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of Nigerian 330 Kv Electrical Network with Distributed Generation Penetration – Part I: Basic Analyses.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20120101.11
The first part of this paper presents the basic analyses carried out on Nigerian 330 kV electrical network with distributed generation (DG) penetration. The analyses include load flow, short circuit, transient stability, modal/eigenvalues calculation and harmonics. The proposed network is an expanded network of the present network incorporating wind, solar and small-hydro sources. The choice of some locations of distributed generation has been proposed by energy commission of Nigeria (ECN). The conventional sources and distributed generation were modeled using a calculation program called Po-werFactory, written by digsilent. Short-circuit analysis is used in determining the expected maximum currents, while transients stability and modal analyses are considered during the planning, design and in determining the best economical operation for the proposed network. One common application of harmonic analysis is providing solution to series resonance problems. Also, they are very valuable for setting the proper protection devices to ensure the security of the system.
The first part of this paper presents the basic analyses carried out on Nigerian 330 kV electrical network with distributed generation (DG) penetration. The analyses include load flow, short circuit, transient stability, modal/eigenvalues calculation and harmonics. The proposed network is an expanded network of the present network incorporating wind, solar and small-hydro sources. The choice of some locations of distributed generation has been proposed by energy commission of Nigeria (ECN). The conventional sources and distributed generation were modeled using a calculation program called Po-werFactory, written by digsilent. Short-circuit analysis is used in determining the expected maximum currents, while transients stability and modal analyses are considered during the planning, design and in determining the best economical operation for the proposed network. One common application of harmonic analysis is providing solution to series resonance problems. Also, they are very valuable for setting the proper protection devices to ensure the security of the system.
Investigation of Nigerian 330 Kv Electrical Network with Distributed Generation Penetration – Part I: Basic Analyses.
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20120101.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
F. K. Ariyo
M. O. Omoigui
Investigation of Nigerian 330 Kv Electrical Network with Distributed Generation Penetration – Part I: Basic Analyses.
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© Science Publishing Group
Distortion of Uniform Electric Field by Human Body of Technical Personal in Substations with Super High Voltages 330-500 kv
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For protection electric substations personnel from harmful effects of the super high voltage electric field, it is need to measure the level and time of electric field exposition of personal by using mobile electric field measurement instrument. The instrument are placed in mans helmet close to a head in area of high electric field intensity. Standards for limited vales of electric field intensity are estimated for undistorted electric field. As a conductor, the human body distorts the original electric field around the body and device shows distorted value of electric field. Investigation of level distortion by the finite element method and the experimental measurements shows that the maximum distortion appears with change of height of the person and at change parameters of foot ware soil. These parameters, height of the person and foot ware soil data should be used for design of a measurement devise and for adjustment the device before measurements. Change of other person parameters can be ignored because of very law level of changes field distortion.
For protection electric substations personnel from harmful effects of the super high voltage electric field, it is need to measure the level and time of electric field exposition of personal by using mobile electric field measurement instrument. The instrument are placed in mans helmet close to a head in area of high electric field intensity. Standards for limited vales of electric field intensity are estimated for undistorted electric field. As a conductor, the human body distorts the original electric field around the body and device shows distorted value of electric field. Investigation of level distortion by the finite element method and the experimental measurements shows that the maximum distortion appears with change of height of the person and at change parameters of foot ware soil. These parameters, height of the person and foot ware soil data should be used for design of a measurement devise and for adjustment the device before measurements. Change of other person parameters can be ignored because of very law level of changes field distortion.
Distortion of Uniform Electric Field by Human Body of Technical Personal in Substations with Super High Voltages 330-500 kv
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130201.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
I. S. Okrainskaya
Distortion of Uniform Electric Field by Human Body of Technical Personal in Substations with Super High Voltages 330-500 kv
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© Science Publishing Group
Design and Fabrication of a Dc Driver Circuit Control Dc Motor
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130201.11
A DC Motor Driver is a device that drives motor, typically as a speed controller of motor. This DC Motor Driver circuit uses a 741 operational amplifier operating as a voltage follower where its non inverting input is connected to the speed and rotation direction of a potentiometer. When the potentiometer is turned towards the positive supply side, the output will go positive voltage and NPN transistor will supply the current to the motor and PNP transistor will be OFF. When the potentiometer is turned to the negative supply side, the op-amp output switches to the negative voltage and NPN Transistor will turn OFF and PNP Transistor ON which reverses the rotation of the motor's direction. It has been design along with Op-Amp to drive the motor. The fabrication results of DC Motor Driver provide very good results. The total cost of fabricated our dc motor driver using Op-Amp is comparatively cheaper than the traditional dc Motor Driver available in market price. A DC Motor specification is taken and corresponding parameters are found out from derived design approach. Ultimately simulation is done for model with and without filter used after reference speed and a comparative study has been done on response of both cases. Further it is purposed that in industrial environment these controllers are better than others controllers as Op-Amp controllers are easy and cheap.
A DC Motor Driver is a device that drives motor, typically as a speed controller of motor. This DC Motor Driver circuit uses a 741 operational amplifier operating as a voltage follower where its non inverting input is connected to the speed and rotation direction of a potentiometer. When the potentiometer is turned towards the positive supply side, the output will go positive voltage and NPN transistor will supply the current to the motor and PNP transistor will be OFF. When the potentiometer is turned to the negative supply side, the op-amp output switches to the negative voltage and NPN Transistor will turn OFF and PNP Transistor ON which reverses the rotation of the motor's direction. It has been design along with Op-Amp to drive the motor. The fabrication results of DC Motor Driver provide very good results. The total cost of fabricated our dc motor driver using Op-Amp is comparatively cheaper than the traditional dc Motor Driver available in market price. A DC Motor specification is taken and corresponding parameters are found out from derived design approach. Ultimately simulation is done for model with and without filter used after reference speed and a comparative study has been done on response of both cases. Further it is purposed that in industrial environment these controllers are better than others controllers as Op-Amp controllers are easy and cheap.
Design and Fabrication of a Dc Driver Circuit Control Dc Motor
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130201.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Diponkar Paul
Rajib Mondal
Design and Fabrication of a Dc Driver Circuit Control Dc Motor
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© Science Publishing Group
Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units by Genetic Algorithm
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130201.12
Monitoring and supervision of power systems are provided by the control center, whose role is the design, coordination and network management. This paper presents a control technique based on the implantation of measurement units at the network buses. This technique should meet two requirements: ensure the complete system observability and find the optimal locations of PMUs with the minimum cost. The problem was formulated as a mono-objective optimization problem and its resolution was made by implementing a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed method is tested on three tests networks and the results are compared with other resolution techniques. The simulation results ensure the complete system observability and validate the presented technique.
Monitoring and supervision of power systems are provided by the control center, whose role is the design, coordination and network management. This paper presents a control technique based on the implantation of measurement units at the network buses. This technique should meet two requirements: ensure the complete system observability and find the optimal locations of PMUs with the minimum cost. The problem was formulated as a mono-objective optimization problem and its resolution was made by implementing a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed method is tested on three tests networks and the results are compared with other resolution techniques. The simulation results ensure the complete system observability and validate the presented technique.
Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units by Genetic Algorithm
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130201.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Allagui B.
Marouani I.
Hadj Abdallah H.
Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units by Genetic Algorithm
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© Science Publishing Group
A Proposed Voltage Ride Through Compensators for Improving Power System Performance
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.11
Power quality is one of the most common problems now and in the near future especially after the increas-ing penetration of renewable energy in the power system grid. The abnormal operating conditions (such as heavy load-ing conditions, frequently starting of large induction motors and transmission system faults…) in electric system utility are considered as the main reasons of power quality problems. In this paper, the various main reasons of voltage sag problem are studied. The obtained results of the used simulation program (Electromagnetic Transient Programs ETAP and ATP) show the magnitude and duration of the voltage sag arising from the faults is more severe than that of the other causes, especially in the heavily loaded network. Also, three types of compensators (shunt, series and a combined of shunt and series (Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)) are addressed. The obtained results of hundred runs of the simulation program show the performance of the overall system before and after using different types of compensators. The proposed Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) gives better performance over the shunt and the series compensators. The most effective buses or lines (best location of compensators) also determined using the proposed system performance indices.
Power quality is one of the most common problems now and in the near future especially after the increas-ing penetration of renewable energy in the power system grid. The abnormal operating conditions (such as heavy load-ing conditions, frequently starting of large induction motors and transmission system faults…) in electric system utility are considered as the main reasons of power quality problems. In this paper, the various main reasons of voltage sag problem are studied. The obtained results of the used simulation program (Electromagnetic Transient Programs ETAP and ATP) show the magnitude and duration of the voltage sag arising from the faults is more severe than that of the other causes, especially in the heavily loaded network. Also, three types of compensators (shunt, series and a combined of shunt and series (Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)) are addressed. The obtained results of hundred runs of the simulation program show the performance of the overall system before and after using different types of compensators. The proposed Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) gives better performance over the shunt and the series compensators. The most effective buses or lines (best location of compensators) also determined using the proposed system performance indices.
A Proposed Voltage Ride Through Compensators for Improving Power System Performance
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hamed H. H. Aly
Mahdi M. El-Arini
M. T. Youssef
A Proposed Voltage Ride Through Compensators for Improving Power System Performance
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© Science Publishing Group
A Novel Numerical Scheme for a Scale-Invariant Form of Equation of Motion: Development of Solver and Application to Engineering Flow Problems
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.12
The goal of the current paper is to describe an in-depth study of a numerical implementation of the modified equation of fluid motion for incompressible flow. The applications of the developed solver are discussed for both laminar and turbulent flow problems. The results are evaluated by comparing them with those obtained by other methods, including the numerical results obtained by the Navier–Stokes solver measurement data. Then, the computational effort and accuracy of the solver are emphasized. The comparisons indicate that the developed solver, which is based on the modified equation of fluid motion, requires less computation time than the Navier–Stokes solver, and it produces physically reasonable results validated by measurement data
The goal of the current paper is to describe an in-depth study of a numerical implementation of the modified equation of fluid motion for incompressible flow. The applications of the developed solver are discussed for both laminar and turbulent flow problems. The results are evaluated by comparing them with those obtained by other methods, including the numerical results obtained by the Navier–Stokes solver measurement data. Then, the computational effort and accuracy of the solver are emphasized. The comparisons indicate that the developed solver, which is based on the modified equation of fluid motion, requires less computation time than the Navier–Stokes solver, and it produces physically reasonable results validated by measurement data
A Novel Numerical Scheme for a Scale-Invariant Form of Equation of Motion: Development of Solver and Application to Engineering Flow Problems
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Bo Wan
F.-K. Benra
H. J. Dohmen
A Novel Numerical Scheme for a Scale-Invariant Form of Equation of Motion: Development of Solver and Application to Engineering Flow Problems
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© Science Publishing Group
Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation Using Controlled Switching and Magnetic Flux Shunts
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.13
The inrush current is a transient current that results from a sudden change in the exciting voltage across a transformer’s windings. It may cause inadvertent operation of the protective relay system and necessitate strengthening of the transformer’s mechanical structure. Many methods were reported in the literatures for reduction and mitigation of transformer inrush currents. This paper represents a study of techniques that have been proposed for transformer inrush current mitigation. A new, simple and low cost technique to reduce inrush currents caused by transformer energization is presented here. In this method, a controlled switching approach with a grounding resistor connected to transformer neutral point and a magnetic flux shunt is used. By energizing each phase of the transformer in sequence, the neutral resistor behaves as a series-inserted resistor and thereby significantly reduces the inrush currents. The dimensions of the magnetic flux shunts are chosen such that the inrush current amplitude is further reduced. The proposed method has been tested by computer simulation using 2-D FEM (two-dimensional finite element method) by Maxwell software. The obtained results show that the proposed method is efficient in reduction of transformer inrush current and is much less expensive since there is only one resistor involved and the resistor carries only a small neutral current in steady-state.
The inrush current is a transient current that results from a sudden change in the exciting voltage across a transformer’s windings. It may cause inadvertent operation of the protective relay system and necessitate strengthening of the transformer’s mechanical structure. Many methods were reported in the literatures for reduction and mitigation of transformer inrush currents. This paper represents a study of techniques that have been proposed for transformer inrush current mitigation. A new, simple and low cost technique to reduce inrush currents caused by transformer energization is presented here. In this method, a controlled switching approach with a grounding resistor connected to transformer neutral point and a magnetic flux shunt is used. By energizing each phase of the transformer in sequence, the neutral resistor behaves as a series-inserted resistor and thereby significantly reduces the inrush currents. The dimensions of the magnetic flux shunts are chosen such that the inrush current amplitude is further reduced. The proposed method has been tested by computer simulation using 2-D FEM (two-dimensional finite element method) by Maxwell software. The obtained results show that the proposed method is efficient in reduction of transformer inrush current and is much less expensive since there is only one resistor involved and the resistor carries only a small neutral current in steady-state.
Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation Using Controlled Switching and Magnetic Flux Shunts
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
S. Jamali Arand
M. Saeedi
S. Masoudi
Transformer Inrush Current Mitigation Using Controlled Switching and Magnetic Flux Shunts
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© Science Publishing Group
Optimization of the Production of Biodiesel Assisted by Ultrasonic and Microwave
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.14
The transesterification reaction of present study was assisted by ultrasonic mixing and microwave irradiation. Central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the transesterification reaction conditions of biodiesel production from soybean oil. A mathematical model predicted that the theoretical conversion rate of soybean oil of 102.19% could be obtained under the following reaction conditions: amount of catalyst used, 1.4wt%; reaction temperature, 57.89oC; and methanol/oil molar ratio, 8.11:1, assisted by 1-min ultrasonic mixing and 2-min microwave irradiation. This result indicated that there are a wide range of reaction conditions to obtain conversion rate approach 100% assisted by ultrasonic mixing and microwave irradiation. Combined the ultrasonic mixing and microwave irradiation are very efficiency process to produce biodiesel. The total reaction time was shorter than those obtained in previous studies
The transesterification reaction of present study was assisted by ultrasonic mixing and microwave irradiation. Central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the transesterification reaction conditions of biodiesel production from soybean oil. A mathematical model predicted that the theoretical conversion rate of soybean oil of 102.19% could be obtained under the following reaction conditions: amount of catalyst used, 1.4wt%; reaction temperature, 57.89oC; and methanol/oil molar ratio, 8.11:1, assisted by 1-min ultrasonic mixing and 2-min microwave irradiation. This result indicated that there are a wide range of reaction conditions to obtain conversion rate approach 100% assisted by ultrasonic mixing and microwave irradiation. Combined the ultrasonic mixing and microwave irradiation are very efficiency process to produce biodiesel. The total reaction time was shorter than those obtained in previous studies
Optimization of the Production of Biodiesel Assisted by Ultrasonic and Microwave
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ming-Chien Hsiao
Chin-Chiuan Lin
Optimization of the Production of Biodiesel Assisted by Ultrasonic and Microwave
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.14
© Science Publishing Group
Coupled Thermoelastic Analysis of Thick-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.15
In the present study, the coupled thermoelastic analysis was carried out for determining the temperature, radial displacement, and radial and circumferential stress distributions of a classical cylinder, and later a reactor pressure vessel exposed to an inner moderator pressure and thermal loads. For the solution, a critical region is analyzed to imitate the effect of the outlet nozzles of the reactor pressure vessel. In order to certify our computational code, the temperature, radial displacement, radial stress, and circumferential stress distributions were also calculated using finite element (FE) method. It was concluded that the analytical results were in good agreement with the computational ones for the classic cylinder. The effect of thermomechanical loads on the temperature, displacement, and stress distributions was discussed in detail. This presented analysis proposes satisfactory results to design reactor pressure vessels.
In the present study, the coupled thermoelastic analysis was carried out for determining the temperature, radial displacement, and radial and circumferential stress distributions of a classical cylinder, and later a reactor pressure vessel exposed to an inner moderator pressure and thermal loads. For the solution, a critical region is analyzed to imitate the effect of the outlet nozzles of the reactor pressure vessel. In order to certify our computational code, the temperature, radial displacement, radial stress, and circumferential stress distributions were also calculated using finite element (FE) method. It was concluded that the analytical results were in good agreement with the computational ones for the classic cylinder. The effect of thermomechanical loads on the temperature, displacement, and stress distributions was discussed in detail. This presented analysis proposes satisfactory results to design reactor pressure vessels.
Coupled Thermoelastic Analysis of Thick-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Begüm Kanlıkama
Ayşegül Abuşoğlu
İbrahim H. Güzelbey
Coupled Thermoelastic Analysis of Thick-Walled Pressurized Cylinders
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© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Investigation of Lean Effect of Stator Vane in Hydrogen-Fueled Combustion Turbine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.17
In these years, a lot of environmental problems like air pollution and exhaustion of fossil fuels have been discussed intensively. In our laboratory, a hydrogen-fueled propulsion system has been researched as an alternative to conventional jet engine systems. A hydrogen-fueled propulsion system is expected to have higher power, lighter weight and lower emissions. However, for the practical use, there exist many problems that must be overcome. For example, there is little knowledge how the three-dimensional vane design affects on the flow characteristics and the aerodynamic performance of the hydrogen-fueled combustion turbine vane. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the influence of lean vanes, which is one of typical 3-dimensional design techniques, on the characteristics of the 3-dimensional flow field with hydrogen-fueled combustion within a turbine vane passage. The Reynolds-averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved with incorporating a k-ε turbulence and a reduced chemical mechanism models. Using the computational results for normal, compound lean and reverse compound lean vanes, the 3-dimensional turbulent flow fields with chemical reactions are visualized and investigated numerically. Through this study, it is confirmed that compound lean can suppress the excessively high temperature region on the endwall and reduce the total pressure loss.
In these years, a lot of environmental problems like air pollution and exhaustion of fossil fuels have been discussed intensively. In our laboratory, a hydrogen-fueled propulsion system has been researched as an alternative to conventional jet engine systems. A hydrogen-fueled propulsion system is expected to have higher power, lighter weight and lower emissions. However, for the practical use, there exist many problems that must be overcome. For example, there is little knowledge how the three-dimensional vane design affects on the flow characteristics and the aerodynamic performance of the hydrogen-fueled combustion turbine vane. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the influence of lean vanes, which is one of typical 3-dimensional design techniques, on the characteristics of the 3-dimensional flow field with hydrogen-fueled combustion within a turbine vane passage. The Reynolds-averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved with incorporating a k-ε turbulence and a reduced chemical mechanism models. Using the computational results for normal, compound lean and reverse compound lean vanes, the 3-dimensional turbulent flow fields with chemical reactions are visualized and investigated numerically. Through this study, it is confirmed that compound lean can suppress the excessively high temperature region on the endwall and reduce the total pressure loss.
Comparative Investigation of Lean Effect of Stator Vane in Hydrogen-Fueled Combustion Turbine
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ryouta Nakamura
Masaya Suzuki
Makoto Yamamoto
Comparative Investigation of Lean Effect of Stator Vane in Hydrogen-Fueled Combustion Turbine
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© Science Publishing Group
Numerical Investigation of Flow in Generation IV Pebble Bed Gas Cooled Core Reactors
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.16
This article presents a numerical investigation of thermal-fluid dynamics processes through the gaps of the spherical fuel elements (fuel pebbles) in the core of a Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR), using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The PBR is one of the most promising projects of the six classes of Generation IV Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). The results of two analyzes are presented. In the first case were evaluated two models of heat transfer to the spherical fuel. In this model is specified the volumetric heat generation, with thermal conduction in the fuel, and in the cladding. In the second model was specified a particular heat flux at the spherical fuel elements surface. In this analysis were performed simulations in two arrays of spheres i.e., the spheres into contact and spaced 2 mm. In the second analysis was also evaluated the influence of the spheres arrangement in the bed thermal-fluid dynamic behavior. The set of pebbles that constitute the core was modeled by representations of crystalline structure with different packing factors. The four simulations of the first analysis showed differences in flow and temperature profiles and maximum surface coating. There were also no significant differences in flow and heat transfer between the beads and the fluid in cases with different packing factors. These results show the importance of simulation of heat conduction inside the pebble fuel as well as the need to better assess the influence of the arrangement formed by pebbles fuel in PBR reactors thermal-fluid dynamics behavior.
This article presents a numerical investigation of thermal-fluid dynamics processes through the gaps of the spherical fuel elements (fuel pebbles) in the core of a Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR), using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The PBR is one of the most promising projects of the six classes of Generation IV Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). The results of two analyzes are presented. In the first case were evaluated two models of heat transfer to the spherical fuel. In this model is specified the volumetric heat generation, with thermal conduction in the fuel, and in the cladding. In the second model was specified a particular heat flux at the spherical fuel elements surface. In this analysis were performed simulations in two arrays of spheres i.e., the spheres into contact and spaced 2 mm. In the second analysis was also evaluated the influence of the spheres arrangement in the bed thermal-fluid dynamic behavior. The set of pebbles that constitute the core was modeled by representations of crystalline structure with different packing factors. The four simulations of the first analysis showed differences in flow and temperature profiles and maximum surface coating. There were also no significant differences in flow and heat transfer between the beads and the fluid in cases with different packing factors. These results show the importance of simulation of heat conduction inside the pebble fuel as well as the need to better assess the influence of the arrangement formed by pebbles fuel in PBR reactors thermal-fluid dynamics behavior.
Numerical Investigation of Flow in Generation IV Pebble Bed Gas Cooled Core Reactors
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
André A. C. Santos
Franklin C. Costa
Amir Z. Mesquita
Hugo C. Rezende
Numerical Investigation of Flow in Generation IV Pebble Bed Gas Cooled Core Reactors
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.16
© Science Publishing Group
Stability Analysis of Power System with the Penetration of Photovoltaic Based Generation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.18
As the recognition in renewable energy is increasing widely, the development of renewable energy can be major alternative energy resources in Bangladesh. This paper represents the impact of large-scale photovoltaic generation on Bangladesh power system stability. First, the model of PV based generator has been analyzed. Then system-loading margin is studied without and with PV based generator. The contribution of PV based generator on solving under voltage problem and improving bus voltage is studied in the paper. This paper will also show the solution of overloading problem of power transformers with solar PV generator. The transient voltage, angle and frequency stability with PV based generator is discussed also.
As the recognition in renewable energy is increasing widely, the development of renewable energy can be major alternative energy resources in Bangladesh. This paper represents the impact of large-scale photovoltaic generation on Bangladesh power system stability. First, the model of PV based generator has been analyzed. Then system-loading margin is studied without and with PV based generator. The contribution of PV based generator on solving under voltage problem and improving bus voltage is studied in the paper. This paper will also show the solution of overloading problem of power transformers with solar PV generator. The transient voltage, angle and frequency stability with PV based generator is discussed also.
Stability Analysis of Power System with the Penetration of Photovoltaic Based Generation
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Masum Siraj Khan
Md. Shamsul Arifin
Ariful Haque
Nahid-Al-Masood
Stability Analysis of Power System with the Penetration of Photovoltaic Based Generation
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130202.18
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of Double-Gap Cavity Generating-Amplifying Klystrons
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.13
Based upon the discrete model of large particle flux investigated is the possibility of operation of a double-gap cavity resonator in the mode where the oscillation generating function is aligned with the function of velocity-modulating electrons in the phase ensuring further sufficient electron bunching. It is established that the required distribution of velocities is gained on the edge of the generation area with longest distance between gaps where both phase and amplitude conditions of self-excitement are met. Shown is the possibility of obtaining the highest efficiency at the expense of using a double-gap cavity resonator with wide gaps. Performed is the investigation of generating–amplifying klystrons of different configurations. Found are conditions of obtaining a maximum value of amplitude of the convection current first harmonic and a maximum value of the efficiency factor.
Based upon the discrete model of large particle flux investigated is the possibility of operation of a double-gap cavity resonator in the mode where the oscillation generating function is aligned with the function of velocity-modulating electrons in the phase ensuring further sufficient electron bunching. It is established that the required distribution of velocities is gained on the edge of the generation area with longest distance between gaps where both phase and amplitude conditions of self-excitement are met. Shown is the possibility of obtaining the highest efficiency at the expense of using a double-gap cavity resonator with wide gaps. Performed is the investigation of generating–amplifying klystrons of different configurations. Found are conditions of obtaining a maximum value of amplitude of the convection current first harmonic and a maximum value of the efficiency factor.
Investigation of Double-Gap Cavity Generating-Amplifying Klystrons
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tatyana Remizova
Valeriy Fedyaev
Basil Yurkin
Investigation of Double-Gap Cavity Generating-Amplifying Klystrons
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.13
© Science Publishing Group
Oxide-Metal Core Is Possible Transition to the Metal Fuel Core for Fast Reactors of the BN-Type
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.15
The article deals with the initial requirements for metal fuel elements and commercial reactors using this type of elements: high smear density of fuel, high technological effectiveness of fuel, fuel column and fuel elements; interchangeability of metal fuel elements and oxide fuel elements; achievement of fuel breeding ratio of the core BRC ~1.0; prolongation of refuelling cycle up to Tc~11 months. The article presents content and results of examinations of radiation-thermal effects in U fuel column elements and UPu fuel column elements: irradiation of breeding and fuel elements in the BOR-60 and BN-350 reactors; research of macroeffects of radiation growth, radiation swelling, fuel-cladding chemical interaction. Applicability of the obtained results for developing advanced BN-reactors with heterogeneous cores of various types was discussed: with by FA heterogenization of the core (BFAH); intra FA heterogenization of the core (IFAH); intra fuel element heterogenization (IFEH).
The article deals with the initial requirements for metal fuel elements and commercial reactors using this type of elements: high smear density of fuel, high technological effectiveness of fuel, fuel column and fuel elements; interchangeability of metal fuel elements and oxide fuel elements; achievement of fuel breeding ratio of the core BRC ~1.0; prolongation of refuelling cycle up to Tc~11 months. The article presents content and results of examinations of radiation-thermal effects in U fuel column elements and UPu fuel column elements: irradiation of breeding and fuel elements in the BOR-60 and BN-350 reactors; research of macroeffects of radiation growth, radiation swelling, fuel-cladding chemical interaction. Applicability of the obtained results for developing advanced BN-reactors with heterogeneous cores of various types was discussed: with by FA heterogenization of the core (BFAH); intra FA heterogenization of the core (IFAH); intra fuel element heterogenization (IFEH).
Oxide-Metal Core Is Possible Transition to the Metal Fuel Core for Fast Reactors of the BN-Type
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yu. M. Golovchenko
Oxide-Metal Core Is Possible Transition to the Metal Fuel Core for Fast Reactors of the BN-Type
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.15
© Science Publishing Group
Correlation between Reliability and Weather Scenario: In Perspective of Bangladesh Power System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.14
This paper presents the correlation between the reliability and the weather scenario of Bangladesh Power System (BPS). Reliability of the power system is one of the major features of power quality. The variation of electrical demand above its base value is its common characteristic. The weather dependent variation of demand, especially where the weather is severe in nature, requires a significant reserve margin to ensure an acceptable level of reliability of the generation system. In Bangladesh, a significant difference in demands of winter and summer is generated due to weather variation. As a result the utility has to ensure an additional seasonal generation reserve capacity to maintain an acceptable level of reliability. This paper determines the correlation between the weather variables, namely temperature and relative humidity, and the reliability of Bangladesh Electricity Network. It also investigates the additional generation requirement during summer season to maintain an acceptable reliability level.
This paper presents the correlation between the reliability and the weather scenario of Bangladesh Power System (BPS). Reliability of the power system is one of the major features of power quality. The variation of electrical demand above its base value is its common characteristic. The weather dependent variation of demand, especially where the weather is severe in nature, requires a significant reserve margin to ensure an acceptable level of reliability of the generation system. In Bangladesh, a significant difference in demands of winter and summer is generated due to weather variation. As a result the utility has to ensure an additional seasonal generation reserve capacity to maintain an acceptable level of reliability. This paper determines the correlation between the weather variables, namely temperature and relative humidity, and the reliability of Bangladesh Electricity Network. It also investigates the additional generation requirement during summer season to maintain an acceptable reliability level.
Correlation between Reliability and Weather Scenario: In Perspective of Bangladesh Power System
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Shohana Rahman Deeba
Nahid-Al- Masood
Correlation between Reliability and Weather Scenario: In Perspective of Bangladesh Power System
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.14
© Science Publishing Group
Seasonal Peak Electricity Demand Characteristics: Japan Case Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.18
Because of the need to keep balancing between electricity supply and demand continuously, a demand analysis is necessary as it can provide essential information to manage operation of a power system. This study presents a seasonal peak demand characteristics investigation for commercial area in Japan by developing hourly demand regression models for each season. Meteorological parameters and existing holidays are considered as demand drivers. Many standard statistical tests are applied to the models. From results, typical forms of link between commercial demand and key drivers at peak hours (daytime and evening) in each season can be revealed through the models. Knowing more detail characteristic of a demand particularly during high load hours can help utilities to maintain expected optimal operation of power systems and service to consumers all the time.
Because of the need to keep balancing between electricity supply and demand continuously, a demand analysis is necessary as it can provide essential information to manage operation of a power system. This study presents a seasonal peak demand characteristics investigation for commercial area in Japan by developing hourly demand regression models for each season. Meteorological parameters and existing holidays are considered as demand drivers. Many standard statistical tests are applied to the models. From results, typical forms of link between commercial demand and key drivers at peak hours (daytime and evening) in each season can be revealed through the models. Knowing more detail characteristic of a demand particularly during high load hours can help utilities to maintain expected optimal operation of power systems and service to consumers all the time.
Seasonal Peak Electricity Demand Characteristics: Japan Case Study
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yusri Syam Akil
Hajime Miyauchi
Seasonal Peak Electricity Demand Characteristics: Japan Case Study
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.18
© Science Publishing Group
Protective Relaying Scheme of Distributed Generation Connected Radial Distribution System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.16
This paper discusses some aspects related to the connection of distributed generators to radial distribution systems, especially their impact on the protection coordination. Penetration of a DG into an existing distribution system has many impacts on the system, with the power system protection being one of the major issues. The relays in the power system have to be coordinated so as to avoid mal-operation and unnecessary outage of healthy part of the system. In this paper, Overcurrent relay coordination of simple radial industrial power plant is presented using NEPLAN Software. It presents the short circuit analysis of radial industrial power plant. This paper shows the star view of relays which is unique feature of NEPLAN for coordinating them correctly based upon recorded data of industrial distribution plant for calculating short circuit currents in industrial power system. Results obtained are verified by manual calculation.
This paper discusses some aspects related to the connection of distributed generators to radial distribution systems, especially their impact on the protection coordination. Penetration of a DG into an existing distribution system has many impacts on the system, with the power system protection being one of the major issues. The relays in the power system have to be coordinated so as to avoid mal-operation and unnecessary outage of healthy part of the system. In this paper, Overcurrent relay coordination of simple radial industrial power plant is presented using NEPLAN Software. It presents the short circuit analysis of radial industrial power plant. This paper shows the star view of relays which is unique feature of NEPLAN for coordinating them correctly based upon recorded data of industrial distribution plant for calculating short circuit currents in industrial power system. Results obtained are verified by manual calculation.
Protective Relaying Scheme of Distributed Generation Connected Radial Distribution System
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Murali Matcha
Sharath Kumar Papani
Vijetha Killamsetti
Protective Relaying Scheme of Distributed Generation Connected Radial Distribution System
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.16
© Science Publishing Group
Dual Mode Controller Based Boost Converter Employing Soft Switching Techniques
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.11
This paper proposes a dual mode used to control a single phase soft switching boost power factor correction Converter (PFC) developed with a new active snubber circuit. The soft switched boost power factor correction converter has merits of less voltage and current stresses, improved efficiency and reduced switching losses. Thus the cost and complexity of the converter is reduced. The dual mode controller combines both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and critical conduction mode (CRM). The simulation results declare high efficiency and optimum power factor for wide range of varying loads.
This paper proposes a dual mode used to control a single phase soft switching boost power factor correction Converter (PFC) developed with a new active snubber circuit. The soft switched boost power factor correction converter has merits of less voltage and current stresses, improved efficiency and reduced switching losses. Thus the cost and complexity of the converter is reduced. The dual mode controller combines both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and critical conduction mode (CRM). The simulation results declare high efficiency and optimum power factor for wide range of varying loads.
Dual Mode Controller Based Boost Converter Employing Soft Switching Techniques
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
J. Velmurugan
R. M. Sekar
Jojina anna varghese
Dual Mode Controller Based Boost Converter Employing Soft Switching Techniques
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Modelling and Forecasting of One-dimensional Nonstationary Heat Transfer in Building Envelopes for Energy Efficiency Building
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.12
One-dimensional nonstationary heat transfer in three-layered building envelope is examined in this work. Therefore, initial and boundary conditions are examined. Possibility not only for modelling but for forecasting of heat transfer in capillary-porous structures of building envelopes is considered as well. For this purpose, time series analysis method was used. Standards for resistance of heat transfer in European countries and in Belarus are considered. Resistance to heat transfer of three-layer envelope where internal and exterior layers are precast layers and heat insulation is cellular polystyrene against heat insulation layer depth is examined as well.
One-dimensional nonstationary heat transfer in three-layered building envelope is examined in this work. Therefore, initial and boundary conditions are examined. Possibility not only for modelling but for forecasting of heat transfer in capillary-porous structures of building envelopes is considered as well. For this purpose, time series analysis method was used. Standards for resistance of heat transfer in European countries and in Belarus are considered. Resistance to heat transfer of three-layer envelope where internal and exterior layers are precast layers and heat insulation is cellular polystyrene against heat insulation layer depth is examined as well.
Modelling and Forecasting of One-dimensional Nonstationary Heat Transfer in Building Envelopes for Energy Efficiency Building
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Semjen Kundas
Elena Kresova
Modelling and Forecasting of One-dimensional Nonstationary Heat Transfer in Building Envelopes for Energy Efficiency Building
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Mathematical Modelling, Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Validation of Biogas-digester Slurry Temperature
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.17
The present describes and simulates the temperature distribution of slurry by using the heat equation and appropriate boundary conditions and their numerical simulations with the Finite Element Method. This method is suitable to describe the temperature profile in Bio-digester and Bio-rectors for optimum biogas production. The Mathematical modeling of bio-digester helps us to understand the change in digester temperature with the change in the ambient temperature, internal heat generation, thermal conductivity and other physical and thermo-dynamical processes that govern the thermal system. Mathematical modeling can also be used to predict and estimate the physical and chemical parameters affecting the biogas production. The internal heat generation was estimated to be 1.2 W/m3.The Finite Element linear, quadratic solutions and exact solution was compared for the profile of temperature of the bio-digester slurry. The average temperature of bio-digester slurry was found to be 33.12 °C at its center. The thermal conductivity we have also found to be 0.69 W/ m °C. By using the finite element method to solve the mathematical modeling, the maximum slurry temperature was found to be 33.13 °C at its center. Furthermore, we have calculated the thermal conductivity in the biogas chamber from our measurement data. This thermal conductivity (k) 0.69 W/m °C was used in the exact solution of the physical model equation, linear and quadratic finite elements solutions. The temperature profiles of these three solutions virtually collapse to a single parabolic profile, which in term agreed very well with our measured data of the temperature profile.
The present describes and simulates the temperature distribution of slurry by using the heat equation and appropriate boundary conditions and their numerical simulations with the Finite Element Method. This method is suitable to describe the temperature profile in Bio-digester and Bio-rectors for optimum biogas production. The Mathematical modeling of bio-digester helps us to understand the change in digester temperature with the change in the ambient temperature, internal heat generation, thermal conductivity and other physical and thermo-dynamical processes that govern the thermal system. Mathematical modeling can also be used to predict and estimate the physical and chemical parameters affecting the biogas production. The internal heat generation was estimated to be 1.2 W/m3.The Finite Element linear, quadratic solutions and exact solution was compared for the profile of temperature of the bio-digester slurry. The average temperature of bio-digester slurry was found to be 33.12 °C at its center. The thermal conductivity we have also found to be 0.69 W/ m °C. By using the finite element method to solve the mathematical modeling, the maximum slurry temperature was found to be 33.13 °C at its center. Furthermore, we have calculated the thermal conductivity in the biogas chamber from our measurement data. This thermal conductivity (k) 0.69 W/m °C was used in the exact solution of the physical model equation, linear and quadratic finite elements solutions. The temperature profiles of these three solutions virtually collapse to a single parabolic profile, which in term agreed very well with our measured data of the temperature profile.
Mathematical Modelling, Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Validation of Biogas-digester Slurry Temperature
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Suresh Baral
Shiva P. Pudasaini
Sanjay Nath Khanal
Dil Bahadur Gurung
Mathematical Modelling, Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Validation of Biogas-digester Slurry Temperature
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130203.17
© Science Publishing Group
Controlling of UPFC Parameters Using Fuzzy Logic Based Supplementary Damping Controller
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.12
In this paper, use of the additional supplementary damping controller for unified power flow controller (UPFC) to damp out low frequency oscillations in a heavily loaded power system is investigated. Normal damping controllers are inferior when the power system is subjected to large and fast changing loads. In order to handle the situation, an additional supplementary damping controller for UPFC is designed using Fuzzy logic technique. The effectiveness of the proposed controller on damping low frequency oscillations is tested and demonstrated through simulation studies for single machine connected to infinite bus power system (SMIB). In addition power system response with UPFC damping controller & Fuzzy logic based supplementary damping controller (FLSDC) are compared at various loading conditions. It can be concluded that Fuzzy logic based supplementary damping controller improves greatly the system stability under heavily loaded conditions.
In this paper, use of the additional supplementary damping controller for unified power flow controller (UPFC) to damp out low frequency oscillations in a heavily loaded power system is investigated. Normal damping controllers are inferior when the power system is subjected to large and fast changing loads. In order to handle the situation, an additional supplementary damping controller for UPFC is designed using Fuzzy logic technique. The effectiveness of the proposed controller on damping low frequency oscillations is tested and demonstrated through simulation studies for single machine connected to infinite bus power system (SMIB). In addition power system response with UPFC damping controller & Fuzzy logic based supplementary damping controller (FLSDC) are compared at various loading conditions. It can be concluded that Fuzzy logic based supplementary damping controller improves greatly the system stability under heavily loaded conditions.
Controlling of UPFC Parameters Using Fuzzy Logic Based Supplementary Damping Controller
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Bairu Vijaykumar
Nandiraju Venkata Srikanth
Controlling of UPFC Parameters Using Fuzzy Logic Based Supplementary Damping Controller
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2014-01-01
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.12
© Science Publishing Group
Online Adaptive Neurofuzzy Based SVC Control Strategy for Damping Low Frequency Oscillations in Multi-Machine Power System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.15
An online auxiliary control was designed for Static Var Compensator (SVC) to improve the poorly damped oscillations in multi-machine power system subjected to small and large disturbances. This paper presents auxiliary control based on Adaptive NeuroFuzzy (ANF) control using triangular membership function. Such a model free based control does not require any prior information about the system and is robust to system changes quickly. To minimize the cost function and to tune the parameters of the antecedent and consequent part of the proposed control, a Gradient Descent (GD) learning algorithm is used. The time domain simulation results were carried out for two machine test system for four different cases. In order to exploit the performance and robustness of ANF control, the results were compared with conventional PI and no control. Simulation results and performance indices reveal that the proposed control outperforms during various fault conditions and hence improves the transient stability to a great extend.
An online auxiliary control was designed for Static Var Compensator (SVC) to improve the poorly damped oscillations in multi-machine power system subjected to small and large disturbances. This paper presents auxiliary control based on Adaptive NeuroFuzzy (ANF) control using triangular membership function. Such a model free based control does not require any prior information about the system and is robust to system changes quickly. To minimize the cost function and to tune the parameters of the antecedent and consequent part of the proposed control, a Gradient Descent (GD) learning algorithm is used. The time domain simulation results were carried out for two machine test system for four different cases. In order to exploit the performance and robustness of ANF control, the results were compared with conventional PI and no control. Simulation results and performance indices reveal that the proposed control outperforms during various fault conditions and hence improves the transient stability to a great extend.
Online Adaptive Neurofuzzy Based SVC Control Strategy for Damping Low Frequency Oscillations in Multi-Machine Power System
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Saima Ali
Shahid Qamar
Laiq Khan
Umer Akram
Online Adaptive Neurofuzzy Based SVC Control Strategy for Damping Low Frequency Oscillations in Multi-Machine Power System
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.15
© Science Publishing Group
Physical Processes in the Damping of Electromechanical Oscillations of the Synchronous Machine with Magnitude-Phase Excitation Controller
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.14
Physical processes the damping of the synchronous machine electromechanical oscillations without excitation control, with proportional automatic voltage regulator (AVR-P), and magnitude-phase excitation controller (MPH-EC), which is responsive to the deviations of the magnitude and phase of the terminal voltage phasor are considered. The advantages of the MPH-EC, compared with the above other structures excitation control are discussed. A calculation example of the small signal stability gain margin at active power of the synchronous machine with the above structures of the excitation controllers for the simplest model "single machine - infinite bus" is examined. From this example follows, that the variable small signal stability gain margin of the MPH-EC exceeds that parameter for AVR-P, and excitation control with power system stabilizer (AVR+PSS) with a some adjustable rotor angle deviation.
Physical processes the damping of the synchronous machine electromechanical oscillations without excitation control, with proportional automatic voltage regulator (AVR-P), and magnitude-phase excitation controller (MPH-EC), which is responsive to the deviations of the magnitude and phase of the terminal voltage phasor are considered. The advantages of the MPH-EC, compared with the above other structures excitation control are discussed. A calculation example of the small signal stability gain margin at active power of the synchronous machine with the above structures of the excitation controllers for the simplest model "single machine - infinite bus" is examined. From this example follows, that the variable small signal stability gain margin of the MPH-EC exceeds that parameter for AVR-P, and excitation control with power system stabilizer (AVR+PSS) with a some adjustable rotor angle deviation.
Physical Processes in the Damping of Electromechanical Oscillations of the Synchronous Machine with Magnitude-Phase Excitation Controller
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Oleg Agamalov
Physical Processes in the Damping of Electromechanical Oscillations of the Synchronous Machine with Magnitude-Phase Excitation Controller
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.14
© Science Publishing Group
Effectiveness of FACTS Controllers and HVDC Transmissions for Improving Power System Stability and Increasing Power Transmission Capability
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.13
With an increasing demand on energy and the construction of large generation units especially opening of electric power markets, it becomes more and more important to provide stable, secure, controlled and high quality electric power on today’s environment. The regulatory constraints on the expansion of the transmission network has resulted in reduction of stability margins and increased the risks of cascading outages and blackouts. Among many possible solutions to overcome these challenges, FACTS devices and HVDC systems play an important role. These type of devices/systems have shown to be capable in stabilizing transmission systems, resulting in higher transfer capability. FACTS devices and HVDC transmissions have emerged as important solutions to help power systems to increase stability margins. Some of these power electronics-based components have the main function of controlling reactive power (SVC and STATCOM) and some others to control active power (as TCSC and CSC-HVDC transmission). All these devices are also capable of damping electromechanical oscillations. This paper presents a comprehensive review of operation of different types of FACTS controllers in the power system for stability enhancement in term of shunt compensators, series compensators as well as combinations of these two types of compensators. The paper also demonstrates different types of HVDC technology as well as its effectiveness to improve the voltage profile of power system.
With an increasing demand on energy and the construction of large generation units especially opening of electric power markets, it becomes more and more important to provide stable, secure, controlled and high quality electric power on today’s environment. The regulatory constraints on the expansion of the transmission network has resulted in reduction of stability margins and increased the risks of cascading outages and blackouts. Among many possible solutions to overcome these challenges, FACTS devices and HVDC systems play an important role. These type of devices/systems have shown to be capable in stabilizing transmission systems, resulting in higher transfer capability. FACTS devices and HVDC transmissions have emerged as important solutions to help power systems to increase stability margins. Some of these power electronics-based components have the main function of controlling reactive power (SVC and STATCOM) and some others to control active power (as TCSC and CSC-HVDC transmission). All these devices are also capable of damping electromechanical oscillations. This paper presents a comprehensive review of operation of different types of FACTS controllers in the power system for stability enhancement in term of shunt compensators, series compensators as well as combinations of these two types of compensators. The paper also demonstrates different types of HVDC technology as well as its effectiveness to improve the voltage profile of power system.
Effectiveness of FACTS Controllers and HVDC Transmissions for Improving Power System Stability and Increasing Power Transmission Capability
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu
Tahia Fahrin Karim
Effectiveness of FACTS Controllers and HVDC Transmissions for Improving Power System Stability and Increasing Power Transmission Capability
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.13
© Science Publishing Group
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.11
A closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion basically involves a working fluid which has a boiling point just low below ambient temperature. This fluid is then evaporated using warm sea water and then used to run turbines. This evaporated gas is then condensed using cold seawater. In this paper a study is being made to install a super heater between the evaporator and the turbine. The various consequences due to this technical advancement have been discussed taking into consideration all the components in the OTEC plant. As the energy requirement to run pumps cannot be avoided, to increase the overall efficiency of the plant an effort is being made to increase the net energy output of the turbine. This can be achieved by heating the working fluid above its saturation temperature thus increasing its enthalpy indirectly increasing the net output of the turbine. Along with a super heater a pre-heater has been installed which helps to compensate the heat losses in heat exchangers. Both the super heater and pre-heater have been developed using non-conventional energy resources and no external energy input is required. Along with this an economic study has also been made which supports the proposed idea.
A closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion basically involves a working fluid which has a boiling point just low below ambient temperature. This fluid is then evaporated using warm sea water and then used to run turbines. This evaporated gas is then condensed using cold seawater. In this paper a study is being made to install a super heater between the evaporator and the turbine. The various consequences due to this technical advancement have been discussed taking into consideration all the components in the OTEC plant. As the energy requirement to run pumps cannot be avoided, to increase the overall efficiency of the plant an effort is being made to increase the net energy output of the turbine. This can be achieved by heating the working fluid above its saturation temperature thus increasing its enthalpy indirectly increasing the net output of the turbine. Along with a super heater a pre-heater has been installed which helps to compensate the heat losses in heat exchangers. Both the super heater and pre-heater have been developed using non-conventional energy resources and no external energy input is required. Along with this an economic study has also been made which supports the proposed idea.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Aashay Tinaikar
Ajinkya Padate
Jainish Jain
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Hydro-Thermal Power System Using Conventional PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.12
In industry or any area increasing load is a vast problem for power generation plants due to increase in demand for power. So making balance between generation and demand is the operating principle of load frequency control (LFC). The reliable operation of a large interconnected power system necessarily requires an Automatic Generation Control (AGC). The objective of AGC is to regulate the power output of Generators within a specified area in response to change in the system frequency, tie line power or relation of the two to each other, so as to maintain the scheduled system frequency and power interchange in the other are within the prescribed limits. This paper presents the use of conventional PI controller and artificial intelligence to study the load frequency control of interconnected power system. In the proposed scheme, a control methodology is developed using conventional PI controller and Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) for interconnected hydro-thermal power system. The control strategies guarantees that the steady state error of frequencies and inadvertent interchange of tie-lines power are maintained in a given tolerance limitations. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK package. A comparison of Fuzzy controller and PI controller based approaches shows the superiority of proposed Fuzzy logic controller for step change in loading conditions. The simulation results also tabulated as a comparative performance in view of settling time and peak over shoot.
In industry or any area increasing load is a vast problem for power generation plants due to increase in demand for power. So making balance between generation and demand is the operating principle of load frequency control (LFC). The reliable operation of a large interconnected power system necessarily requires an Automatic Generation Control (AGC). The objective of AGC is to regulate the power output of Generators within a specified area in response to change in the system frequency, tie line power or relation of the two to each other, so as to maintain the scheduled system frequency and power interchange in the other are within the prescribed limits. This paper presents the use of conventional PI controller and artificial intelligence to study the load frequency control of interconnected power system. In the proposed scheme, a control methodology is developed using conventional PI controller and Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) for interconnected hydro-thermal power system. The control strategies guarantees that the steady state error of frequencies and inadvertent interchange of tie-lines power are maintained in a given tolerance limitations. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK package. A comparison of Fuzzy controller and PI controller based approaches shows the superiority of proposed Fuzzy logic controller for step change in loading conditions. The simulation results also tabulated as a comparative performance in view of settling time and peak over shoot.
Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Hydro-Thermal Power System Using Conventional PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Muhammad Ahsan Zamee
Dipankar Mitra
Sadaf Yusuf Tahhan
Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Hydro-Thermal Power System Using Conventional PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Exergy Analysis of Omotosho Phase 1 Gas Thermal Power Plant
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.13
This paper describes the use of exergy analysis in evaluating the performance of Omotosho Phase I Gas Thermal Power Plant. The data used were obtained from data record book. The exergy analysis, mass and energy conservation laws were applied to each component. Results obtained show that the gas turbine had the largest exergy efficiency of 96.17%, while that of the total plant was 41.83%, the combustion chamber had the largest exergy destruction of 54.15% while that of the total plant was 58.17%.In addition, the effect of the gas turbine load variation and ambient temperature from 210C – 330C are investigated. The exergy efficiency decreases and exergy destruction efficiency increases as ambient temperature increases in the plant and its components. Therefore, turbine air inlet cooling system is recommended for the plant to solve this problem.
This paper describes the use of exergy analysis in evaluating the performance of Omotosho Phase I Gas Thermal Power Plant. The data used were obtained from data record book. The exergy analysis, mass and energy conservation laws were applied to each component. Results obtained show that the gas turbine had the largest exergy efficiency of 96.17%, while that of the total plant was 41.83%, the combustion chamber had the largest exergy destruction of 54.15% while that of the total plant was 58.17%.In addition, the effect of the gas turbine load variation and ambient temperature from 210C – 330C are investigated. The exergy efficiency decreases and exergy destruction efficiency increases as ambient temperature increases in the plant and its components. Therefore, turbine air inlet cooling system is recommended for the plant to solve this problem.
Exergy Analysis of Omotosho Phase 1 Gas Thermal Power Plant
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Egware Henry Okechukwu
Obanor Albert Imuentinyan
Exergy Analysis of Omotosho Phase 1 Gas Thermal Power Plant
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.13
© Science Publishing Group
An Investigation of Wind Characteristics and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Wind Energy in Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.11
In this study, wind characteristics and techno-economic analysis in six selected locations in the northern (Jos, Kano, Sokoto and Maiduguri) and southern (Lagos and Enugu) regions of Nigeria using wind speed data at 10m height collected over a period of seventeen years (1990-2006) were analyzed. The techno-economic evaluations of electricity generation from four commercial wind turbine models used for electricity generation located at these sites were evaluated. The wind speed data analysis shows that the sites evaluated are good locations for wind potential in electricity generation from wind. The yearly energy output, the capacity factor and the wind energy cost per unit of electricity generated by the selected wind turbines are calculated. In terms of energy production, the results show that Plateau is best location for harnessing wind power for electricity generation with an average wind power density of 713.95W/m2. The maximum energy output was obtained for De wind 48 turbine model. The capacity factor values are found to vary from a minimum of 21% to maximum of 28% for this research work. The results also shows that the cost per kWh of electricity generation using these turbines is between 0.493 – 0.606\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$kWh.
In this study, wind characteristics and techno-economic analysis in six selected locations in the northern (Jos, Kano, Sokoto and Maiduguri) and southern (Lagos and Enugu) regions of Nigeria using wind speed data at 10m height collected over a period of seventeen years (1990-2006) were analyzed. The techno-economic evaluations of electricity generation from four commercial wind turbine models used for electricity generation located at these sites were evaluated. The wind speed data analysis shows that the sites evaluated are good locations for wind potential in electricity generation from wind. The yearly energy output, the capacity factor and the wind energy cost per unit of electricity generated by the selected wind turbines are calculated. In terms of energy production, the results show that Plateau is best location for harnessing wind power for electricity generation with an average wind power density of 713.95W/m2. The maximum energy output was obtained for De wind 48 turbine model. The capacity factor values are found to vary from a minimum of 21% to maximum of 28% for this research work. The results also shows that the cost per kWh of electricity generation using these turbines is between 0.493 – 0.606\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$kWh.
An Investigation of Wind Characteristics and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Wind Energy in Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
A. Ahmed
A. A. Bello
D. Habou
An Investigation of Wind Characteristics and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Wind Energy in Nigeria
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Power Flow Analysis by Artificial Neural Network
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130206.11
Computer based methods used to analysis the power systems are developed instead of the steady state of mathematical methods. By the development of computer technology, solution of the network problems gets easier. Increment of the necessity to electrical energy by the development of technology, whereas the increment rate of raw energy sources doesn’t enough, it have made it mandatory to use the energy sources efficiently. Interconnected networks formed by the connection between not only the domestic sources and customers, but also between the different countries for the optimization and for the efficient use of the sources. Electrical engineers faced by the planning and optimization problems of developing interconnected networks. By this way, the requirement of the use of intelligent systems and computer analysis of power systems has become inevitable. In this study, power flow analysis the of a power system that consist five busbars performed by designed neural network. Results are compared by the results that gained by the analysis with classic Gauss- Seidel method of the same system, then the success of the neural network is investigated.
Computer based methods used to analysis the power systems are developed instead of the steady state of mathematical methods. By the development of computer technology, solution of the network problems gets easier. Increment of the necessity to electrical energy by the development of technology, whereas the increment rate of raw energy sources doesn’t enough, it have made it mandatory to use the energy sources efficiently. Interconnected networks formed by the connection between not only the domestic sources and customers, but also between the different countries for the optimization and for the efficient use of the sources. Electrical engineers faced by the planning and optimization problems of developing interconnected networks. By this way, the requirement of the use of intelligent systems and computer analysis of power systems has become inevitable. In this study, power flow analysis the of a power system that consist five busbars performed by designed neural network. Results are compared by the results that gained by the analysis with classic Gauss- Seidel method of the same system, then the success of the neural network is investigated.
Power Flow Analysis by Artificial Neural Network
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20130206.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Serhat Berat EFE
Mehmet CEBECİ
Power Flow Analysis by Artificial Neural Network
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20130206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20130206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Adaptive Bacterial Foraging Oriented Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.11
This paper presents an algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem in a power system. Modal analysis of the system is used for static voltage stability assessment. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of the capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. Evolutionary algorithm and Swarm Intelligence algorithm (EA, SI), a part of Bio inspired optimization algorithm, have been widely used to solve numerous optimization problem in various science and engineering domains. Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) has recently emerged as a very powerful technique for real parameter optimization. In order to overcome the delay in optimization and to further enhance the performance of BFO, this paper proposed a new hybrid algorithm combining the features of BFOA and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) called Adaptive bacterial foraging oriented particle swarm optimization (ABF-PSO) for solving reactive power dispatch problem .The simulation results demonstrate good performance of the ABF-PSO in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms reported those before in literature. Results show that (ABF-PSO) is more efficient than others for solution of single-objective ORPD problem.
This paper presents an algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem in a power system. Modal analysis of the system is used for static voltage stability assessment. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of the capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. Evolutionary algorithm and Swarm Intelligence algorithm (EA, SI), a part of Bio inspired optimization algorithm, have been widely used to solve numerous optimization problem in various science and engineering domains. Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) has recently emerged as a very powerful technique for real parameter optimization. In order to overcome the delay in optimization and to further enhance the performance of BFO, this paper proposed a new hybrid algorithm combining the features of BFOA and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) called Adaptive bacterial foraging oriented particle swarm optimization (ABF-PSO) for solving reactive power dispatch problem .The simulation results demonstrate good performance of the ABF-PSO in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms reported those before in literature. Results show that (ABF-PSO) is more efficient than others for solution of single-objective ORPD problem.
Adaptive Bacterial Foraging Oriented Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
K. Lenin
B. Ravindranath Reddy
M. Surya Kalavathi
Adaptive Bacterial Foraging Oriented Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.11
© Science Publishing Group
An Approach to Energy Management: A Case Study of a Medium Scale Printing Press in Lagos, Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.12
This paper investigates Energy Management Opportunities for reducing energy wastes in a medium scale manufacturing industry’s production processes. The energy information on electricity and diesel consumption for the year 2011 was obtained to complement data collected from walk-through and comprehensive audits. An estimated 125,181kWh of electricity and 33,415 litres of diesel representing 32% electricity and 68% diesel costs, which amounts to \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$44,562.50 were consumed for the period. Energy efficiency and conservation opportunities identified to promote energy savings, cost savings and environmental sustainability are: the replacing of inefficient drive belts on large motors with efficient cog belts, monitoring electrical loads to reduce peak demand, turning off equipment when not in use, replacing inefficient lamps with energy-saving lamps and installing bank of capacitors to increase power factor. The opportunities reveal a net saving of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$6,231.18, which is about 14% of the company’s annual energy cost.
This paper investigates Energy Management Opportunities for reducing energy wastes in a medium scale manufacturing industry’s production processes. The energy information on electricity and diesel consumption for the year 2011 was obtained to complement data collected from walk-through and comprehensive audits. An estimated 125,181kWh of electricity and 33,415 litres of diesel representing 32% electricity and 68% diesel costs, which amounts to \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$44,562.50 were consumed for the period. Energy efficiency and conservation opportunities identified to promote energy savings, cost savings and environmental sustainability are: the replacing of inefficient drive belts on large motors with efficient cog belts, monitoring electrical loads to reduce peak demand, turning off equipment when not in use, replacing inefficient lamps with energy-saving lamps and installing bank of capacitors to increase power factor. The opportunities reveal a net saving of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$6,231.18, which is about 14% of the company’s annual energy cost.
An Approach to Energy Management: A Case Study of a Medium Scale Printing Press in Lagos, Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sogo Mayokun Abolarin
Manasseh Babale Shitta
Chimaobi Daniel Nna
Charles Asirra Eguma
Allwell Osariere Kedo
Abdulmutalib Yussuff
Oluwabori Ayodeji Babatunde
Babatunde Olubusayo Onafeso
Oluwole Adegbenro
An Approach to Energy Management: A Case Study of a Medium Scale Printing Press in Lagos, Nigeria
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.12
© Science Publishing Group
New Solution Method of Wave Problems from the Turning Points
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.13
One of the main challenges in wave processes is the problem of eventuality correctness of different asymptotic representations of the same exact solution taken from different sides of the turning point. In this paper a universal solution method of this problem has been developed and the particular solutions of the wave equation have been expressed in terms of the solutions of Riccati’s equation for which the proper values in the turning points have been obtained. The paper demonstrates that, just those values will breed a correct phase and amplitude correlations in wave functions. Exact quantization conditions have been deduced and exact formulas for reflection and passage coefficients of quanta mechanical particles of potential barrier have been derived.
One of the main challenges in wave processes is the problem of eventuality correctness of different asymptotic representations of the same exact solution taken from different sides of the turning point. In this paper a universal solution method of this problem has been developed and the particular solutions of the wave equation have been expressed in terms of the solutions of Riccati’s equation for which the proper values in the turning points have been obtained. The paper demonstrates that, just those values will breed a correct phase and amplitude correlations in wave functions. Exact quantization conditions have been deduced and exact formulas for reflection and passage coefficients of quanta mechanical particles of potential barrier have been derived.
New Solution Method of Wave Problems from the Turning Points
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Kamal Sheikh Younis
Nikolay Evgenevich Tsapenko
New Solution Method of Wave Problems from the Turning Points
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2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.13
© Science Publishing Group
Can Nigeria Generate 30% of her Electricity from Coal by 2015
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.15
Nigeria is blessed with diverse energy resources. The country had generated electricity from coal in the 1950s, but this was abandoned in the wake of the civil war (1969-1970) and the focus changed to petroleum. Nigeria now generates her electricity mostly from gas thermal plants (64.6%). Electricity in Nigeria is poor, of low quality with frequent unplanned outages. Nigeria has about 8000MW installed electricity generation capacity but only 3800-4000 MW is actually operational. The government now wishes to diversify the electricity generation mix by encouraging private sector participation in the energy sector and targeted 30% electricity generation from coal. The study reviewed policies relating to coal power generation in Nigeria and the causes of previous failures in the sector. The study found that the electricity sector reforms and other policy changes have spurred investment of nearly \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$10 billion in the coal sector. Five projects of 4800MW generation capacity are under construction. Of this, two projects located in Enugu state of combined capacity of 1600MW could be ready by 2015. These two projects accounted for 40% of total installed capacity, or 20% operational electricity generation in Nigeria. The paper also presents the prospects and challenges of coal power generation in Nigeria.
Nigeria is blessed with diverse energy resources. The country had generated electricity from coal in the 1950s, but this was abandoned in the wake of the civil war (1969-1970) and the focus changed to petroleum. Nigeria now generates her electricity mostly from gas thermal plants (64.6%). Electricity in Nigeria is poor, of low quality with frequent unplanned outages. Nigeria has about 8000MW installed electricity generation capacity but only 3800-4000 MW is actually operational. The government now wishes to diversify the electricity generation mix by encouraging private sector participation in the energy sector and targeted 30% electricity generation from coal. The study reviewed policies relating to coal power generation in Nigeria and the causes of previous failures in the sector. The study found that the electricity sector reforms and other policy changes have spurred investment of nearly \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$10 billion in the coal sector. Five projects of 4800MW generation capacity are under construction. Of this, two projects located in Enugu state of combined capacity of 1600MW could be ready by 2015. These two projects accounted for 40% of total installed capacity, or 20% operational electricity generation in Nigeria. The paper also presents the prospects and challenges of coal power generation in Nigeria.
Can Nigeria Generate 30% of her Electricity from Coal by 2015
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Elijah Ige Ohimain
Can Nigeria Generate 30% of her Electricity from Coal by 2015
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.15
© Science Publishing Group
Performance and Emissions of a Methane Fueled V-Twin Four Stroke Spark Ignited Engine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.14
This paper discusses the on-going study of a modified two-cylinder V-twin engine used to research and analyze natural gas combustion. The purpose of the experimentation is to determine the feasibility of Natural Gas as an alternative fuel for automotive and stationary power generation applications. During testing the engine was operated under various loads and RPMs. The compression ratio (CR) of the engine was increased from 9.0:1 to 13.8:1 with the expectation of improved fuel combustion and improved emissions. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and air-fuel ratio (AFR) were also varied to determine optimal levels that would improve emissions without compromising excessive power (hp). Lean limit analysis was conducted to understand the effect of increased AFR on combustion and emissions. Results from testing confirmed an emissions benefit of going from low compression to high compression. The Total Hydrocarbons (THC) decreased 25%, Carbon Monoxide levels decrease by 48% and the Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) decreased by 20%. A low percentage of EGR, between 3-6 %, helped reduce Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emissions from over 830 ppm to less than 450 ppm, an improvement of almost 50%, with less than a 2% increase in THC and CO. Power (hp) actually improved by about 1.5% with 3% EGR. Increasing the AFR proved to decrease emissions but at a cost of power and the lean limit of the engine was found to be between 22 and 23 AFR. At 22 AFR the THC emissions decreased by 40%, CO emission by 90% and NOx emissions by almost 50%, but the power decreased by over 35%.
This paper discusses the on-going study of a modified two-cylinder V-twin engine used to research and analyze natural gas combustion. The purpose of the experimentation is to determine the feasibility of Natural Gas as an alternative fuel for automotive and stationary power generation applications. During testing the engine was operated under various loads and RPMs. The compression ratio (CR) of the engine was increased from 9.0:1 to 13.8:1 with the expectation of improved fuel combustion and improved emissions. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and air-fuel ratio (AFR) were also varied to determine optimal levels that would improve emissions without compromising excessive power (hp). Lean limit analysis was conducted to understand the effect of increased AFR on combustion and emissions. Results from testing confirmed an emissions benefit of going from low compression to high compression. The Total Hydrocarbons (THC) decreased 25%, Carbon Monoxide levels decrease by 48% and the Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) decreased by 20%. A low percentage of EGR, between 3-6 %, helped reduce Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emissions from over 830 ppm to less than 450 ppm, an improvement of almost 50%, with less than a 2% increase in THC and CO. Power (hp) actually improved by about 1.5% with 3% EGR. Increasing the AFR proved to decrease emissions but at a cost of power and the lean limit of the engine was found to be between 22 and 23 AFR. At 22 AFR the THC emissions decreased by 40%, CO emission by 90% and NOx emissions by almost 50%, but the power decreased by over 35%.
Performance and Emissions of a Methane Fueled V-Twin Four Stroke Spark Ignited Engine
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Daniel John Piekarski
James H. Lee
Robert D. Garrick
Andrew Smith
Kenneth E. Krapf
John Bulzacchelli
Performance and Emissions of a Methane Fueled V-Twin Four Stroke Spark Ignited Engine
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140301.14
© Science Publishing Group
Digital Simulation and Analysis of Six Modes of Operation of BLDC Motor Drives Using Hysteresis Band PWM Switching Scheme
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.14
Permanent magnet Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are gaining popularity mainly because of their better characteristics and performance in comparison to other electrical motors. BLDC motors are generally controlled using a three phase power semiconductor bridge. For starting and providing proper commutation sequence to turn on the power devices in the inverter bridge, the rotor position sensors are required. Based on the rotor position, the power devices are commutated sequentially every 60 degrees. This paper presents MATLAB/SIMULINK based simulation of BLDC motor drives. BLDC motor drive operates in six modes for one complete revolution of the rotor. The complete analysis of six modes of operation with position of rotor has been presented in this paper. The switching of the IGBT switches and corresponding phase currents and line voltages are shown here for each sequence. The presented BLDC motor drive is based on hysteresis band PWM current controller for generating modulated switching signals.
Permanent magnet Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are gaining popularity mainly because of their better characteristics and performance in comparison to other electrical motors. BLDC motors are generally controlled using a three phase power semiconductor bridge. For starting and providing proper commutation sequence to turn on the power devices in the inverter bridge, the rotor position sensors are required. Based on the rotor position, the power devices are commutated sequentially every 60 degrees. This paper presents MATLAB/SIMULINK based simulation of BLDC motor drives. BLDC motor drive operates in six modes for one complete revolution of the rotor. The complete analysis of six modes of operation with position of rotor has been presented in this paper. The switching of the IGBT switches and corresponding phase currents and line voltages are shown here for each sequence. The presented BLDC motor drive is based on hysteresis band PWM current controller for generating modulated switching signals.
Digital Simulation and Analysis of Six Modes of Operation of BLDC Motor Drives Using Hysteresis Band PWM Switching Scheme
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohd Tariq
Nidhi Varshney
Digital Simulation and Analysis of Six Modes of Operation of BLDC Motor Drives Using Hysteresis Band PWM Switching Scheme
3
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64
64
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.14
© Science Publishing Group
The Performance of Four Stroke Surface Ignition Ceramic Heater C.I. Engine using Ethanol-Diesel Blend
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.11
In this paper an experimental investigation on the performance of four stroke C.I.engine fueled with pure diesel (B0D100E0) and ethanol-diesel blends containing 10%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume of ethanol (E) are evaluated. Formaldehyde (B) additive is used to solubility of ethanol indiesel that acts as a bridging agent and bonding to produce a homogeneous blend.The tests are carried out on a ceramic heater10KW single cylinder diesel engine under steady state operating conditions on two specified speeds of 1500 rpm and 2000.rpm. The Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) ceramic heater is used to reduce the emissions from the engine and improve engine output behavior. The relevant parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions are calculated for ethanol-diesel blends by B5D85E10, B5D75E20, B5D70E25and B5D65E30. The PSZ ceramic heater is used to reduce the emissions by 38% of NOx, under half load condition for the blends of B5D85E10 gives minimum CO emissions and unburned HC emissions by 7.5ppm from the engine and improve engine output behavior to 1.8%.
In this paper an experimental investigation on the performance of four stroke C.I.engine fueled with pure diesel (B0D100E0) and ethanol-diesel blends containing 10%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume of ethanol (E) are evaluated. Formaldehyde (B) additive is used to solubility of ethanol indiesel that acts as a bridging agent and bonding to produce a homogeneous blend.The tests are carried out on a ceramic heater10KW single cylinder diesel engine under steady state operating conditions on two specified speeds of 1500 rpm and 2000.rpm. The Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) ceramic heater is used to reduce the emissions from the engine and improve engine output behavior. The relevant parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions are calculated for ethanol-diesel blends by B5D85E10, B5D75E20, B5D70E25and B5D65E30. The PSZ ceramic heater is used to reduce the emissions by 38% of NOx, under half load condition for the blends of B5D85E10 gives minimum CO emissions and unburned HC emissions by 7.5ppm from the engine and improve engine output behavior to 1.8%.
The Performance of Four Stroke Surface Ignition Ceramic Heater C.I. Engine using Ethanol-Diesel Blend
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Muthuraman S.
Rama Udaya Marthandan R.
The Performance of Four Stroke Surface Ignition Ceramic Heater C.I. Engine using Ethanol-Diesel Blend
3
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45
45
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Synergistic Evolutionary Model for Dynamic Evaluation of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction in Thermal Power Enterprise
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.12
Through analyzing the complexity of energy saving and emission reduction system in thermal power enterprise, we can find that this system affected by various elements within the system, policies and technologies in the external environment. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of energy saving and emission reduction in thermal power plants, both the complex nonlinear relationships among internal elements and the environmental impact should be considered. The state variables of system were determined based on collaborative learning theory, meanwhile a synergistic evolutionary model for dynamic evaluation of energy saving and emission reduction in thermal power enterprise was proposed. Based on the actual data of a thermal plant, the empirical results showed that the grid electricity and soot emissions of per kwh are the order parameters in this system, which plays a key role on the evolution of the energy saving and emission reduction system. Furthermore, the order parameters are the foundation of the performance evaluation.
Through analyzing the complexity of energy saving and emission reduction system in thermal power enterprise, we can find that this system affected by various elements within the system, policies and technologies in the external environment. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of energy saving and emission reduction in thermal power plants, both the complex nonlinear relationships among internal elements and the environmental impact should be considered. The state variables of system were determined based on collaborative learning theory, meanwhile a synergistic evolutionary model for dynamic evaluation of energy saving and emission reduction in thermal power enterprise was proposed. Based on the actual data of a thermal plant, the empirical results showed that the grid electricity and soot emissions of per kwh are the order parameters in this system, which plays a key role on the evolution of the energy saving and emission reduction system. Furthermore, the order parameters are the foundation of the performance evaluation.
Synergistic Evolutionary Model for Dynamic Evaluation of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction in Thermal Power Enterprise
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Zhang Lei
Li Na-na
Zhao Hui-ru
Yang Kun
Synergistic Evolutionary Model for Dynamic Evaluation of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction in Thermal Power Enterprise
3
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51
51
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Speed Estimation of Three Phase Induction Motor Using Artificial Neural Network
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.13
Three phase induction motors being the most widely used motor for domestic, commercial and industrial applications, demands a more detailed understanding and improved analysis of its performance characteristics. The conventional method of using the equivalent circuit for assessing the motor performance cannot incorporate the non-linearities involved in the speed torque characteristics into the performance of the motor to the fullest extent. This paper presents an ANN based modeling of three phase induction motor to overcome this problem. The model has been tested and validated with actual experimental data. The performance of the model has been compared with that of a classical equivalent circuit technique both graphically and statistically and found to be superior. The model can thus offer a better method of speed estimation and control of the induction motor for input voltage variation with and without input frequency change.
Three phase induction motors being the most widely used motor for domestic, commercial and industrial applications, demands a more detailed understanding and improved analysis of its performance characteristics. The conventional method of using the equivalent circuit for assessing the motor performance cannot incorporate the non-linearities involved in the speed torque characteristics into the performance of the motor to the fullest extent. This paper presents an ANN based modeling of three phase induction motor to overcome this problem. The model has been tested and validated with actual experimental data. The performance of the model has been compared with that of a classical equivalent circuit technique both graphically and statistically and found to be superior. The model can thus offer a better method of speed estimation and control of the induction motor for input voltage variation with and without input frequency change.
Speed Estimation of Three Phase Induction Motor Using Artificial Neural Network
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Moinak Pyne
Abhishek Chatterjee
Sibamay Dasgupta
Speed Estimation of Three Phase Induction Motor Using Artificial Neural Network
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56
56
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Grand Salmon Run Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.16
The chief aspect of solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem (ORPD) is to minimize the real power loss and also to keep the voltage profile within the limits. In this paper, a new metaheuristic optimizing algorithm that is the simulation of “Grand Salmon Run” (GSR) is developed. The salmon run phenomena is one of the grand annual natural actions occurrence in the North America, where millions of salmons travel through mountain streams for spawn. The proposed GSR has been validated, by applying it on standard IEEE 30 bus test system. The results have been compared to other heuristics methods and the simulation results reveals about the good performance of the proposed algorithm
The chief aspect of solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem (ORPD) is to minimize the real power loss and also to keep the voltage profile within the limits. In this paper, a new metaheuristic optimizing algorithm that is the simulation of “Grand Salmon Run” (GSR) is developed. The salmon run phenomena is one of the grand annual natural actions occurrence in the North America, where millions of salmons travel through mountain streams for spawn. The proposed GSR has been validated, by applying it on standard IEEE 30 bus test system. The results have been compared to other heuristics methods and the simulation results reveals about the good performance of the proposed algorithm
Grand Salmon Run Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-04-25
© Science Publishing Group
K. Lenin
B. Ravindranath Reddy
M. Surya Kalavathi
Grand Salmon Run Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem
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2
82
82
2014-04-25
2014-04-25
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.16
© Science Publishing Group
Steady and Unsteady Flow inside a Centrifugal Pump for Two Different Impellers
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.15
Various parameters affect the pump performance. The impeller outlet diameter, the blade angle, the blade number and casing are the most critical. In this study, experimental and numerical investigations are carried out for two impellers different in diameter with the same casing. Numerical simulation of the whole machine (impeller, vaneless diffuser and volute) is performed using CFX-Tascflow commercial code. A frozen rotor simulation model is used for the steady state calculations and the rotor/stator model is used for the unsteady one. The model pump has a design rotation speed 2800 rpm and two impellers with 7 blades (70 mm and 105 mm outer diameters). For each pump, the performance measurements are measured and CFD analyses are carried out for different flow rates for steady and unsteady calculations. Finally, a comparison between the CFD and performance measurement is fairly good.
Various parameters affect the pump performance. The impeller outlet diameter, the blade angle, the blade number and casing are the most critical. In this study, experimental and numerical investigations are carried out for two impellers different in diameter with the same casing. Numerical simulation of the whole machine (impeller, vaneless diffuser and volute) is performed using CFX-Tascflow commercial code. A frozen rotor simulation model is used for the steady state calculations and the rotor/stator model is used for the unsteady one. The model pump has a design rotation speed 2800 rpm and two impellers with 7 blades (70 mm and 105 mm outer diameters). For each pump, the performance measurements are measured and CFD analyses are carried out for different flow rates for steady and unsteady calculations. Finally, a comparison between the CFD and performance measurement is fairly good.
Steady and Unsteady Flow inside a Centrifugal Pump for Two Different Impellers
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tarek A. Meakhail
Mohamed Salem
Ibrahim Shafie
Steady and Unsteady Flow inside a Centrifugal Pump for Two Different Impellers
3
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76
76
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.15
© Science Publishing Group
Protection Scheme for Transmission Lines Based on Correlation Coefficients
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.18
In modern digital power system protection systems, statistical coefficients technique is recently used for fault analysis. A correlation technique is developed for faults detection and discrimination. The proposed technique is able to accurately identify the condition of phase(s) involved in all ten types of shunt faults that may occur in extra high-voltage transmission lines under different fault resistances, inception angle and loading levels. The proposed technique does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the three line-currents measurements which are mostly available at the relay location. This technique is able to perform the fault detection, type and phase selection in about a half-cycle period. Thus, the proposed technique is well suited for implementation in digital protection schemes. The suggested scheme is applied for a part of 500 Kv Egyptian network. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB programs are used to implement the proposed technique.
In modern digital power system protection systems, statistical coefficients technique is recently used for fault analysis. A correlation technique is developed for faults detection and discrimination. The proposed technique is able to accurately identify the condition of phase(s) involved in all ten types of shunt faults that may occur in extra high-voltage transmission lines under different fault resistances, inception angle and loading levels. The proposed technique does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the three line-currents measurements which are mostly available at the relay location. This technique is able to perform the fault detection, type and phase selection in about a half-cycle period. Thus, the proposed technique is well suited for implementation in digital protection schemes. The suggested scheme is applied for a part of 500 Kv Egyptian network. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB programs are used to implement the proposed technique.
Protection Scheme for Transmission Lines Based on Correlation Coefficients
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
R. Abd Allah
Protection Scheme for Transmission Lines Based on Correlation Coefficients
3
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102
102
2014-05-12
2014-05-12
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.18
© Science Publishing Group
Automatic Power Factor Correction Based on Alienation Technique
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.17
In modern digital protection and control systems, an alienation technique has recently become the workhorse of quantitative research and analysis. In this paper, an alienation technique is developed for calculations of original power factor on-line, active and compensation reactive powers and determination of the required number of capacitor banks to get the desired power factor. Alienation coefficients are calculated between phase voltage and current signals of power supply. These calculations are performed within one-cycle. Thus, the algorithm is well suited for implementation in a digital reactive power control scheme. This scheme is able accurately to identify the required capacitor rating to get the desired power factor under different loading levels. It does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the voltage and line-current measurements which are mostly available at the relay location. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB programs are used to implement the proposed technique.
In modern digital protection and control systems, an alienation technique has recently become the workhorse of quantitative research and analysis. In this paper, an alienation technique is developed for calculations of original power factor on-line, active and compensation reactive powers and determination of the required number of capacitor banks to get the desired power factor. Alienation coefficients are calculated between phase voltage and current signals of power supply. These calculations are performed within one-cycle. Thus, the algorithm is well suited for implementation in a digital reactive power control scheme. This scheme is able accurately to identify the required capacitor rating to get the desired power factor under different loading levels. It does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the voltage and line-current measurements which are mostly available at the relay location. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB programs are used to implement the proposed technique.
Automatic Power Factor Correction Based on Alienation Technique
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
R. Abd Allah
Automatic Power Factor Correction Based on Alienation Technique
3
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92
92
2014-05-12
2014-05-12
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140302.17
© Science Publishing Group
Busbar Protection Scheme Based on Alienation Coefficients for Current Signals
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.11
In modern digital power system protection systems, statistical coefficients technique is recently used for fault analysis. An alienation technique is developed for busbar protection against all ten types of shunt faults, which may locate in busbar protection zone, under different loading levels, fault resistances and fault inception angle. It does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the three-line currents measurements, of all feeders connected to the protected busbar, which are mostly available at the relay location. It is able to perform fault detection, fault confirmation, faulty phase selection and determine the fault location in about a half-cycle period. Thus, the alienation technique is well suited for implementation in digital protection schemes. The technique is efficient to detect current transformer saturation conditions without needing any additional algorithm. The effects of DC components and harmonics are eliminated with estimation of alienation coefficients. The proposed methodology is applied for a part of 500 KV Egyptian network. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB package are used to implement the proposed technique.
In modern digital power system protection systems, statistical coefficients technique is recently used for fault analysis. An alienation technique is developed for busbar protection against all ten types of shunt faults, which may locate in busbar protection zone, under different loading levels, fault resistances and fault inception angle. It does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the three-line currents measurements, of all feeders connected to the protected busbar, which are mostly available at the relay location. It is able to perform fault detection, fault confirmation, faulty phase selection and determine the fault location in about a half-cycle period. Thus, the alienation technique is well suited for implementation in digital protection schemes. The technique is efficient to detect current transformer saturation conditions without needing any additional algorithm. The effects of DC components and harmonics are eliminated with estimation of alienation coefficients. The proposed methodology is applied for a part of 500 KV Egyptian network. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB package are used to implement the proposed technique.
Busbar Protection Scheme Based on Alienation Coefficients for Current Signals
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
R. Abd Allah
Busbar Protection Scheme Based on Alienation Coefficients for Current Signals
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115
115
2014-05-13
2014-05-13
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.11
© Science Publishing Group
A New Scheme Based on Correlation Technique for Generator Stator Fault Detection-Part І
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.12
In modern digital protection systems, a correlation technique is recently used for study and analysis. In this paper, a correlation technique is developed for fault detection, classification and direction discrimination. The proposed technique is able accurately to identify the different types of faults that may occur in synchronous generator stator winding. Three line-current measurements are required for both generator sides. The suggested technique performs the fault classification task within half-cycle. Thus, the algorithm is well suited for implementation in a digital generator protection scheme. The used technique is applied for El-kuriemat power station unit that produces 320 MVA. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB programs are used to implement the proposed technique in this paper.
In modern digital protection systems, a correlation technique is recently used for study and analysis. In this paper, a correlation technique is developed for fault detection, classification and direction discrimination. The proposed technique is able accurately to identify the different types of faults that may occur in synchronous generator stator winding. Three line-current measurements are required for both generator sides. The suggested technique performs the fault classification task within half-cycle. Thus, the algorithm is well suited for implementation in a digital generator protection scheme. The used technique is applied for El-kuriemat power station unit that produces 320 MVA. Alternative transient program (ATP) and MATLAB programs are used to implement the proposed technique in this paper.
A New Scheme Based on Correlation Technique for Generator Stator Fault Detection-Part І
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-05-21
© Science Publishing Group
R. Abd Allah
S. M. Mohamed
E. H. Shehab-Eldin
M. E. MASOUD
A New Scheme Based on Correlation Technique for Generator Stator Fault Detection-Part І
3
3
124
124
2014-05-21
2014-05-21
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Reduced Losses in PV Converters by Modulation of the DC Link Voltage
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.13
The efficiency of PV systems has improved by the fact that the researchers have used different techniques to increase their technical capabilities. This paper aims to present how the PV converter losses can be reduced by employing a polypropylene capacitor in the DC link and to modulate that DC voltage. This modification leads to problems with controllability and stability. In order to solve them two current control methods are presented - constant off time and a PWM type with second order high pass filter DC-link feedback. PV converters that utilize polypropylene capacitors do have lower losses and have lower cost. The PV converter simulation in Matlab SimulinkTM and lab experiment, presented in this paper, are based on a three-phase bridge APTGF50X60T3G, used to combine a step-up/step down and H-bridge in one package.
The efficiency of PV systems has improved by the fact that the researchers have used different techniques to increase their technical capabilities. This paper aims to present how the PV converter losses can be reduced by employing a polypropylene capacitor in the DC link and to modulate that DC voltage. This modification leads to problems with controllability and stability. In order to solve them two current control methods are presented - constant off time and a PWM type with second order high pass filter DC-link feedback. PV converters that utilize polypropylene capacitors do have lower losses and have lower cost. The PV converter simulation in Matlab SimulinkTM and lab experiment, presented in this paper, are based on a three-phase bridge APTGF50X60T3G, used to combine a step-up/step down and H-bridge in one package.
Reduced Losses in PV Converters by Modulation of the DC Link Voltage
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-05-30
© Science Publishing Group
Alex Van den Bossche
Jean Marie Vianney Bikorimana
Firgan Feradov
Reduced Losses in PV Converters by Modulation of the DC Link Voltage
3
3
131
131
2014-05-30
2014-05-30
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Seasonal Peak Characteristic Comparison Analysis by Hourly Electricity Demand Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.14
As driver variables may influence more than one area of electricity demand, knowing typical effect of the variables on certain demand areas is important. Utilities can use the information of managing power systems to meet electricity demand for different areas more effective. Based on the regression analysis approach, this study presents a peak demand characteristics comparison between Japanese residential and commercial areas in seasonal level by composing hourly electricity demand model for each area. Besides, a representative hour for off-peak demands is also analyzed. Similar variables (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and holidays) are applied to explain peak and off-peak of summer, autumn, winter, and spring in both areas. Results indicate key drivers for peak and off-peak demands are not same in the certain seasons for both areas. Obtained key variables tend to affect stronger peaks and off-peaks for residential than for commercial area in four observed seasons.
As driver variables may influence more than one area of electricity demand, knowing typical effect of the variables on certain demand areas is important. Utilities can use the information of managing power systems to meet electricity demand for different areas more effective. Based on the regression analysis approach, this study presents a peak demand characteristics comparison between Japanese residential and commercial areas in seasonal level by composing hourly electricity demand model for each area. Besides, a representative hour for off-peak demands is also analyzed. Similar variables (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and holidays) are applied to explain peak and off-peak of summer, autumn, winter, and spring in both areas. Results indicate key drivers for peak and off-peak demands are not same in the certain seasons for both areas. Obtained key variables tend to affect stronger peaks and off-peaks for residential than for commercial area in four observed seasons.
Seasonal Peak Characteristic Comparison Analysis by Hourly Electricity Demand Model
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Yusri Syam Akil
Hajime Miyauchi
Seasonal Peak Characteristic Comparison Analysis by Hourly Electricity Demand Model
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138
138
2014-06-05
2014-06-05
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Analytical Investigations of Thermo-Geometrical Parameters Effects on Heat Transfer and Performance of Longitudinal Radiating Fin
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.15
In this work, analytical models are developed for determining temperature distribution, heat transfer and the efficiency of radiating fin. The developed models are used to investigate the effects of various thermo-geometric properties on the temperature distribution and consequently on the performance of the radiating fin. The effects of fin tip conditions on the thermal performance of the fin are also examined. From the results, it is shown that the variation in the thermo-geometric parameters (fin tip Biot number, modified Biot number and efficiency) of the fin has pronounced effects on the temperature distribution and consequently on the performance of the fin especially when a large temperature difference exists between the prime surface and the environment. The results obtained in this study serve as basis for determining the level of accuracy of any other approximation method use in the analysis of the problem and also, it could be used to improve the design of radiating fin in heat transfer equipment.
In this work, analytical models are developed for determining temperature distribution, heat transfer and the efficiency of radiating fin. The developed models are used to investigate the effects of various thermo-geometric properties on the temperature distribution and consequently on the performance of the radiating fin. The effects of fin tip conditions on the thermal performance of the fin are also examined. From the results, it is shown that the variation in the thermo-geometric parameters (fin tip Biot number, modified Biot number and efficiency) of the fin has pronounced effects on the temperature distribution and consequently on the performance of the fin especially when a large temperature difference exists between the prime surface and the environment. The results obtained in this study serve as basis for determining the level of accuracy of any other approximation method use in the analysis of the problem and also, it could be used to improve the design of radiating fin in heat transfer equipment.
Analytical Investigations of Thermo-Geometrical Parameters Effects on Heat Transfer and Performance of Longitudinal Radiating Fin
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Bayo Yemisi Ogunmola
Gbeminiyi Sobamowo
Analytical Investigations of Thermo-Geometrical Parameters Effects on Heat Transfer and Performance of Longitudinal Radiating Fin
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3
146
146
2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.15
© Science Publishing Group
The Analysis of Diesel Engine Intake System Simulation Based on Multivariate Joint Optimization
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.17
The paper was based on multivariable joint optimization. It established an optimization process of diesel engine intake system. The simulation model was built in AVL-BOOST and tested by experiments. As the design variables of intake system parameters (diameter and length of intake duct and intake manifold) were used to orthogonal test. Through the calculation of the engine performance optimization, the sum of paper was the impact of key parameters of the intake system on the performance of engine, and the influence of variable parameters on the volumetric efficiency of engine. These works provided a theoretical reference of intake system optimization design.
The paper was based on multivariable joint optimization. It established an optimization process of diesel engine intake system. The simulation model was built in AVL-BOOST and tested by experiments. As the design variables of intake system parameters (diameter and length of intake duct and intake manifold) were used to orthogonal test. Through the calculation of the engine performance optimization, the sum of paper was the impact of key parameters of the intake system on the performance of engine, and the influence of variable parameters on the volumetric efficiency of engine. These works provided a theoretical reference of intake system optimization design.
The Analysis of Diesel Engine Intake System Simulation Based on Multivariate Joint Optimization
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-07-07
© Science Publishing Group
REN Hongjuan
Wang Huilong
LUO Yiping
The Analysis of Diesel Engine Intake System Simulation Based on Multivariate Joint Optimization
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157
157
2014-07-07
2014-07-07
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.17
© Science Publishing Group
A New Scheme Based on Correlation Technique for Generator Stator Fault Detection-Part π
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.16
An experimental model for the synchronous generator was implemented and windings tapped at different positions to obtain faults at different locations on the stator windings. LABVIEW was used to obtain an interface between the experimental model and the suggested digital relay; whereas the proposed algorithm is executed using MATLAB. The obtained experimental results showed a great similarity with those obtained from ATP-EMTP simulation and that indicated the capability of safe application of the new auto/cross correlation protection technique.
An experimental model for the synchronous generator was implemented and windings tapped at different positions to obtain faults at different locations on the stator windings. LABVIEW was used to obtain an interface between the experimental model and the suggested digital relay; whereas the proposed algorithm is executed using MATLAB. The obtained experimental results showed a great similarity with those obtained from ATP-EMTP simulation and that indicated the capability of safe application of the new auto/cross correlation protection technique.
A New Scheme Based on Correlation Technique for Generator Stator Fault Detection-Part π
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-07-07
© Science Publishing Group
R. Abd Allah
S. M. Mohamed
E. H. Shehab-Eldin
M. E. Masoud
A New Scheme Based on Correlation Technique for Generator Stator Fault Detection-Part π
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153
153
2014-07-07
2014-07-07
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.16
© Science Publishing Group
The Application Status and Prospects of Vibro Ripper
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.18
Vibro ripper is a new pattern of breaker hammer, The hydraulic pump is the power source, Hydraulic oil as the working medium. By the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy of actuator mechanism, It works by the impact force, Vibro ripper combined with the use of excavators. The crushing effect is amazing. This paper introduced the domestic of research and development status of the vibro ripper home and abroad. The key technology of the vibro ripper were summarized and analyzed. Put forward the development trend base on these aspect.
Vibro ripper is a new pattern of breaker hammer, The hydraulic pump is the power source, Hydraulic oil as the working medium. By the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy of actuator mechanism, It works by the impact force, Vibro ripper combined with the use of excavators. The crushing effect is amazing. This paper introduced the domestic of research and development status of the vibro ripper home and abroad. The key technology of the vibro ripper were summarized and analyzed. Put forward the development trend base on these aspect.
The Application Status and Prospects of Vibro Ripper
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-07-10
© Science Publishing Group
Wang Kaile
Yang Guoping
Hu Kaijun
Wang Kai
Cao Guojun
The Application Status and Prospects of Vibro Ripper
3
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161
161
2014-07-10
2014-07-10
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140303.18
© Science Publishing Group
Behaviour of Boiler Steel Exposed to Combustion Gases Containing Bromide and Chloride Additives
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.11
Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants need to be reduced. In a coal-fired power plant, mercury enters the system primarily with the coal, and exits the system as bound particle compounds, soluble mercury or vapor-phase mercury. Oxidized mercury is effectively removed in wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbers – WFGD.one of the options for enhancing the process of mercury absorption is adding oxidizing agents such as bromide/bromine or chloride/chlorine. The present work describes simulation tests performed in order to evaluate the effect of bromide/chloride additions on the behavior of various steels under a combustion environment in a diesel fed steam boiler. The tested samples A209-T1A, A213-T11, A213-T22 and AISI 1020 were exposed at two locations in the boiler system: inside the flame chamber near the wall and in the middle of the stack at a temperature of 250- 300° C for 3 months. XRD and SEM techniques were used to analyze and to inspect the crystallographic structure. The results clearly show that high temperature interaction between the metal surface and the fire combustion products lead to the deposition of a protective layer composed mainly of CaSO4, FeSO4 and Fe3O4. Negligible weight loss was detected in all the tested cases. No harmful effect was detected in the presence of bromide, added as CaBr2, or chloride, added as CaCl2, to diesel fuel, up to a level of 1000 ppm.
Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants need to be reduced. In a coal-fired power plant, mercury enters the system primarily with the coal, and exits the system as bound particle compounds, soluble mercury or vapor-phase mercury. Oxidized mercury is effectively removed in wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbers – WFGD.one of the options for enhancing the process of mercury absorption is adding oxidizing agents such as bromide/bromine or chloride/chlorine. The present work describes simulation tests performed in order to evaluate the effect of bromide/chloride additions on the behavior of various steels under a combustion environment in a diesel fed steam boiler. The tested samples A209-T1A, A213-T11, A213-T22 and AISI 1020 were exposed at two locations in the boiler system: inside the flame chamber near the wall and in the middle of the stack at a temperature of 250- 300° C for 3 months. XRD and SEM techniques were used to analyze and to inspect the crystallographic structure. The results clearly show that high temperature interaction between the metal surface and the fire combustion products lead to the deposition of a protective layer composed mainly of CaSO4, FeSO4 and Fe3O4. Negligible weight loss was detected in all the tested cases. No harmful effect was detected in the presence of bromide, added as CaBr2, or chloride, added as CaCl2, to diesel fuel, up to a level of 1000 ppm.
Behaviour of Boiler Steel Exposed to Combustion Gases Containing Bromide and Chloride Additives
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-07-26
© Science Publishing Group
Vered Atiya Zuckerman
Rinat Ittah
Mira Freiberg Bergstein
David Itzhak
Behaviour of Boiler Steel Exposed to Combustion Gases Containing Bromide and Chloride Additives
3
4
167
167
2014-07-26
2014-07-26
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Demand and Supply of Electrical Energy in Cameroon: Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Monthly Power Peak of South and North Interconnected Electricity Networks
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.12
Following the unbalanced provision between supply and demand of electrical energy in Cameroon, it is necessary to perform an analysis of the data since it can provide essential information for an optimal management of the power supply system. This study presents on the one hand an analysis of electrical energy demand and supply in Cameroon, and, on the other hand, the modeling of the monthly peak of the main interconnected network in Cameroon, namely South Interconnected Networks (RIS) and North (RIN) networks using econometrical methods. Meteorological parameters (monthly maximal temperatures and humidity) are considered as exogenous variables of this application. Following the seasonality observed during various months, the introduction of terms of monthly seasonal as well as an average coefficient Ci peculiar to each month will also be introduced into the linear regression model to evaluate the most suitable one for this modeling. From the above analysis, it appears that meteorological parameters have a significant influence on the monthly peak in both networks. As well as the coefficients of these parameters are not the most significant of the various models, the absence of these parameters in different models leads to an increase Akaike (AIC) and Schwartz (SC) criteria. However, the best model is based on the minimum AIC and SC. The monthly peak in both systems is observed at the same time (20h) and one a working day. This peak may be influenced by other parameters such as the return to households and their consumption pattern, the type of equipment they use amongst other.
Following the unbalanced provision between supply and demand of electrical energy in Cameroon, it is necessary to perform an analysis of the data since it can provide essential information for an optimal management of the power supply system. This study presents on the one hand an analysis of electrical energy demand and supply in Cameroon, and, on the other hand, the modeling of the monthly peak of the main interconnected network in Cameroon, namely South Interconnected Networks (RIS) and North (RIN) networks using econometrical methods. Meteorological parameters (monthly maximal temperatures and humidity) are considered as exogenous variables of this application. Following the seasonality observed during various months, the introduction of terms of monthly seasonal as well as an average coefficient Ci peculiar to each month will also be introduced into the linear regression model to evaluate the most suitable one for this modeling. From the above analysis, it appears that meteorological parameters have a significant influence on the monthly peak in both networks. As well as the coefficients of these parameters are not the most significant of the various models, the absence of these parameters in different models leads to an increase Akaike (AIC) and Schwartz (SC) criteria. However, the best model is based on the minimum AIC and SC. The monthly peak in both systems is observed at the same time (20h) and one a working day. This peak may be influenced by other parameters such as the return to households and their consumption pattern, the type of equipment they use amongst other.
Analysis of Demand and Supply of Electrical Energy in Cameroon: Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Monthly Power Peak of South and North Interconnected Electricity Networks
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-08-05
© Science Publishing Group
Flora Isabelle Métégam Fotsing
Donatien Njomo
Réné Tchinda
Analysis of Demand and Supply of Electrical Energy in Cameroon: Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Monthly Power Peak of South and North Interconnected Electricity Networks
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185
185
2014-08-05
2014-08-05
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Influence of Socio-Economic Indicators on Electricity Consumption of Low Voltage Customers in Cameroon
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.13
In this paper, the demand of Low Voltage electricity customers in Cameroon using electricity as an energy source beginning from the period 1975 to 2011 is modeled. This approach aims to study the consumption determinants (macro- economic indicators, demographic indicators and lagged consumption of low voltage electricity) of low Voltage Customers and to analyze those determinants that have a strong influence on consumption. Parameters estimated by EVIEWS 7.2 software for linear and exponential (CooB-Douglas) models were used. The results show that CooB-Douglass models are better than the linear model. It also shows that: (i) the best linear model is a function of delayed consumption〖 C〗_(t-1) ; overall gross domestic product ((〖GDP_g)〗_t) and population (P_t ); (ii) the best model CooB-Douglas is a function of delayed consumption〖 C〗_(t-1) , the global gross domestic product ((〖GDP_g)〗_t) and the number of subscribers (S_t). It noticed that the macroeconomic indicators have a better influence on demographic consumer’s indicators and that the absence of the delayed consumption variable in a model causes autocorrelation of the residuals models.
In this paper, the demand of Low Voltage electricity customers in Cameroon using electricity as an energy source beginning from the period 1975 to 2011 is modeled. This approach aims to study the consumption determinants (macro- economic indicators, demographic indicators and lagged consumption of low voltage electricity) of low Voltage Customers and to analyze those determinants that have a strong influence on consumption. Parameters estimated by EVIEWS 7.2 software for linear and exponential (CooB-Douglas) models were used. The results show that CooB-Douglass models are better than the linear model. It also shows that: (i) the best linear model is a function of delayed consumption〖 C〗_(t-1) ; overall gross domestic product ((〖GDP_g)〗_t) and population (P_t ); (ii) the best model CooB-Douglas is a function of delayed consumption〖 C〗_(t-1) , the global gross domestic product ((〖GDP_g)〗_t) and the number of subscribers (S_t). It noticed that the macroeconomic indicators have a better influence on demographic consumer’s indicators and that the absence of the delayed consumption variable in a model causes autocorrelation of the residuals models.
Influence of Socio-Economic Indicators on Electricity Consumption of Low Voltage Customers in Cameroon
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-08-08
© Science Publishing Group
Flora Isabelle Métégam Fotsing
Donatien Njomo
Réné Tchinda
Influence of Socio-Economic Indicators on Electricity Consumption of Low Voltage Customers in Cameroon
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203
203
2014-08-08
2014-08-08
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.13
© Science Publishing Group
Biodiesel, HSD, and JP-8 Combustion Process and Emission Characteristics in a Dual-Stage Fuel Injection Condition
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.15
This research was focused on an investigation of the effect of injection dwell time in a dual-stage injection on the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel using an optically accessible single-piston diesel engine. In addition, the results from biodiesel combustion and emission characteristics were compared to those of fossil fuels such as HSD and JP-8 using combustion process visualization as well as emission analyzer. Regarding combustion characteristics, JP-8 showed the highest peak in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release in comparison to biodiesel and HSD because the higher lower heating value and vaporization characteristics of JP-8 improved premixed combustion. However, the IMEP of JP-8 was lower than the corresponding pressure of HSD. From the viewpoint of emissions, biodiesel had reduced emissions of NOx, HC, CO, and CO2 compared to fossil fuels regardless of the injection dwell time. The natural luminosity combustion images indicated that the biodiesel fuel had a shorter ignition delay, and the combustion progress of JP-8 was accelerated due to superior vaporization, although the initial combustion was slightly delayed in the second injection phase compared to biodiesel and HSD.
This research was focused on an investigation of the effect of injection dwell time in a dual-stage injection on the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel using an optically accessible single-piston diesel engine. In addition, the results from biodiesel combustion and emission characteristics were compared to those of fossil fuels such as HSD and JP-8 using combustion process visualization as well as emission analyzer. Regarding combustion characteristics, JP-8 showed the highest peak in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release in comparison to biodiesel and HSD because the higher lower heating value and vaporization characteristics of JP-8 improved premixed combustion. However, the IMEP of JP-8 was lower than the corresponding pressure of HSD. From the viewpoint of emissions, biodiesel had reduced emissions of NOx, HC, CO, and CO2 compared to fossil fuels regardless of the injection dwell time. The natural luminosity combustion images indicated that the biodiesel fuel had a shorter ignition delay, and the combustion progress of JP-8 was accelerated due to superior vaporization, although the initial combustion was slightly delayed in the second injection phase compared to biodiesel and HSD.
Biodiesel, HSD, and JP-8 Combustion Process and Emission Characteristics in a Dual-Stage Fuel Injection Condition
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-09-10
© Science Publishing Group
Hyungmin Lee
Biodiesel, HSD, and JP-8 Combustion Process and Emission Characteristics in a Dual-Stage Fuel Injection Condition
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4
216
216
2014-09-10
2014-09-10
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.15
© Science Publishing Group
Experimental Test of the Tool for the External EMF Removing Dents on a Car Body
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.14
This paper is dedicated to experimental study of pulsed electromagnetic attraction based upon recently developed tool design – “Inductor System with an Attracting Screen (ISAS)” for the repair technology of the external dent removing on a car body. The concept of attraction in this inductor system is based upon induced currents flowing in the same directions in the accessory screen and in the sheet metal blank, which, according to Ampere law, results in attraction forces between the screen and sheet metal blank. The more detailed information about ISAS is represented by Batygin (2006 [7], 2014 [8]). The main feature of this system is that the inductor is placed on the external side of the accessory screen. So, the induced currents in the parallel flat screen and sheet blanks are being excited by the penetrating magnetic field of the external source. Should mark this tool is capable of applying attraction forces to sheet metals of any physical nature as magnetic and stainless steel or aluminum. The conducted tests have shown a high effectiveness of suggested tool for the non-contact external flattening a car body in real production conditions. The represented work was done in the Laboratory of the Electromagnetic Technologies of the Kharkov National Automobile & Highway University, Ukraine.
This paper is dedicated to experimental study of pulsed electromagnetic attraction based upon recently developed tool design – “Inductor System with an Attracting Screen (ISAS)” for the repair technology of the external dent removing on a car body. The concept of attraction in this inductor system is based upon induced currents flowing in the same directions in the accessory screen and in the sheet metal blank, which, according to Ampere law, results in attraction forces between the screen and sheet metal blank. The more detailed information about ISAS is represented by Batygin (2006 [7], 2014 [8]). The main feature of this system is that the inductor is placed on the external side of the accessory screen. So, the induced currents in the parallel flat screen and sheet blanks are being excited by the penetrating magnetic field of the external source. Should mark this tool is capable of applying attraction forces to sheet metals of any physical nature as magnetic and stainless steel or aluminum. The conducted tests have shown a high effectiveness of suggested tool for the non-contact external flattening a car body in real production conditions. The represented work was done in the Laboratory of the Electromagnetic Technologies of the Kharkov National Automobile & Highway University, Ukraine.
Experimental Test of the Tool for the External EMF Removing Dents on a Car Body
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-09-10
© Science Publishing Group
Yuriy Victor Batygin
Experimental Test of the Tool for the External EMF Removing Dents on a Car Body
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208
2014-09-10
2014-09-10
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140304.14
© Science Publishing Group
Online Tuning of Power System Stabilizers Using Fuzzy Logic Network with Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Prediction: A Case Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.11
Power system stabilizers (PSS) has been widely used to enhance damping due to the electromechanical low frequency oscillations occurrence in power systems. In this paper, a new method is used for the online tuning of parameters of conventional power system stabilizers (CPSS) using fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic enables mathematical modeling and computation of some nonlinear parameters of the system, which are usually derived empirically by utilization of expert knowledge rules. Various literatures has shown that fuzzy logic controller is one of the most useful methods for expert knowledge utilization. This type of controller is adaptive in nature and can be used successfully as a power system stabilizer. The design of fuzzy logic controllers is mainly based on fuzzy rules and input/output membership functions. Simple and efficient clustering algorithms allow data classification in distinct groups using distance and/or similarity functions. In the present paper, the optimum generation of fuzzy rules base using Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering technique is used. In fact, data are classified and the number of fuzzy rules which depends on convergence radius is determined. Finally, the performance of proposed FCM controller is compared with that of conventional controller. The active power, reactive power and bus voltages used as inputs to the fuzzy logic network based power system stabilizer and the parameters of the optimum stabilizer , i.e. gain factor as well as time constants of the lead/lag compensator, are the outputs of the proposed system. The design method has been successfully implemented on a single machine power system connected to an infinite bus over various operating conditions.
Power system stabilizers (PSS) has been widely used to enhance damping due to the electromechanical low frequency oscillations occurrence in power systems. In this paper, a new method is used for the online tuning of parameters of conventional power system stabilizers (CPSS) using fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic enables mathematical modeling and computation of some nonlinear parameters of the system, which are usually derived empirically by utilization of expert knowledge rules. Various literatures has shown that fuzzy logic controller is one of the most useful methods for expert knowledge utilization. This type of controller is adaptive in nature and can be used successfully as a power system stabilizer. The design of fuzzy logic controllers is mainly based on fuzzy rules and input/output membership functions. Simple and efficient clustering algorithms allow data classification in distinct groups using distance and/or similarity functions. In the present paper, the optimum generation of fuzzy rules base using Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering technique is used. In fact, data are classified and the number of fuzzy rules which depends on convergence radius is determined. Finally, the performance of proposed FCM controller is compared with that of conventional controller. The active power, reactive power and bus voltages used as inputs to the fuzzy logic network based power system stabilizer and the parameters of the optimum stabilizer , i.e. gain factor as well as time constants of the lead/lag compensator, are the outputs of the proposed system. The design method has been successfully implemented on a single machine power system connected to an infinite bus over various operating conditions.
Online Tuning of Power System Stabilizers Using Fuzzy Logic Network with Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Prediction: A Case Study
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Hajizade Kanafgorabi
Ali Karami
Online Tuning of Power System Stabilizers Using Fuzzy Logic Network with Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Prediction: A Case Study
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227
227
2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Islanding Detection in Micro-Grids Using Sum of Voltage and Current Wavelet Coefficients Energy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.12
This paper presents wavelet based islanding detection in distributed generation (DG) interfaced to the microgrid. Also a new fast method is developed for islanding detection based on measuring the utility currents and voltages signals processed by discrete wavelet transform. These currents and voltages signals are measured before the main circuit breaker of microgrid network and their features extracted by discrete wavelet transform. These features are sum of wavelet coefficients energy and are used for distinguishing the islanding conditions from non-islanding ones. Because of changing in measuring point of currents and voltages signals from point of common coupling (PCC) in traditional methods to before the main circuit breaker in proposed method, this new method detects the islanding conditions faster than the other methods. The proposed method has been examined under various scenarios; including mains supply faults, various one, two, or three phases' grid faults, and changes of rate of produced energy on IEEE 1547 anti-islanding test system. The numerical studies show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method with satisfactory results.
This paper presents wavelet based islanding detection in distributed generation (DG) interfaced to the microgrid. Also a new fast method is developed for islanding detection based on measuring the utility currents and voltages signals processed by discrete wavelet transform. These currents and voltages signals are measured before the main circuit breaker of microgrid network and their features extracted by discrete wavelet transform. These features are sum of wavelet coefficients energy and are used for distinguishing the islanding conditions from non-islanding ones. Because of changing in measuring point of currents and voltages signals from point of common coupling (PCC) in traditional methods to before the main circuit breaker in proposed method, this new method detects the islanding conditions faster than the other methods. The proposed method has been examined under various scenarios; including mains supply faults, various one, two, or three phases' grid faults, and changes of rate of produced energy on IEEE 1547 anti-islanding test system. The numerical studies show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method with satisfactory results.
Islanding Detection in Micro-Grids Using Sum of Voltage and Current Wavelet Coefficients Energy
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-09-30
© Science Publishing Group
Hossein Haroonabadi
Islanding Detection in Micro-Grids Using Sum of Voltage and Current Wavelet Coefficients Energy
3
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236
236
2014-09-30
2014-09-30
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Predicting Heat Demand for a District Heating Systems
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.13
Poland is one of the heaviest users of district heating systems in Europe, and those district heating systems are heated mainly by coal. Sustainable development of district heating systems in Poland including improving quality of environment, economic of heat production and security of heat supply is in close connection with increasing of energy efficiency. Heat production and heat distribution plays important role in national energy balance. Additional increasing of energy efficiency in district heating systems need detail forecasts for future heat consumption in scale of individual district heating system and for systems in whole country. Accurate forecast give possibility for increasing efficiency of heat production, decreasing fuel consumption and connected with it emission decreasing from combustion products to the atmosphere. Heat production efficiency can be optimized through the use of appropriate procedures for running heat sources alongside short-term heat demand forecasting combined with preparation for adjusting heat source work parameters to the predicted heat load for a few hours hence. The artificial neural networks model delivers good forecasting results. The accuracy of the results depends on the kind of network, its architecture, the size and type of input data as well as the forecasting period. Forecasting accuracy within a 3-5% margin of error is sufficient to steer heat source operations. Described forecasting methods can be use as a good tool to regulate district heating networks and heat sources.
Poland is one of the heaviest users of district heating systems in Europe, and those district heating systems are heated mainly by coal. Sustainable development of district heating systems in Poland including improving quality of environment, economic of heat production and security of heat supply is in close connection with increasing of energy efficiency. Heat production and heat distribution plays important role in national energy balance. Additional increasing of energy efficiency in district heating systems need detail forecasts for future heat consumption in scale of individual district heating system and for systems in whole country. Accurate forecast give possibility for increasing efficiency of heat production, decreasing fuel consumption and connected with it emission decreasing from combustion products to the atmosphere. Heat production efficiency can be optimized through the use of appropriate procedures for running heat sources alongside short-term heat demand forecasting combined with preparation for adjusting heat source work parameters to the predicted heat load for a few hours hence. The artificial neural networks model delivers good forecasting results. The accuracy of the results depends on the kind of network, its architecture, the size and type of input data as well as the forecasting period. Forecasting accuracy within a 3-5% margin of error is sufficient to steer heat source operations. Described forecasting methods can be use as a good tool to regulate district heating networks and heat sources.
Predicting Heat Demand for a District Heating Systems
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-10-15
© Science Publishing Group
Krzysztof Wojdyga
Predicting Heat Demand for a District Heating Systems
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2014-10-15
2014-10-15
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.13
© Science Publishing Group
Renewable Energy Sources and Turkey
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.14
International economic competition is forcing countries for improving their technology. The main elements are knowledge and R&D for countries technological developments. However, the impulsion of development is “energy”. In this context, energy consumption is a one of the pointer for determine to development level of a country. Renewable energies are main sources of our energy consumption; the amounts of finite energy sources are decreasing so that countries are choosing renewable energy, especially in last 10-15 years. In this frame, renewable energy sources will have important potential for energy consumption in a near future. Renewable energy sources have huge advantages, such as not harming the environment, no risk on running out, able to produce with local resources on micro level, less dependency to out, without problem of supply-transport and demand security. In this study, renewable energy sources are firstly review on globally and also particularly Turkey taken in hand for potential analysis of natural energy. In this case, requirement is a new “strategy and policy of energy diversification”.
International economic competition is forcing countries for improving their technology. The main elements are knowledge and R&D for countries technological developments. However, the impulsion of development is “energy”. In this context, energy consumption is a one of the pointer for determine to development level of a country. Renewable energies are main sources of our energy consumption; the amounts of finite energy sources are decreasing so that countries are choosing renewable energy, especially in last 10-15 years. In this frame, renewable energy sources will have important potential for energy consumption in a near future. Renewable energy sources have huge advantages, such as not harming the environment, no risk on running out, able to produce with local resources on micro level, less dependency to out, without problem of supply-transport and demand security. In this study, renewable energy sources are firstly review on globally and also particularly Turkey taken in hand for potential analysis of natural energy. In this case, requirement is a new “strategy and policy of energy diversification”.
Renewable Energy Sources and Turkey
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-10-22
© Science Publishing Group
Ali Vardar
Onur Taskin
Renewable Energy Sources and Turkey
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5
249
249
2014-10-22
2014-10-22
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.14
© Science Publishing Group
Development of Small Scale Screw Extrusion Machine for Production of Sawdust Briquettes in Rural Area in Indonesia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.15
Small scale screw extrusion machine is designed and tested for making compact sawdust briquettes in rural area in Indonesia. The extrusion machine is powered by 5,5 HP gasoline internal combustion engine. In this work, briquetting machine is used to produce sawdust briquettes which two different ratios of starch-sawdust. The ratios of starch to sawdust are 1:4 and 2:4. Sawdust briquettes have a length of 3 cm and 4 cm for both composition ratios. The performance of the machine is investigated in term of density changes of briquettes after three days. The density of sawdust briquettes just after extrusion process is compared with the density of sawdust briquettes after 3 days sunlight drying. The result shows that the extrusion machine is able to produce compact sawdust briquettes with different ratios of starch to sawdust. The result also indicates that 3 cm long sawdust briquettes which starch to sawdust ratio 2 : 4 has the lowest density changes and has the highest compressive strength.
Small scale screw extrusion machine is designed and tested for making compact sawdust briquettes in rural area in Indonesia. The extrusion machine is powered by 5,5 HP gasoline internal combustion engine. In this work, briquetting machine is used to produce sawdust briquettes which two different ratios of starch-sawdust. The ratios of starch to sawdust are 1:4 and 2:4. Sawdust briquettes have a length of 3 cm and 4 cm for both composition ratios. The performance of the machine is investigated in term of density changes of briquettes after three days. The density of sawdust briquettes just after extrusion process is compared with the density of sawdust briquettes after 3 days sunlight drying. The result shows that the extrusion machine is able to produce compact sawdust briquettes with different ratios of starch to sawdust. The result also indicates that 3 cm long sawdust briquettes which starch to sawdust ratio 2 : 4 has the lowest density changes and has the highest compressive strength.
Development of Small Scale Screw Extrusion Machine for Production of Sawdust Briquettes in Rural Area in Indonesia
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-10-27
© Science Publishing Group
Anak Agung Putu Susastriawan
Bambang Wahyu Sidharta
Development of Small Scale Screw Extrusion Machine for Production of Sawdust Briquettes in Rural Area in Indonesia
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253
253
2014-10-27
2014-10-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.15
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
With the growth of the world population, in recent decades, the generation of domestic sewage has increased. In Brazil about 28 million cubic meters of sewage are generated daily and needs to be collected and treated. This task has been one of the biggest challenges for municipal administrators. Disposition of domestic sewage without treatment is a risk to public health and environment. This paper presents scenarios for treatment of domestic sewage with energy recovery and minimization of environmental impacts based on the biodigestion and incineration with the objective of demonstrating to the public administrators the economic and environmental energy potential. The results show that the electrical energy from the biodigestion of sewage sludge is equivalent to the consumption of 1.5 million households and electricity resulting from incineration corresponds to consumption of 1.3 million homes while the emissions are about 0.875 MtCO2 per year compared to 3.585 MtCO2/year released in the biological treatment. In addition, in both processes of treatments, it is possible to recover half of the volume of wastewater for reuse. In this way, adequate treatment of domestic sewage can protect the environment from the drastic charges of sewage while being a source of energy and water, which are indispensable assets for maintenance of life on the planet.
With the growth of the world population, in recent decades, the generation of domestic sewage has increased. In Brazil about 28 million cubic meters of sewage are generated daily and needs to be collected and treated. This task has been one of the biggest challenges for municipal administrators. Disposition of domestic sewage without treatment is a risk to public health and environment. This paper presents scenarios for treatment of domestic sewage with energy recovery and minimization of environmental impacts based on the biodigestion and incineration with the objective of demonstrating to the public administrators the economic and environmental energy potential. The results show that the electrical energy from the biodigestion of sewage sludge is equivalent to the consumption of 1.5 million households and electricity resulting from incineration corresponds to consumption of 1.3 million homes while the emissions are about 0.875 MtCO2 per year compared to 3.585 MtCO2/year released in the biological treatment. In addition, in both processes of treatments, it is possible to recover half of the volume of wastewater for reuse. In this way, adequate treatment of domestic sewage can protect the environment from the drastic charges of sewage while being a source of energy and water, which are indispensable assets for maintenance of life on the planet.
Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-11-05
© Science Publishing Group
Fatima Aparecida de Morais Lino
Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail
Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil
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260
260
2014-11-05
2014-11-05
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
© Science Publishing Group
Reducing Energy Consumption by Considering the “Wisdom of the Crowd”: USA and China Study
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.17
Effective implementation of useful schemes that are readily accepted and implemented by a society for change require investigating the perceptions of problems and solutions as seen by a society, primarily those who are stakeholders and are most affected by change. This research aims to investigate the perceived problems and solutions of energy consumption in the two countries that contribute to the highest level of energy consumption in the world – namely China and the United States. The aim is to provide policy makers and government of better understanding the “wisdom of the crowd” when considering implementation for change – in this case reducing energy consumption in two separate societies.
Effective implementation of useful schemes that are readily accepted and implemented by a society for change require investigating the perceptions of problems and solutions as seen by a society, primarily those who are stakeholders and are most affected by change. This research aims to investigate the perceived problems and solutions of energy consumption in the two countries that contribute to the highest level of energy consumption in the world – namely China and the United States. The aim is to provide policy makers and government of better understanding the “wisdom of the crowd” when considering implementation for change – in this case reducing energy consumption in two separate societies.
Reducing Energy Consumption by Considering the “Wisdom of the Crowd”: USA and China Study
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-11-11
© Science Publishing Group
Ali Hashemi Araghi
Ehssan Sakhaee
Reducing Energy Consumption by Considering the “Wisdom of the Crowd”: USA and China Study
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265
265
2014-11-11
2014-11-11
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.17
© Science Publishing Group
State Estimation of the Tanzanian Power System Network Using Non-Quadratic Criterion and MATLAB Environment
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.18
Power system state estimation is an effective online tool for monitoring, control and for providing consistent database in energy management systems. This paper presents an algorithm for state estimation of the Tanzanian power system network using a non-quadratic state criterion. Equality and inequality constraints existing in a power system are included in formulating the estimation problem. Equality constraints are target values used in load flow analysis and are included in power system state estimation in order to restore observability to those parts of the power system network which are permanently or temporarily unobservable. Inequality constraints are limits such as minimum and maximum reactive power generation, transformer tap and phase-shift. The solution techniques used is primal-dual interior point logarithmic barrier functions to treat the inequality constraints. An algorithm is developed using the method and a program coded in MATLAB is applied in implementing the simulation. Computational issues arising in the implementation of the algorithm are presented. The simulation results demonstrate that the primal-dual logarithmic barrier interior point algorithm is a useful numerical tool to compute the state of an electrical power system network. The inequality constraints play essential role in enhancing the reliability of the estimation results. Also, it is expected that significant benefit could be gained from application of the constrained state estimation algorithm to the Tanzanian power system network.
Power system state estimation is an effective online tool for monitoring, control and for providing consistent database in energy management systems. This paper presents an algorithm for state estimation of the Tanzanian power system network using a non-quadratic state criterion. Equality and inequality constraints existing in a power system are included in formulating the estimation problem. Equality constraints are target values used in load flow analysis and are included in power system state estimation in order to restore observability to those parts of the power system network which are permanently or temporarily unobservable. Inequality constraints are limits such as minimum and maximum reactive power generation, transformer tap and phase-shift. The solution techniques used is primal-dual interior point logarithmic barrier functions to treat the inequality constraints. An algorithm is developed using the method and a program coded in MATLAB is applied in implementing the simulation. Computational issues arising in the implementation of the algorithm are presented. The simulation results demonstrate that the primal-dual logarithmic barrier interior point algorithm is a useful numerical tool to compute the state of an electrical power system network. The inequality constraints play essential role in enhancing the reliability of the estimation results. Also, it is expected that significant benefit could be gained from application of the constrained state estimation algorithm to the Tanzanian power system network.
State Estimation of the Tanzanian Power System Network Using Non-Quadratic Criterion and MATLAB Environment
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-11-22
© Science Publishing Group
Mashauri Adam Kusekwa
State Estimation of the Tanzanian Power System Network Using Non-Quadratic Criterion and MATLAB Environment
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5
276
276
2014-11-22
2014-11-22
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.18
© Science Publishing Group
Load Flow Solution of the Tanzanian Power Network Using Newton-Raphson Method and MATLAB Software
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.11
Load flow studies are the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, optimal power flow and economic scheduling and power exchange between utilities. This paper describes modelling procedure and present models of system components used in performing load flow analysis. The developed models are joined together to form a system network representing an approximate Tanzanian power network model. A load flow problem is formulated using the model and a MATLAB program developed using Newton-Raphson algorithm is applied in solving the problem. Simulation results are presented and analysed. The results indicate that the voltage magnitude and voltage phase angle profiles are within the operating limits of the system; it means that the selection of system components and modelling process is appropriate and accurate. The results will form the basis of other critical power system studies of the network in the future such as power system state estimation, optimal power flow and security constrained optimal power flow studies.
Load flow studies are the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, optimal power flow and economic scheduling and power exchange between utilities. This paper describes modelling procedure and present models of system components used in performing load flow analysis. The developed models are joined together to form a system network representing an approximate Tanzanian power network model. A load flow problem is formulated using the model and a MATLAB program developed using Newton-Raphson algorithm is applied in solving the problem. Simulation results are presented and analysed. The results indicate that the voltage magnitude and voltage phase angle profiles are within the operating limits of the system; it means that the selection of system components and modelling process is appropriate and accurate. The results will form the basis of other critical power system studies of the network in the future such as power system state estimation, optimal power flow and security constrained optimal power flow studies.
Load Flow Solution of the Tanzanian Power Network Using Newton-Raphson Method and MATLAB Software
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-05
© Science Publishing Group
Mashauri Adam Kusekwa
Load Flow Solution of the Tanzanian Power Network Using Newton-Raphson Method and MATLAB Software
3
6
286
286
2014-12-05
2014-12-05
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.11
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment on Passive Cooling Techniques to Improve Steel Roof Thermal Performance in Hot Tropical Climate
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.12
In African hot tropical climate countries, due to climate and the unsuitability of construction materials, building’s indoor environment remains over the thermal comfort acceptable limit over long periods of time during the year. Among the building envelope components, roof is a critical part that is highly susceptible to solar radiation. Solutions like passive cooling and low energy consumption systems are not explored enough in those countries. These techniques and systems can be used to meet a large part of the cooling needs and reduce the overheating period in buildings, but their applicability depends on the climate zone. In this paper, investigations were conducted to determine their potential to improve steel roof performance for free running buildings under tropical climatic conditions. The case studies are two configurations (with and without attic) of typical steel roof in Burkina Faso. Using dynamic simulation, we have evaluated the impacts of radiant barrier, insulation, cool paint and ventilation for two configuration of roofing. For both configurations, high reflective solutions perform very well. It also appears that the attic case due to its actual configuration (shape and design) and to the climate conditions ventilation does not perform very well. These results can help building actors during the design process.
In African hot tropical climate countries, due to climate and the unsuitability of construction materials, building’s indoor environment remains over the thermal comfort acceptable limit over long periods of time during the year. Among the building envelope components, roof is a critical part that is highly susceptible to solar radiation. Solutions like passive cooling and low energy consumption systems are not explored enough in those countries. These techniques and systems can be used to meet a large part of the cooling needs and reduce the overheating period in buildings, but their applicability depends on the climate zone. In this paper, investigations were conducted to determine their potential to improve steel roof performance for free running buildings under tropical climatic conditions. The case studies are two configurations (with and without attic) of typical steel roof in Burkina Faso. Using dynamic simulation, we have evaluated the impacts of radiant barrier, insulation, cool paint and ventilation for two configuration of roofing. For both configurations, high reflective solutions perform very well. It also appears that the attic case due to its actual configuration (shape and design) and to the climate conditions ventilation does not perform very well. These results can help building actors during the design process.
Assessment on Passive Cooling Techniques to Improve Steel Roof Thermal Performance in Hot Tropical Climate
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-21
© Science Publishing Group
Madi Kabore
Etienne Wurtz
Yézouma Coulibaly
Adamah Messan
Patrice Moreaux
Assessment on Passive Cooling Techniques to Improve Steel Roof Thermal Performance in Hot Tropical Climate
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295
295
2014-12-21
2014-12-21
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.12
© Science Publishing Group
Heating and Cooling Hybrid System and Method for Its Calculation and Design
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.13
In this article newly developed heating and cooling hybrid system is discussed. The system combines a heat pump, heating boiler and solar air heater. Low temperature source of heat pump is a gas mixture composed of waste warm gases, like inside used ventilation air, flue gases of heating boiler (smock), as well as outside air, heated in solar air heater. The evaporator of heat pump is installed in waste warm gases mixing chamber, aiming at avoiding the main disadvan¬tage of ordinary air sourced heat pump, in case of which the evaporator surface in wintertime is covered with ice crust that obstructs movement of air through the evaporator of heat pump. To solve the problem it is suggested to create a mixture of waste warm gases gathered in a gas mixing chamber and serving as heat source. A method for calculation and design of the new system was developed for both winter heating and summer cooling of a building. The energy and economic investigation based on mathematical model proved rather high cost effectiveness and energy efficiency of developed heating and cooling hybrid system.
In this article newly developed heating and cooling hybrid system is discussed. The system combines a heat pump, heating boiler and solar air heater. Low temperature source of heat pump is a gas mixture composed of waste warm gases, like inside used ventilation air, flue gases of heating boiler (smock), as well as outside air, heated in solar air heater. The evaporator of heat pump is installed in waste warm gases mixing chamber, aiming at avoiding the main disadvan¬tage of ordinary air sourced heat pump, in case of which the evaporator surface in wintertime is covered with ice crust that obstructs movement of air through the evaporator of heat pump. To solve the problem it is suggested to create a mixture of waste warm gases gathered in a gas mixing chamber and serving as heat source. A method for calculation and design of the new system was developed for both winter heating and summer cooling of a building. The energy and economic investigation based on mathematical model proved rather high cost effectiveness and energy efficiency of developed heating and cooling hybrid system.
Heating and Cooling Hybrid System and Method for Its Calculation and Design
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-31
© Science Publishing Group
Zohrab Melikyan
Heating and Cooling Hybrid System and Method for Its Calculation and Design
3
6
307
307
2014-12-31
2014-12-31
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.13
© Science Publishing Group
A System Dynamics Model for Energy Planning in Niger
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.14
This paper proposes an energy management model using system dynamics (SD) modeling approach. The time span of the model extends from 2003 to 2030. The Model was calibrated and used for the evaluation of six policy scenarios. Population, per capita electricity consumption, and the industrial sectors were identified as key components and used as inputs to predict future electricity supply and demand needs. Particular attention was paid, in the proposed model, to the individual and total amounts of carbon released into the atmosphere. Finally, to demonstrate the usefulness of the model, it was applied to Niger’s electricity sector. The raw data from the past ten years was used as a benchmark for the study. A key factor in this study was Niger’s fast growing population. The quick increase in population will add uncertainties to both the projections and the accuracy of the results. Model results show that by putting a particular emphasis on the national supply, Niger may be energy self-sufficient from 2018 through 2030. The model also indicates that the bond between Nigeria and Niger must be firmly re-strengthened for the latter to be able to meet its future electricity challenges. The proposed model can be used in guiding public policy in developing regions.
This paper proposes an energy management model using system dynamics (SD) modeling approach. The time span of the model extends from 2003 to 2030. The Model was calibrated and used for the evaluation of six policy scenarios. Population, per capita electricity consumption, and the industrial sectors were identified as key components and used as inputs to predict future electricity supply and demand needs. Particular attention was paid, in the proposed model, to the individual and total amounts of carbon released into the atmosphere. Finally, to demonstrate the usefulness of the model, it was applied to Niger’s electricity sector. The raw data from the past ten years was used as a benchmark for the study. A key factor in this study was Niger’s fast growing population. The quick increase in population will add uncertainties to both the projections and the accuracy of the results. Model results show that by putting a particular emphasis on the national supply, Niger may be energy self-sufficient from 2018 through 2030. The model also indicates that the bond between Nigeria and Niger must be firmly re-strengthened for the latter to be able to meet its future electricity challenges. The proposed model can be used in guiding public policy in developing regions.
A System Dynamics Model for Energy Planning in Niger
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-01-19
© Science Publishing Group
Yacouba Moumouni
Sajjad Ahmad
R. Jacob Baker
A System Dynamics Model for Energy Planning in Niger
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6
322
322
2015-01-19
2015-01-19
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.14
© Science Publishing Group
Thermal Analysis of the Combustion Chamber of an Industrial Hot Water Spray Washing Machine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.15
The thermal analysis of an industrial hot water spray washing machine using hot air from the combustion of diesel fuel to heat up water that flows through a spirally coiled steel tube heat exchanger inside a steel shell combustion chamber was analyzed. The working fluids used are water and air. The spirally coiled tube is made by bending a 15mm diameter and 3 mm thick straight pipe into 4 turns and 9 layers respectively. The total length of the tube is approximately 20m. Water at ambient temperature flows into the coil through the outermost turn and flows out through the innermost turn. The adiabatic flame temperature of the fuel was determined. The in-tube and the outside convective heat transfer coefficients were determined using the appropriate correlations available in literature. A mathematical model of the heat transferred to the water was formulated and solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The results obtained are in reasonable agreement with measured data. Parametric study was done to determine the effects of each parameter on the outlet water temperature.
The thermal analysis of an industrial hot water spray washing machine using hot air from the combustion of diesel fuel to heat up water that flows through a spirally coiled steel tube heat exchanger inside a steel shell combustion chamber was analyzed. The working fluids used are water and air. The spirally coiled tube is made by bending a 15mm diameter and 3 mm thick straight pipe into 4 turns and 9 layers respectively. The total length of the tube is approximately 20m. Water at ambient temperature flows into the coil through the outermost turn and flows out through the innermost turn. The adiabatic flame temperature of the fuel was determined. The in-tube and the outside convective heat transfer coefficients were determined using the appropriate correlations available in literature. A mathematical model of the heat transferred to the water was formulated and solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The results obtained are in reasonable agreement with measured data. Parametric study was done to determine the effects of each parameter on the outlet water temperature.
Thermal Analysis of the Combustion Chamber of an Industrial Hot Water Spray Washing Machine
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-01-20
© Science Publishing Group
Ashimedua Ogochukwu Godwin
Enibe Samuel Ogbonna
Kebodi Chiedu Lawrence
Thermal Analysis of the Combustion Chamber of an Industrial Hot Water Spray Washing Machine
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6
330
330
2015-01-20
2015-01-20
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.15
© Science Publishing Group
Resource Assessment and Optimization Study of Efficient Type Hybrid Power System for Electrification of Rural District in Ethiopia
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.16
The Somali region in Ethiopia enjoys an average wind speed of 5m/s at 10m elevation and an average daily solar radiation of 7.5kwh/m2/day. Within this perspective, a remote rural village in Somali region calledWerder district (6050'N 45030' E) can be electrified with a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. The village is far away from the national electric grid and the electrical load density in the village is low. Extension of national grid to this village which is located 576km away from national grid is not economically feasible. Therefore, this study aims to explore techno-economic analysis of electrifying the village with hybrid renewable energy. The software HOMER was used in this study to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of various hybrid energy alternatives to the village. The economic analysis compares the levelized cost of electricity generation for the three option; wind/PV/diesel generator, diesel generator only system and national grid extension. The levelized cost focusing on the elements causing differences such as fuel price, PV modules, with battery or generator rather than the elements that are similar across the technology choices (distribution, metering, etc). The finding indicate that photovoltaic/wind/diesel generator hybrid system was feasible systems based on some important parameters such as high renewable penetration, less annual diesel consumption, less carbon dioxide emission, less unmet load, less capacity shortage and cost of energy. A thermal load (boiler) is added to the system that uses the excess power generation during the night rather than dissipating it to the dump load; which greatly improved the efficiency of the system at small cost of diesel to the boiler.
The Somali region in Ethiopia enjoys an average wind speed of 5m/s at 10m elevation and an average daily solar radiation of 7.5kwh/m2/day. Within this perspective, a remote rural village in Somali region calledWerder district (6050'N 45030' E) can be electrified with a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. The village is far away from the national electric grid and the electrical load density in the village is low. Extension of national grid to this village which is located 576km away from national grid is not economically feasible. Therefore, this study aims to explore techno-economic analysis of electrifying the village with hybrid renewable energy. The software HOMER was used in this study to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of various hybrid energy alternatives to the village. The economic analysis compares the levelized cost of electricity generation for the three option; wind/PV/diesel generator, diesel generator only system and national grid extension. The levelized cost focusing on the elements causing differences such as fuel price, PV modules, with battery or generator rather than the elements that are similar across the technology choices (distribution, metering, etc). The finding indicate that photovoltaic/wind/diesel generator hybrid system was feasible systems based on some important parameters such as high renewable penetration, less annual diesel consumption, less carbon dioxide emission, less unmet load, less capacity shortage and cost of energy. A thermal load (boiler) is added to the system that uses the excess power generation during the night rather than dissipating it to the dump load; which greatly improved the efficiency of the system at small cost of diesel to the boiler.
Resource Assessment and Optimization Study of Efficient Type Hybrid Power System for Electrification of Rural District in Ethiopia
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-01-30
© Science Publishing Group
Samuel Tesema
Getachew Bekele
Resource Assessment and Optimization Study of Efficient Type Hybrid Power System for Electrification of Rural District in Ethiopia
3
6
340
340
2015-01-30
2015-01-30
10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20140306.16
© Science Publishing Group
Comprehensive Evaluation of Equipment Failure Influence Degree before or after Accessing Distributed Power into Distribution Network
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.12
Distribution network equipment failure causes a serious impact on society. So a reasonable approach to reduce the consequences of equipment failure (ie, equipment failure affecting degrees) is necessary. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation method which combines fault traversal, AHP-TOPSIS method to ensure the degree of different equipment failures. Meanwhile, in order to reduce the impact of equipment failure, a distributed power is accessed into distribution network, and we compared the impact value before and after it accessed. A numerical example shows that the distributed power can reduce the consequences of equipment failure as well as the grid and social impacts.
Distribution network equipment failure causes a serious impact on society. So a reasonable approach to reduce the consequences of equipment failure (ie, equipment failure affecting degrees) is necessary. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation method which combines fault traversal, AHP-TOPSIS method to ensure the degree of different equipment failures. Meanwhile, in order to reduce the impact of equipment failure, a distributed power is accessed into distribution network, and we compared the impact value before and after it accessed. A numerical example shows that the distributed power can reduce the consequences of equipment failure as well as the grid and social impacts.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Equipment Failure Influence Degree before or after Accessing Distributed Power into Distribution Network
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Na-na Li
Hui-ru Zhao
Comprehensive Evaluation of Equipment Failure Influence Degree before or after Accessing Distributed Power into Distribution Network
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6
12
12
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.12
© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation on the Blackout Consequences of Different Fault Objects in Distribution Network Based on AHP and Improved GCDM Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.13
In order to estimate and evaluate the blackout consequence in distribution network, a comprehensive evaluation index system including seven indexes was built, in which the blackouts loss for both users and power companies are fully considered. A comprehensive evaluation model based on AHP and improved grey clustering decision model was provided to evaluate the blackout consequence of different fault objects in distribution network. The improved GCDM model which can overcome the limitations of traditional whiten function, clustered different evaluation indexes and improved utilization of information and evaluation result. Finally, taking a distribution network as numerical example, AHP and improved GCDM model was implemented to evaluate and analyze the blackout consequences of different objects in distribution network. The results screen the differences in blackout consequence degree of fault objects effectively, indicating that this evaluation model is feasible and evaluation result can be referenced for power companies.
In order to estimate and evaluate the blackout consequence in distribution network, a comprehensive evaluation index system including seven indexes was built, in which the blackouts loss for both users and power companies are fully considered. A comprehensive evaluation model based on AHP and improved grey clustering decision model was provided to evaluate the blackout consequence of different fault objects in distribution network. The improved GCDM model which can overcome the limitations of traditional whiten function, clustered different evaluation indexes and improved utilization of information and evaluation result. Finally, taking a distribution network as numerical example, AHP and improved GCDM model was implemented to evaluate and analyze the blackout consequences of different objects in distribution network. The results screen the differences in blackout consequence degree of fault objects effectively, indicating that this evaluation model is feasible and evaluation result can be referenced for power companies.
Evaluation on the Blackout Consequences of Different Fault Objects in Distribution Network Based on AHP and Improved GCDM Model
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Na-na Li
Hui-ru Zhao
Evaluation on the Blackout Consequences of Different Fault Objects in Distribution Network Based on AHP and Improved GCDM Model
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18
18
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.13
© Science Publishing Group
Saturated Electricity Power Analysis Based on Logistic Curve Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.11
Power load forecasting is the foundation of urban power grid planning, and saturated electricity power is a key indicator for determining the ultimate power grid scale when performing the urban power grid planning. Taken Hubei province as the empirical example, the saturated electricity power is studied by employing Logistic curve model in this paper. Firstly, the electricity power consumption and annual maximum power load of Hubei province are forecasted; then, the saturated time and scale are determined according to the judgment criteria of electricity power saturation. The calculation result shows the electricity power of Hubei province will reach saturation at 2042-2043, and the electricity power consumption and annual maximum power load will reach to 377.89 billion kWh and 66.2499 million kW, respectively.
Power load forecasting is the foundation of urban power grid planning, and saturated electricity power is a key indicator for determining the ultimate power grid scale when performing the urban power grid planning. Taken Hubei province as the empirical example, the saturated electricity power is studied by employing Logistic curve model in this paper. Firstly, the electricity power consumption and annual maximum power load of Hubei province are forecasted; then, the saturated time and scale are determined according to the judgment criteria of electricity power saturation. The calculation result shows the electricity power of Hubei province will reach saturation at 2042-2043, and the electricity power consumption and annual maximum power load will reach to 377.89 billion kWh and 66.2499 million kW, respectively.
Saturated Electricity Power Analysis Based on Logistic Curve Model
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-08-20
© Science Publishing Group
Huiru Zhao
Sen Guo
Jia Zhou
Huijuan Huo
Wanlei Xue
Saturated Electricity Power Analysis Based on Logistic Curve Model
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5
5
2014-08-20
2014-08-20
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Application of Artificial Intelligence Technique to Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Power Generation Unit
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.13
Economic Dispatch(ED) is one of the main problem of power system operation and control which determines the optimal real power settings of generating units with an objective of minimizing the total fuel cost, subjected to limits on generator real power output & transmission losses. In all practical cases, the fuel cost of generator can be represented as a quadratic function of real power generation. This paper describe and Introduce a new nature Inspired Artificial Intelligence method called Firefly Algorithm(FA). The Firefly Algorithm is a stochastic Meta heuristic approach based on the idealized behavior of the flashing characteristics of fireflies. The aim is to minimize the generating unit’s combined fuel cost having quadratic cost characteristics subjected to limits on generator real power output & transmission losses. This paper presents an application of the FA to ED with valve point loading for different Test Case system. The obtained solution quality and computation efficiency is compared to another artificial intelligence technique, called Genetic algorithm (GA) . The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous artificial intelligence method.
Economic Dispatch(ED) is one of the main problem of power system operation and control which determines the optimal real power settings of generating units with an objective of minimizing the total fuel cost, subjected to limits on generator real power output & transmission losses. In all practical cases, the fuel cost of generator can be represented as a quadratic function of real power generation. This paper describe and Introduce a new nature Inspired Artificial Intelligence method called Firefly Algorithm(FA). The Firefly Algorithm is a stochastic Meta heuristic approach based on the idealized behavior of the flashing characteristics of fireflies. The aim is to minimize the generating unit’s combined fuel cost having quadratic cost characteristics subjected to limits on generator real power output & transmission losses. This paper presents an application of the FA to ED with valve point loading for different Test Case system. The obtained solution quality and computation efficiency is compared to another artificial intelligence technique, called Genetic algorithm (GA) . The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous artificial intelligence method.
Application of Artificial Intelligence Technique to Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Power Generation Unit
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-11-12
© Science Publishing Group
Pragya Nema
Shraddha Gajbhiye
Application of Artificial Intelligence Technique to Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Power Generation Unit
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6
20
20
2014-11-12
2014-11-12
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.13
© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Analysis between IG and DFIG for Wind Energy Conversion Systems using STATCOM
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.14
In the grid new renewable resources are added to extract more power. This increases power quality issues to grid connection. Power quality problem occur mainly due to Unbalance voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a Mis-operation of end user equipment. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The impact of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, and switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines. This paper investigates the implementation and comparison of DFIG based wind farm connected to a grid and load and IG based wind farm connected to a grid and load. The steady state behaviour of an interconnected IG based wind farm with STATCOM and DFIG based wind farm with STATCOM is studied and compared for performance evaluation of the two Generators. The power system model is simulated in MATLAB / SIMULINK. Superiority of DFIG over IG have been analysed in this paper.
In the grid new renewable resources are added to extract more power. This increases power quality issues to grid connection. Power quality problem occur mainly due to Unbalance voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a Mis-operation of end user equipment. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The impact of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, and switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines. This paper investigates the implementation and comparison of DFIG based wind farm connected to a grid and load and IG based wind farm connected to a grid and load. The steady state behaviour of an interconnected IG based wind farm with STATCOM and DFIG based wind farm with STATCOM is studied and compared for performance evaluation of the two Generators. The power system model is simulated in MATLAB / SIMULINK. Superiority of DFIG over IG have been analysed in this paper.
Comparative Analysis between IG and DFIG for Wind Energy Conversion Systems using STATCOM
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-11-29
© Science Publishing Group
Vishvaneeta Patel
Ashutosh Kashiv
Kulsum Aslam
H. K. Verma
Comparative Analysis between IG and DFIG for Wind Energy Conversion Systems using STATCOM
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2014-11-29
2014-11-29
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.14
© Science Publishing Group
Nobel Approach of Power Feeding for Cellular Mobile Telephony Base Station Site: Hybrid Energy System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.12
The problem of providing energy to remotely located systems is a serious concern for the telecom industry, specially powering the mobile telephony towers in rural areas, which lacks quality grid power supply. The feasible solution looks to be in the form of omnipresent and technically viable alternative renewable energy based stand alone hybrid system. In order to meet sustained load demands during varying natural conditions, different energy sources and converters need to be integrated with each other. This paper presents and explores the possibility of putting hybrid energy system for powering cellular mobile base station sites. Looking at Indian weather conditions, the most feasible configuration is the stand alone PV/Wind Hybrid Energy System with diesel generator as a backup for cellular mobile telephony base station site. This system will be more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator based systems in near future.
The problem of providing energy to remotely located systems is a serious concern for the telecom industry, specially powering the mobile telephony towers in rural areas, which lacks quality grid power supply. The feasible solution looks to be in the form of omnipresent and technically viable alternative renewable energy based stand alone hybrid system. In order to meet sustained load demands during varying natural conditions, different energy sources and converters need to be integrated with each other. This paper presents and explores the possibility of putting hybrid energy system for powering cellular mobile base station sites. Looking at Indian weather conditions, the most feasible configuration is the stand alone PV/Wind Hybrid Energy System with diesel generator as a backup for cellular mobile telephony base station site. This system will be more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator based systems in near future.
Nobel Approach of Power Feeding for Cellular Mobile Telephony Base Station Site: Hybrid Energy System
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-11-06
© Science Publishing Group
Pragya Nema
Nobel Approach of Power Feeding for Cellular Mobile Telephony Base Station Site: Hybrid Energy System
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14
2014-11-06
2014-11-06
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.12
© Science Publishing Group
Estimating Hourly Profiles of Insolation based on Weekly Weather Forecast
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.11
In this paper, the authors present a simple procedure of estimating weekly profiles of insolation for photovoltaic (PV) power generation output of a roof-top PV system. The model is based on the historical data of solar insolation and weather conditions. Weather conditions are classified into representative patterns such as sunny, cloudy, and rainy, and corresponding hourly profile of insolation is obtained as the most likely values under each weather condition. The system uses the text weather forecast and the probability of precipitation information as input to obtain the estimated weekly profile of insolation. From the results presented here it is shown that such a simple profile can be useful for rating the storage batteries and scheduling electric vehicle charging to better utilize the PV-generated electricity.
In this paper, the authors present a simple procedure of estimating weekly profiles of insolation for photovoltaic (PV) power generation output of a roof-top PV system. The model is based on the historical data of solar insolation and weather conditions. Weather conditions are classified into representative patterns such as sunny, cloudy, and rainy, and corresponding hourly profile of insolation is obtained as the most likely values under each weather condition. The system uses the text weather forecast and the probability of precipitation information as input to obtain the estimated weekly profile of insolation. From the results presented here it is shown that such a simple profile can be useful for rating the storage batteries and scheduling electric vehicle charging to better utilize the PV-generated electricity.
Estimating Hourly Profiles of Insolation based on Weekly Weather Forecast
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-10-27
© Science Publishing Group
Takahide Niimura
Noriaki Sakamoto
Kazuhiro Ozawa
Estimating Hourly Profiles of Insolation based on Weekly Weather Forecast
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6
6
2014-10-27
2014-10-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.11
© Science Publishing Group
3-Level H-Bridge Space Vector PWM Inverter for Induction Motor
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.15
Multilevel voltage-fed inverters with space vector pulse width modulation strategy are gained importance in high power high performance industrial drive application & better dc bus utilization. In the propose scheme 3-level space vector PWM H-bridge inverter has a large number of switching states as conventional 2-level VSI. A step by step & detail study is described here so it can be implemented to multi level inverter also. MATLAB/SIMULINK implementation & experimental results of SVPWM inverter & its FFT analysis are presented to realize the validity of the inverter operation in linear region.
Multilevel voltage-fed inverters with space vector pulse width modulation strategy are gained importance in high power high performance industrial drive application & better dc bus utilization. In the propose scheme 3-level space vector PWM H-bridge inverter has a large number of switching states as conventional 2-level VSI. A step by step & detail study is described here so it can be implemented to multi level inverter also. MATLAB/SIMULINK implementation & experimental results of SVPWM inverter & its FFT analysis are presented to realize the validity of the inverter operation in linear region.
3-Level H-Bridge Space Vector PWM Inverter for Induction Motor
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Darshni Shukla
Brijal Panchal
Pragya Nema
3-Level H-Bridge Space Vector PWM Inverter for Induction Motor
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2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030602.15
© Science Publishing Group
Practical Implementation of an Improved Standby Boost Uninterruptible Power Supply
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.11
This paper proposes a single phase pulse-width modulated (PMW) voltage source uninterruptible power supply known as an improved standby boost uninterruptible power supply (ISBUPS) which centers on keeping the output voltage of the inverter system of the UPS at constant voltage of 220V AC and ripple free when utility power supply fails. This concept is achieved by incorporating proportional integral (PI) controller, boost converter and L-C filter at inverter control section. In this research, apart from stabilizing the inverter output voltage of inverter at 220VAC in standby mode, 0.96 modulation index is also realized. The total harmonic distortion of the system is reduced down to 5.05%. This proposed system has its applications at homes, offices and in business centers especially in Nigeria where electrical power instability is high now.
This paper proposes a single phase pulse-width modulated (PMW) voltage source uninterruptible power supply known as an improved standby boost uninterruptible power supply (ISBUPS) which centers on keeping the output voltage of the inverter system of the UPS at constant voltage of 220V AC and ripple free when utility power supply fails. This concept is achieved by incorporating proportional integral (PI) controller, boost converter and L-C filter at inverter control section. In this research, apart from stabilizing the inverter output voltage of inverter at 220VAC in standby mode, 0.96 modulation index is also realized. The total harmonic distortion of the system is reduced down to 5.05%. This proposed system has its applications at homes, offices and in business centers especially in Nigeria where electrical power instability is high now.
Practical Implementation of an Improved Standby Boost Uninterruptible Power Supply
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-07-04
© Science Publishing Group
CANDIDUS U EYA
Practical Implementation of an Improved Standby Boost Uninterruptible Power Supply
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7
2014-07-04
2014-07-04
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.11
© Science Publishing Group
A Paraguayan Case Study on the Production of Electricity from Fuel Cells for Distributed Generation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.12
The result of a preliminary economic evaluation of distributed generation of electricity with a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) in Paraguay is presented in this work. For this purpose, a mathematical model that represents the main technical and economic characteristics involved in the operation of MCFCs was applied. The model is applied in a horizon of 20 years and shows how costs are influenced by the projected energy demand increase of the studied population and by the decrease of MCFC unit cost due to technological advances and mass production. The studied population is Bahía Negra district in the department of Alto Paraguay. The results show that the generation cost of electricity by MCFC is high, US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ 290/MWh and US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ 270/MWh, for conservative and optimistic scenarios, respectively. However, in these situations, the feasibility analysis of electricity supply to isolated communities with low living standards and in developing countries based only on the comparison and quantification in monetary terms is not enough. This is because there are intangible benefits that are difficult to quantify and, therefore, to express in monetary terms. For example, it is very difficult to quantify in monetary terms the improvements in environmental conditions and quality of life of the community. Finally, the use of fuel cells for distributed generation of electricity in rural areas of Paraguay is feasible if the social and environmental aspects are considered, not just economics.
The result of a preliminary economic evaluation of distributed generation of electricity with a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) in Paraguay is presented in this work. For this purpose, a mathematical model that represents the main technical and economic characteristics involved in the operation of MCFCs was applied. The model is applied in a horizon of 20 years and shows how costs are influenced by the projected energy demand increase of the studied population and by the decrease of MCFC unit cost due to technological advances and mass production. The studied population is Bahía Negra district in the department of Alto Paraguay. The results show that the generation cost of electricity by MCFC is high, US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ 290/MWh and US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ 270/MWh, for conservative and optimistic scenarios, respectively. However, in these situations, the feasibility analysis of electricity supply to isolated communities with low living standards and in developing countries based only on the comparison and quantification in monetary terms is not enough. This is because there are intangible benefits that are difficult to quantify and, therefore, to express in monetary terms. For example, it is very difficult to quantify in monetary terms the improvements in environmental conditions and quality of life of the community. Finally, the use of fuel cells for distributed generation of electricity in rural areas of Paraguay is feasible if the social and environmental aspects are considered, not just economics.
A Paraguayan Case Study on the Production of Electricity from Fuel Cells for Distributed Generation
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-03-12
© Science Publishing Group
Michel Osvaldo Galeano Espínola
A Paraguayan Case Study on the Production of Electricity from Fuel Cells for Distributed Generation
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12
12
2015-03-12
2015-03-12
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2014030603.12
© Science Publishing Group
Hybrid Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network Control for Grid-Connected SOFC System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.11
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is widely acknowledged for clean distributed power generation use, but critical process problems frequently occur when the stand-alone fuel cell is directly linked with the electricity grid. To guarantee the optimal operation of the SOFC in a power system, it is essential, that its generation ramp rate and load following is fast enough to sustain power quality. In order to address these problems, a suitable and highly efficient control system will be required to control and track power load demands for complex SOFC power systems under grid connection. Therefore, novel nonlinear hybrid adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network (AFNN) is developed for control of grid connected SOFC. During peak power demand schedules from electric utility grid and large load perturbations, maintaining optimal power quality and load-following is a big challenge. Both the rapid power load following and safe SOFC operation requirement is taken into account in the design of the closed-loop control system. Simulation results showed that the proposed hybrid AFNN enhance the optimal power quality and load-following than conventional PI controller.
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is widely acknowledged for clean distributed power generation use, but critical process problems frequently occur when the stand-alone fuel cell is directly linked with the electricity grid. To guarantee the optimal operation of the SOFC in a power system, it is essential, that its generation ramp rate and load following is fast enough to sustain power quality. In order to address these problems, a suitable and highly efficient control system will be required to control and track power load demands for complex SOFC power systems under grid connection. Therefore, novel nonlinear hybrid adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network (AFNN) is developed for control of grid connected SOFC. During peak power demand schedules from electric utility grid and large load perturbations, maintaining optimal power quality and load-following is a big challenge. Both the rapid power load following and safe SOFC operation requirement is taken into account in the design of the closed-loop control system. Simulation results showed that the proposed hybrid AFNN enhance the optimal power quality and load-following than conventional PI controller.
Hybrid Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network Control for Grid-Connected SOFC System
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-30
© Science Publishing Group
Sadaf Sardar
Amjid Ullah Khattak
Shahid Qamar
Hybrid Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network Control for Grid-Connected SOFC System
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10
10
2014-12-30
2014-12-30
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Research Status and Prospects of the Econopower Car
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.12
Since 2007, Honda China Eco Mileage Challenge was held for 7 years, so far, nearly hundred teams participated in the competition. Although the national ranking of our school’s fuel econopower cars is ideal, but the competition results between our school and high level universities is remote. For raising the grade of the econopower car, this paper analyzed the articles about econopower car that published in recent years, discusses the main research direction of econopower car and main achievements, analyse it from the main research direction and research method, offer the technology of econopower car at current in domestic, summarizes the research trend of econopower car, make guidance for the future design of econopower car, also.
Since 2007, Honda China Eco Mileage Challenge was held for 7 years, so far, nearly hundred teams participated in the competition. Although the national ranking of our school’s fuel econopower cars is ideal, but the competition results between our school and high level universities is remote. For raising the grade of the econopower car, this paper analyzed the articles about econopower car that published in recent years, discusses the main research direction of econopower car and main achievements, analyse it from the main research direction and research method, offer the technology of econopower car at current in domestic, summarizes the research trend of econopower car, make guidance for the future design of econopower car, also.
The Research Status and Prospects of the Econopower Car
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-01-14
© Science Publishing Group
Luo Jin
Ma Qihua
Luo Yiping
The Research Status and Prospects of the Econopower Car
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14
14
2015-01-14
2015-01-14
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Hydrogen Generation through Cuprous Chloride-Hydrochloric Acid Electrolysis
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.13
Due to fast industrialization the consumption as well as the cost of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel etc in the world is rising enormously leading to the generation of greenhouse gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide etc besides decreasing the availability of the above fuels. The emission of these greenhouse gases rises the globe’s temperature leading the earth to face many dangerous complications. In order to save the earth from effect of rise of temperature and also to have an eco-friendly alternate energy fuel especially for the transport sector, attention is being focused on the generation of hydrogen gas which meets the above situations. During the combustion of hydrogen gas it emits only the beneficial water vapour to the atmosphere. In this research paper investigation has been carried out through CuCl-HCl electrolysis with 1M CuCl anolyte and 6M HCl catholyte for the generation of hydrogen gas at 70oC at normal atmospheric pressure employing a double compartment electrolytic cell having a nafion cation exchange membrane-324. Anode was graphite and cathode was 0.30 mg cm-2 platinum coated graphite. At a current density of 250 A m-2 the current efficiency for the oxidation of CuCl to CuCl2 and the formation of hydrogen gas was nearly 100% and the rate of hydrogen liberation was found to be 2 l h-1. Voltage efficiency and energy consumption values are calculated and are found to be more encouraging since they are more economical with less energy operation. The formed CuCl2 was reduced back to CuCl anolyte by chemical reduction with copper powder in 6M HCl at 70oC and the regenerated CuCl anolyte was again used in the CuCl-HCl electrolysis.
Due to fast industrialization the consumption as well as the cost of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel etc in the world is rising enormously leading to the generation of greenhouse gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide etc besides decreasing the availability of the above fuels. The emission of these greenhouse gases rises the globe’s temperature leading the earth to face many dangerous complications. In order to save the earth from effect of rise of temperature and also to have an eco-friendly alternate energy fuel especially for the transport sector, attention is being focused on the generation of hydrogen gas which meets the above situations. During the combustion of hydrogen gas it emits only the beneficial water vapour to the atmosphere. In this research paper investigation has been carried out through CuCl-HCl electrolysis with 1M CuCl anolyte and 6M HCl catholyte for the generation of hydrogen gas at 70oC at normal atmospheric pressure employing a double compartment electrolytic cell having a nafion cation exchange membrane-324. Anode was graphite and cathode was 0.30 mg cm-2 platinum coated graphite. At a current density of 250 A m-2 the current efficiency for the oxidation of CuCl to CuCl2 and the formation of hydrogen gas was nearly 100% and the rate of hydrogen liberation was found to be 2 l h-1. Voltage efficiency and energy consumption values are calculated and are found to be more encouraging since they are more economical with less energy operation. The formed CuCl2 was reduced back to CuCl anolyte by chemical reduction with copper powder in 6M HCl at 70oC and the regenerated CuCl anolyte was again used in the CuCl-HCl electrolysis.
Hydrogen Generation through Cuprous Chloride-Hydrochloric Acid Electrolysis
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-01-28
© Science Publishing Group
Natarajan Sathaiyan
Venkataraman Nandakumar
Ganapathy Sozhan
Jegan Gandhibha Packiaraj
Elumalai Thambuswamy Devakumar
Damaraju Parvatalu
Anil Bhardwaj
Bantwal Narayana Prabhu
Hydrogen Generation through Cuprous Chloride-Hydrochloric Acid Electrolysis
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2015-01-28
2015-01-28
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.13
© Science Publishing Group
Open Source Software Based Modeling of MEPE Test System for Stability Studies
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.14
This paper presents an implementation of MEPE test system in Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT)—free and open source software. This paper mainly focuses on the application of newly developed hydro turbine and governor model with detailed dynamic power system models on Myanmar national grid because the power system network is largely supplied by hydro power. This paper also demonstrates the rotor angle stability analysis of test system including classical small signal stability and transient stability criteria. Transient stability assessments of national grid test system are carried out through nonlinear time domain simulation by applying both large and small disturbances. Moreover, a statistical t-test is performed to ensure the effective of proposed model to deal with dynamic problem of the power system.
This paper presents an implementation of MEPE test system in Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT)—free and open source software. This paper mainly focuses on the application of newly developed hydro turbine and governor model with detailed dynamic power system models on Myanmar national grid because the power system network is largely supplied by hydro power. This paper also demonstrates the rotor angle stability analysis of test system including classical small signal stability and transient stability criteria. Transient stability assessments of national grid test system are carried out through nonlinear time domain simulation by applying both large and small disturbances. Moreover, a statistical t-test is performed to ensure the effective of proposed model to deal with dynamic problem of the power system.
Open Source Software Based Modeling of MEPE Test System for Stability Studies
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-02
© Science Publishing Group
Kyaw Myo Lin
Wunna Swe
Pyone Lai Swe
Open Source Software Based Modeling of MEPE Test System for Stability Studies
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1
31
31
2015-02-02
2015-02-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.14
© Science Publishing Group
Subjective Well-being Effects for Electric Power Universal Service Recipients in China from a Culture Poverty Perspective
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.15
Lack of cultural knowledge, poor livelihood and inappropriate value orientation of electric power universal service recipient groups basically influence their electricity consumption habit in china. In order to assess the effect of power universal service distribution and measure the welfare of recipient groups, this paper researches individual electricity consumption mentality and behavior through behavioral economics theory, establishes a subjective welfare function tracing recipient individual based on cumulative prospect theory , constructs the recipient groups’ subjective welfare function following the traditional social welfare function and researches the influence of the changes of psychological reference points. Through example analysis combined with function feasibility, this paper proves the subjective well-being effect of recipient groups declines when the psychological reference point increases.
Lack of cultural knowledge, poor livelihood and inappropriate value orientation of electric power universal service recipient groups basically influence their electricity consumption habit in china. In order to assess the effect of power universal service distribution and measure the welfare of recipient groups, this paper researches individual electricity consumption mentality and behavior through behavioral economics theory, establishes a subjective welfare function tracing recipient individual based on cumulative prospect theory , constructs the recipient groups’ subjective welfare function following the traditional social welfare function and researches the influence of the changes of psychological reference points. Through example analysis combined with function feasibility, this paper proves the subjective well-being effect of recipient groups declines when the psychological reference point increases.
Subjective Well-being Effects for Electric Power Universal Service Recipients in China from a Culture Poverty Perspective
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-03
© Science Publishing Group
Hui-ru Zhao
Hui-juan Huo
Subjective Well-being Effects for Electric Power Universal Service Recipients in China from a Culture Poverty Perspective
4
1
38
38
2015-02-03
2015-02-03
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.15
© Science Publishing Group
Switching-off Angle Control for Switched Reluctance Motor Using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.16
Switched reluctance motors (SRM) have a wide range of applications in industries due to the special properties of this motor. However, because of its dynamical nonlinearities, so the problems control of SRM is complex. This paper proposed an adaptive intelligent controller for SRM with the aim to improve the ripple of torque. First, we use a fuzzy logic controller to control switch-off angle, and then proposes a new controller by means of Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference (ANFIS). Simulation results are given to show the efficacy of the proposed method.
Switched reluctance motors (SRM) have a wide range of applications in industries due to the special properties of this motor. However, because of its dynamical nonlinearities, so the problems control of SRM is complex. This paper proposed an adaptive intelligent controller for SRM with the aim to improve the ripple of torque. First, we use a fuzzy logic controller to control switch-off angle, and then proposes a new controller by means of Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference (ANFIS). Simulation results are given to show the efficacy of the proposed method.
Switching-off Angle Control for Switched Reluctance Motor Using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-06
© Science Publishing Group
Liu Zhi Jian
Nguyen Le Minh Tri
Nguyen Le Thai
Phan Xuan Le
Switching-off Angle Control for Switched Reluctance Motor Using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System
4
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45
45
2015-02-06
2015-02-06
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150401.16
© Science Publishing Group
Power Systems Oscillations Damping with Regard the Finite Speed of Propagation the Electromechanical Waves
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.18
Damping of the power system electromechanical oscillations with magnitude-phase excitation controller (MPH-EC), which is responsive to the deviations of the magnitude and phase of the terminal voltage phasor, and taking into account the finite speed of propagation the electromechanical waves, caused perturbation the power balance are considered in this paper. The structure of an integrated excitation control system of synchronous machines (IECS SM) using a remote phasor measurement units (PMU’s) to identify the cross-sections (tie lines) of electromechanical oscillations and putting into operation the function of power system stabilizer, installed on the revealed cross-sections of electromechanical oscillations has been proposed. A significant advantage of the proposed method and technology of damping the low-frequency electromechanical oscillations in the power system is its selectivity in relation to the main modes, with the lowest damping ratio, making the greatest contribution to the development of the power system instability, due to the action of the optimal number of MPH-EC located taking into account the given grid topology.
Damping of the power system electromechanical oscillations with magnitude-phase excitation controller (MPH-EC), which is responsive to the deviations of the magnitude and phase of the terminal voltage phasor, and taking into account the finite speed of propagation the electromechanical waves, caused perturbation the power balance are considered in this paper. The structure of an integrated excitation control system of synchronous machines (IECS SM) using a remote phasor measurement units (PMU’s) to identify the cross-sections (tie lines) of electromechanical oscillations and putting into operation the function of power system stabilizer, installed on the revealed cross-sections of electromechanical oscillations has been proposed. A significant advantage of the proposed method and technology of damping the low-frequency electromechanical oscillations in the power system is its selectivity in relation to the main modes, with the lowest damping ratio, making the greatest contribution to the development of the power system instability, due to the action of the optimal number of MPH-EC located taking into account the given grid topology.
Power Systems Oscillations Damping with Regard the Finite Speed of Propagation the Electromechanical Waves
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-03-15
© Science Publishing Group
Oleg Agamalov
Power Systems Oscillations Damping with Regard the Finite Speed of Propagation the Electromechanical Waves
4
2
83
83
2015-03-15
2015-03-15
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.18
© Science Publishing Group
Development of Two Stroke Double Power Ecological Engine with Spark Assisted Compression Ignition in Lean Mixture
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.22
Two stroke engine is almost left out by automotive industry in urban development due to several unsolved problems including higher pollutant, fuel consumption, and impractical oiling in the combustion chamber. However, it still promotes an unforgettable advantage in generating rapid potential power twice as much as it does in the four stroke engine. This paper is one of the series research publications on the two stroke double potential power ecological engine with spark assisted compression ignition, which can maintain lower emission, better fuel consumption and practicality of the fuel type, while at the same time improve the thermal efficiency of the double power generation. Technical finding on the development has been reserved for certain purpose; therefore, such material will be presented on the basis of conceptual design to qualify for academic publication. The design of Double Power Ecological Engine had been published as it is stated in the first reference, so that some detail thermodynamic consideration will not be rewritten. The design of new development including managing steps of combustion cycle, controlling the air-fuel ratio, introducing new way of eliminating knock limit, and improving thermal efficiency will be described.
Two stroke engine is almost left out by automotive industry in urban development due to several unsolved problems including higher pollutant, fuel consumption, and impractical oiling in the combustion chamber. However, it still promotes an unforgettable advantage in generating rapid potential power twice as much as it does in the four stroke engine. This paper is one of the series research publications on the two stroke double potential power ecological engine with spark assisted compression ignition, which can maintain lower emission, better fuel consumption and practicality of the fuel type, while at the same time improve the thermal efficiency of the double power generation. Technical finding on the development has been reserved for certain purpose; therefore, such material will be presented on the basis of conceptual design to qualify for academic publication. The design of Double Power Ecological Engine had been published as it is stated in the first reference, so that some detail thermodynamic consideration will not be rewritten. The design of new development including managing steps of combustion cycle, controlling the air-fuel ratio, introducing new way of eliminating knock limit, and improving thermal efficiency will be described.
Development of Two Stroke Double Power Ecological Engine with Spark Assisted Compression Ignition in Lean Mixture
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.22
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-04-23
© Science Publishing Group
Iwan Harianton
Iman Kartolaksono Reksowardojo
Noval Lilansa
Ayi Ruswandi
Beny Bandanajaya
Suwadi Suparlan
Development of Two Stroke Double Power Ecological Engine with Spark Assisted Compression Ignition in Lean Mixture
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122
122
2015-04-23
2015-04-23
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.22
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.22
© Science Publishing Group
An Assessment of Wind Power Generation Potential for Margate Town in South Africa
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.13
Before setting up a wind farm at any given site, it is very important to evaluate its wind power potential to find its physical and economic sustainability. To date, there is limited research output on wind resource assessment for Margate town in South Africa and this might be one of the factors affecting the uptake of wind technologies in this area. This study aimed to assess the wind power potential of Margate. Three-year-long, hourly average wind speed series between January 2010 and December 2012 for Margate town were statistically analysed using the Weibull distribution function. The dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k) varied from 2.1 to 2.2 while the scale parameter (c) ranged between 4.1 and 4.3 ms-1. The most probable wind speed (vmp) ranged from 3.0 to 3.2 ms-1. The wind power densities fluctuated from 57.8 to 64.0 Wm-2.The average of the measured wind speeds (vm) for the whole period was less than 5 ms-1.Basing on the wind classification done by European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Margate town is not favourable for the installation of wind turbines. However according to the rule of thumb for mean yearly wind speeds set by American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), the town is suitable for installation of stand-alone systems. It is thus recommended to small scale wind turbines for stand-alone applications such as supplying power to individual houses and irrigation in this town.
Before setting up a wind farm at any given site, it is very important to evaluate its wind power potential to find its physical and economic sustainability. To date, there is limited research output on wind resource assessment for Margate town in South Africa and this might be one of the factors affecting the uptake of wind technologies in this area. This study aimed to assess the wind power potential of Margate. Three-year-long, hourly average wind speed series between January 2010 and December 2012 for Margate town were statistically analysed using the Weibull distribution function. The dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k) varied from 2.1 to 2.2 while the scale parameter (c) ranged between 4.1 and 4.3 ms-1. The most probable wind speed (vmp) ranged from 3.0 to 3.2 ms-1. The wind power densities fluctuated from 57.8 to 64.0 Wm-2.The average of the measured wind speeds (vm) for the whole period was less than 5 ms-1.Basing on the wind classification done by European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Margate town is not favourable for the installation of wind turbines. However according to the rule of thumb for mean yearly wind speeds set by American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), the town is suitable for installation of stand-alone systems. It is thus recommended to small scale wind turbines for stand-alone applications such as supplying power to individual houses and irrigation in this town.
An Assessment of Wind Power Generation Potential for Margate Town in South Africa
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-26
© Science Publishing Group
Chipo Shonhiwa
Patrick Mukumba
An Assessment of Wind Power Generation Potential for Margate Town in South Africa
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37
37
2015-02-26
2015-02-26
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.13
© Science Publishing Group
Dynamic Economic Dispatch for Combined Heat and Power Units using Particle Swarm Algorithms
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.19
In this paper, combined heat and power units are incorporated in dynamic economic dispatch to minimize total production costs considering realistic constraints such as ramp rate and spinning reserve limits effects over a short time span. Four evolutionary approaches, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), particle swarm optimization with constriction factor (PSOCFA), particle swarm optimization with inertia weight factor (PSOIWA) and particle swarm optimization with both constriction factor and inertia weight factor (PSOCFIWA) are successfully implemented to solve the combined heat and power economic dispatch (CHPED) problem. These approaches have been tested on 12-generation units system with two steam, four gas and six cogeneration units. In addition, the performance tests are applied to measure the actual power output and the fuel consumption in every point tests for achieving different curves such as input/output, incremental heat rate and heat rate curves for the twelve units. The results of the four approaches are compared with those obtained using existing performance testing method. The results show that the particle swarm optimization with improved inertia weight is able to achieve a better solution at less computational time.
In this paper, combined heat and power units are incorporated in dynamic economic dispatch to minimize total production costs considering realistic constraints such as ramp rate and spinning reserve limits effects over a short time span. Four evolutionary approaches, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), particle swarm optimization with constriction factor (PSOCFA), particle swarm optimization with inertia weight factor (PSOIWA) and particle swarm optimization with both constriction factor and inertia weight factor (PSOCFIWA) are successfully implemented to solve the combined heat and power economic dispatch (CHPED) problem. These approaches have been tested on 12-generation units system with two steam, four gas and six cogeneration units. In addition, the performance tests are applied to measure the actual power output and the fuel consumption in every point tests for achieving different curves such as input/output, incremental heat rate and heat rate curves for the twelve units. The results of the four approaches are compared with those obtained using existing performance testing method. The results show that the particle swarm optimization with improved inertia weight is able to achieve a better solution at less computational time.
Dynamic Economic Dispatch for Combined Heat and Power Units using Particle Swarm Algorithms
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.19
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-03-21
© Science Publishing Group
Mohamed Ahmed Sadeek
Azza Ahmed El Dessouky
Abd El Hay Ahmed Sallam
Dynamic Economic Dispatch for Combined Heat and Power Units using Particle Swarm Algorithms
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93
93
2015-03-21
2015-03-21
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.19
© Science Publishing Group
On the Assessment of Power System Stability Using Matlab/Simulink Model
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.16
Several voltage collapses have been experienced by most practical power systems in recent times in Nigeria. These have been mostly attributed to island formation within the network as a result of switching out of critical buses within the network. This paper assesses the stability of a practical power network of the Nigerian National Grid (NNG) with reference to a critical transmission line which could cause island formation as a result of fault within the NNG network. The Matlab/ Simulink model for both the steady-state and dynamic behaviours of the critical bus within NNG network is presented. The simulations for various fault conditions are also presented. The results obtained from the simulations are discussed. From the simulation results, high flow of reactive power and current, as a result of various faults along the transmission lines, were observed. Furthermore, non-sinusoidal waveforms generated from the simulation results show an indication that a high degree of compensation is required at the studied bus. The study uses Benin bus of NNG with respect to Benin-Onitsha-Alaoji 330-kV transmission network due to its location and sensitivity within the grid.
Several voltage collapses have been experienced by most practical power systems in recent times in Nigeria. These have been mostly attributed to island formation within the network as a result of switching out of critical buses within the network. This paper assesses the stability of a practical power network of the Nigerian National Grid (NNG) with reference to a critical transmission line which could cause island formation as a result of fault within the NNG network. The Matlab/ Simulink model for both the steady-state and dynamic behaviours of the critical bus within NNG network is presented. The simulations for various fault conditions are also presented. The results obtained from the simulations are discussed. From the simulation results, high flow of reactive power and current, as a result of various faults along the transmission lines, were observed. Furthermore, non-sinusoidal waveforms generated from the simulation results show an indication that a high degree of compensation is required at the studied bus. The study uses Benin bus of NNG with respect to Benin-Onitsha-Alaoji 330-kV transmission network due to its location and sensitivity within the grid.
On the Assessment of Power System Stability Using Matlab/Simulink Model
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
Abel Ehimen Airoboman
Ignatius Kema Okakwu
Akintude Samson Alayande
Oluwasogo Emmanuel Seun
On the Assessment of Power System Stability Using Matlab/Simulink Model
4
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64
64
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.16
© Science Publishing Group
The Implications of the Current Petroleum Reserves in Developed and Developing Nations
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.11
We have seen that reserves are those quantities of petroleum claimed to be commercially recoverable by application of development projects to known accumulations under defined conditions and it must satisfy four criteria which must be: discovered through one or more exploratory wells, recoverable using existing technology, commercially viable and remaining in the ground. These conditions have actually be met by some oil producing countries but how long will they rely on it to maintain a stable economic growth and development. No matter the trillion of barrels of oil stored by most countries in the world especially Nigeria will still not guarantee continuous growth in economic stability since the rate of usage is far more than that of discovery. This paper was able to bring to the notice of everyone that petroleum reserves are very advisable to all developed and developing countries in order to guarantee a partial stable economic growth and development. Experience shows that initial estimates of the size of newly discovered oil fields are usually too low. As years pass, successive estimates of the ultimate recovery of fields tend to increase. The term reserve growth refers to the typical increases in estimated ultimate recovery that occur as oil fields are developed and produced. We are currently in an energy crisis. Fossil fuels are the lifeblood of our society and for many others around the world. Our supply has a finite end, which may make some countries to make friend with those they hate. The countries in the Middle East as we can see from Fig. 3 have the highest oil reserves in the world and as such every country wants to make friend with them in case of acute shortage. Despite this, fossil fuels will run out one day and it is important to find other means of getting the energy we need to continue our society as we know it.
We have seen that reserves are those quantities of petroleum claimed to be commercially recoverable by application of development projects to known accumulations under defined conditions and it must satisfy four criteria which must be: discovered through one or more exploratory wells, recoverable using existing technology, commercially viable and remaining in the ground. These conditions have actually be met by some oil producing countries but how long will they rely on it to maintain a stable economic growth and development. No matter the trillion of barrels of oil stored by most countries in the world especially Nigeria will still not guarantee continuous growth in economic stability since the rate of usage is far more than that of discovery. This paper was able to bring to the notice of everyone that petroleum reserves are very advisable to all developed and developing countries in order to guarantee a partial stable economic growth and development. Experience shows that initial estimates of the size of newly discovered oil fields are usually too low. As years pass, successive estimates of the ultimate recovery of fields tend to increase. The term reserve growth refers to the typical increases in estimated ultimate recovery that occur as oil fields are developed and produced. We are currently in an energy crisis. Fossil fuels are the lifeblood of our society and for many others around the world. Our supply has a finite end, which may make some countries to make friend with those they hate. The countries in the Middle East as we can see from Fig. 3 have the highest oil reserves in the world and as such every country wants to make friend with them in case of acute shortage. Despite this, fossil fuels will run out one day and it is important to find other means of getting the energy we need to continue our society as we know it.
The Implications of the Current Petroleum Reserves in Developed and Developing Nations
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-16
© Science Publishing Group
Isaac Festus O.
Emereje Peter O.
The Implications of the Current Petroleum Reserves in Developed and Developing Nations
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23
23
2015-02-16
2015-02-16
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.11
© Science Publishing Group
Wind Potential Assessment of Ain Salah in Algeria; Calculation of the Cost Energy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.14
The objective of this work is to evaluate the wind resource on the site of Ain Salah, in Algeria. The hourly data used in this study span a period of 10 years. The parameters considered are the speed and direction of wind. The wind energy production was evaluated and an economic evaluation was conducted for wind farm (10MW) consisting of Twelve WGT 850 KW. The obtained results for the Weibull parameters was k = 2.48 and C = 6.0 m/s, at 10 m above the ground with an average wind speed of 5.4 m/s and the price per kW for our wind frame are 0.1603 USD/Kw.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the wind resource on the site of Ain Salah, in Algeria. The hourly data used in this study span a period of 10 years. The parameters considered are the speed and direction of wind. The wind energy production was evaluated and an economic evaluation was conducted for wind farm (10MW) consisting of Twelve WGT 850 KW. The obtained results for the Weibull parameters was k = 2.48 and C = 6.0 m/s, at 10 m above the ground with an average wind speed of 5.4 m/s and the price per kW for our wind frame are 0.1603 USD/Kw.
Wind Potential Assessment of Ain Salah in Algeria; Calculation of the Cost Energy
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-27
© Science Publishing Group
Miloud Benmedjahed
Zakaria Bouzid
Nassera Ghellai
Wind Potential Assessment of Ain Salah in Algeria; Calculation of the Cost Energy
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42
2015-02-27
2015-02-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.14
© Science Publishing Group
An Assessment of the Performance of a Biogas Digester When Insulated with Sawdust
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.12
Biogas is mixture of gases, predominantly methane and carbon dioxide, produced by anaerobic digestion. In biogas production temperature of slurry is an important parameter that affects the rate of biogas production. The biogas digester was fed with cow dung before it was insulated. Ambient, biogas and slurry temperatures were measured. The temperature sensors were connected to the CR1000 data logger. Results were collected and compared before the construction of the second wall of the digester for the insulation. There was a strong positive relationship between slurry and ambient temperatures (R2 = 0.882). The results showed the interdependence of slurry, biogas and ambient temperatures. The magnitude of biogas temperatures was slightly different from slurry temperatures because of the differences in the thermal conductivity properties of concrete and brick wall. The biogas was in contact with concrete dome with a thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/ (m.K) while the digester slurry was in contact with the brick wall with a thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/ (m.K). The biogas digester that was not insulated produced biogas of average methane yield of 38%. The second wall for the biogas digester was constructed and sawdust with a thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/ (m.K) was put in the gap between the inner and outer walls of the biogas digester. The sawdust insulated digester produced average methane yield of 50% when fed with cow dung. The results showed that insulation of the surface digester improves methane yield. However, insulation does not give 100% slurry temperature stability even if the digester is built underground.
Biogas is mixture of gases, predominantly methane and carbon dioxide, produced by anaerobic digestion. In biogas production temperature of slurry is an important parameter that affects the rate of biogas production. The biogas digester was fed with cow dung before it was insulated. Ambient, biogas and slurry temperatures were measured. The temperature sensors were connected to the CR1000 data logger. Results were collected and compared before the construction of the second wall of the digester for the insulation. There was a strong positive relationship between slurry and ambient temperatures (R2 = 0.882). The results showed the interdependence of slurry, biogas and ambient temperatures. The magnitude of biogas temperatures was slightly different from slurry temperatures because of the differences in the thermal conductivity properties of concrete and brick wall. The biogas was in contact with concrete dome with a thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/ (m.K) while the digester slurry was in contact with the brick wall with a thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/ (m.K). The biogas digester that was not insulated produced biogas of average methane yield of 38%. The second wall for the biogas digester was constructed and sawdust with a thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/ (m.K) was put in the gap between the inner and outer walls of the biogas digester. The sawdust insulated digester produced average methane yield of 50% when fed with cow dung. The results showed that insulation of the surface digester improves methane yield. However, insulation does not give 100% slurry temperature stability even if the digester is built underground.
An Assessment of the Performance of a Biogas Digester When Insulated with Sawdust
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-16
© Science Publishing Group
Patrick Mukumba
Golden Makaka
Chipo Shonhiwa
An Assessment of the Performance of a Biogas Digester When Insulated with Sawdust
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31
31
2015-02-16
2015-02-16
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.12
© Science Publishing Group
Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Hybrid Systems for Decentralized Power Generation in India
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.21
The main objective of this paper is to find the optimum configuration from amongst the different combination of hybrid energy systems that will fulfill the electrical energy requirement of selected village reliably and economically. The various systems that are considered are solar-grid connected system, solar-diesel system, solar-wind energy system, wind-grid connected system, solar-wind-grid connected system, wind-diesel-grid connected system and solar-diesel-grid connected system. The comparison of these systems is done based on various economic indicators like internal rate of return, net present cost, payback period and cost of energy. From amongst the various systems that have been considered in this study wind-grid connected system is best suited hybrid system for the considered case having lowest cost of energy as Rs. 2.34/kWh. Also the initial cost of this system is less in comparison to other hybrid systems considered.
The main objective of this paper is to find the optimum configuration from amongst the different combination of hybrid energy systems that will fulfill the electrical energy requirement of selected village reliably and economically. The various systems that are considered are solar-grid connected system, solar-diesel system, solar-wind energy system, wind-grid connected system, solar-wind-grid connected system, wind-diesel-grid connected system and solar-diesel-grid connected system. The comparison of these systems is done based on various economic indicators like internal rate of return, net present cost, payback period and cost of energy. From amongst the various systems that have been considered in this study wind-grid connected system is best suited hybrid system for the considered case having lowest cost of energy as Rs. 2.34/kWh. Also the initial cost of this system is less in comparison to other hybrid systems considered.
Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Hybrid Systems for Decentralized Power Generation in India
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.21
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-03-21
© Science Publishing Group
Sheeraz Kirmani
Mohd Shadab
Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Hybrid Systems for Decentralized Power Generation in India
4
2
117
117
2015-03-21
2015-03-21
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.21
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.21
© Science Publishing Group
An Efficient Method for Electrical Earth Resistance Reduction Using Biochar
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.17
This paper presents a method that treats the soil by replacing a volume of the earthing portion with biochar instead of chemicals. The method contributes to reduce the earth resistance over long periods of time in order to avoid the expensive cost of these elements and their secondary effects. In the proposed method, a volume of soil from an earthing portion of 20 cm in diameter and 1 m deep is replaced with dry biochar. The earthing electrode is driven into this earthing portion. The use of this method significantly reduced the earth resistance with one electrode from 242.0Ω to an average of 26.27 Ω with the Clay sandy soils of the Sahelian zone of Cameroon during the dry season and 2.1 Ω during the rainy season. Furthermore, smaller reductions were achieved when connecting the two such earths in parallel reducing the resistance of clay-sandy soils from 242.0 Ω to 15.2 Ω in the dry season and 1.1 Ω during the raining season.
This paper presents a method that treats the soil by replacing a volume of the earthing portion with biochar instead of chemicals. The method contributes to reduce the earth resistance over long periods of time in order to avoid the expensive cost of these elements and their secondary effects. In the proposed method, a volume of soil from an earthing portion of 20 cm in diameter and 1 m deep is replaced with dry biochar. The earthing electrode is driven into this earthing portion. The use of this method significantly reduced the earth resistance with one electrode from 242.0Ω to an average of 26.27 Ω with the Clay sandy soils of the Sahelian zone of Cameroon during the dry season and 2.1 Ω during the rainy season. Furthermore, smaller reductions were achieved when connecting the two such earths in parallel reducing the resistance of clay-sandy soils from 242.0 Ω to 15.2 Ω in the dry season and 1.1 Ω during the raining season.
An Efficient Method for Electrical Earth Resistance Reduction Using Biochar
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-03-13
© Science Publishing Group
Lukong Pius Nyuykonge
Noël Djongyang
Lendzemo Wirnkar Venasius
Fagbenro John Adeneyi
An Efficient Method for Electrical Earth Resistance Reduction Using Biochar
4
2
70
70
2015-03-13
2015-03-13
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.17
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of a Simplified Model of a Wave Energy Converter in Terms of Hydraulic Mechanical and Electrical Parameters
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.20
Developing different models of ocean energy converters have been getting much attention in recent times, due to a globally coherent consciousness towards different types of renewable energy sources. Development of any novel concept is preceded by acute understanding of previous yet similar ideas, which in fact is preceded by understanding of simplified observations of those ideas. This paper discusses the principle operation and modeling of a highly portable ocean energy generator called ‘Pelamis Wave Energy Converter’ from a simplistic point of view. The purpose of this paper is to make its readers understand the inherent mathematics and mechanics of a ‘Pelamis wave energy converter’ and preparing a simplified model using ‘Simulink’ software. Along with the modeling this paper also evaluates the output power in terms of different parameters such as hydraulic fluids, levels of input torque, variable wave pressures on the surface, capacitive loads etc.
Developing different models of ocean energy converters have been getting much attention in recent times, due to a globally coherent consciousness towards different types of renewable energy sources. Development of any novel concept is preceded by acute understanding of previous yet similar ideas, which in fact is preceded by understanding of simplified observations of those ideas. This paper discusses the principle operation and modeling of a highly portable ocean energy generator called ‘Pelamis Wave Energy Converter’ from a simplistic point of view. The purpose of this paper is to make its readers understand the inherent mathematics and mechanics of a ‘Pelamis wave energy converter’ and preparing a simplified model using ‘Simulink’ software. Along with the modeling this paper also evaluates the output power in terms of different parameters such as hydraulic fluids, levels of input torque, variable wave pressures on the surface, capacitive loads etc.
Assessment of a Simplified Model of a Wave Energy Converter in Terms of Hydraulic Mechanical and Electrical Parameters
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.20
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-03-21
© Science Publishing Group
Miftah Al Karim
Md. Hasib Noor
Mohammad Nasim
Saiful Islam Khan
Assessment of a Simplified Model of a Wave Energy Converter in Terms of Hydraulic Mechanical and Electrical Parameters
4
2
102
102
2015-03-21
2015-03-21
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.20
© Science Publishing Group
Stability Study of Power System
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.15
The theory of power system stability, necessary of power system stability and different methods for analysis of power system stability has been developed in this paper. The objective of this paper is to investigate and understand the stability of power system, with the main focus on stability theories and power system modeling. The paper first explained the definition of power system stability and the need for power system stability studies. Next the paper examined the concept of system stability and some stability theories. The paper then performed a power system modeling and simulation of a two-machine, three bus power systems. The performance of the power system was simulated. The operating points and system parameters were varied to test the robustness of the power system. From various stability systems, in this paper, only transient analysis is studied. Examples of the parameters that were varied include the fault position λ, the power angle δ and the mechanical power input . A software using MATLAB has been developed for this purpose. Finally we compare various stability responses by varying power angle, fault position and mechanical power.
The theory of power system stability, necessary of power system stability and different methods for analysis of power system stability has been developed in this paper. The objective of this paper is to investigate and understand the stability of power system, with the main focus on stability theories and power system modeling. The paper first explained the definition of power system stability and the need for power system stability studies. Next the paper examined the concept of system stability and some stability theories. The paper then performed a power system modeling and simulation of a two-machine, three bus power systems. The performance of the power system was simulated. The operating points and system parameters were varied to test the robustness of the power system. From various stability systems, in this paper, only transient analysis is studied. Examples of the parameters that were varied include the fault position λ, the power angle δ and the mechanical power input . A software using MATLAB has been developed for this purpose. Finally we compare various stability responses by varying power angle, fault position and mechanical power.
Stability Study of Power System
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-02-28
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed Mynuddin
K. M. Roknuzzaman
Prodip Biswas
Mohammad Tanjimuddin
Stability Study of Power System
4
2
50
50
2015-02-28
2015-02-28
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150402.15
© Science Publishing Group
Implication of Using Auxiliary Service Voltage Transformer Sub-Stations for Rural Electrification
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.11
Providing an affordable and reliable electricity supply to rural communities is seen by countries round the world as one of the major keys to development. A good quality and stable electricity supply can provide a wide variety of benefits including lighting (allowing evening activities), clean cooking and heating, access to television/radio, telephone (including mobile), improved health (due to example refrigeration), and many small industrial uses. Often this can be provided by extending the main electricity network to the community. However, for remote rural areas the costs involved can be very high. Therefore, Un-conventional Rural Electrification (URE) technologies are thus very relevant, particularly for countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as they have potential to make connection to the electricity network affordable. While such systems are already in use, their penetration level is very low. Hence, if the penetration level of such system in power network increases, what is the effect on power and voltage quality, stability and capacity constraints of the overall system? What are the limiting factors, and how can this limit be determined for any particular rural electrification project. These are some of the major questions that this paper address progressively. The paper investigated the maximum penetration level of sub-station based Auxiliary Service Voltage Transformer (ASVT) technologies in transmission power networks with regard to voltage quality, stability, and capacity constraints. This was done by comparing the simulation results of ASVT(s) penetration on a transmission power network with the constructed Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) curves. The curves were derived from the ABCD parameters of the transmission line under investigation. Results showed that ASVT sub-station technologies can be applicable to any HV transmission line whose voltage level is within the 6% tolerance when the load power factor is varied between 0.2 and unity power factor. Moreover, the Loadability tests carried out showed that ASVT system could be operated within allowable voltage profile, if 1MW at 0.3 to 0.5 power factor lagging load was connected.
Providing an affordable and reliable electricity supply to rural communities is seen by countries round the world as one of the major keys to development. A good quality and stable electricity supply can provide a wide variety of benefits including lighting (allowing evening activities), clean cooking and heating, access to television/radio, telephone (including mobile), improved health (due to example refrigeration), and many small industrial uses. Often this can be provided by extending the main electricity network to the community. However, for remote rural areas the costs involved can be very high. Therefore, Un-conventional Rural Electrification (URE) technologies are thus very relevant, particularly for countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as they have potential to make connection to the electricity network affordable. While such systems are already in use, their penetration level is very low. Hence, if the penetration level of such system in power network increases, what is the effect on power and voltage quality, stability and capacity constraints of the overall system? What are the limiting factors, and how can this limit be determined for any particular rural electrification project. These are some of the major questions that this paper address progressively. The paper investigated the maximum penetration level of sub-station based Auxiliary Service Voltage Transformer (ASVT) technologies in transmission power networks with regard to voltage quality, stability, and capacity constraints. This was done by comparing the simulation results of ASVT(s) penetration on a transmission power network with the constructed Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) curves. The curves were derived from the ABCD parameters of the transmission line under investigation. Results showed that ASVT sub-station technologies can be applicable to any HV transmission line whose voltage level is within the 6% tolerance when the load power factor is varied between 0.2 and unity power factor. Moreover, the Loadability tests carried out showed that ASVT system could be operated within allowable voltage profile, if 1MW at 0.3 to 0.5 power factor lagging load was connected.
Implication of Using Auxiliary Service Voltage Transformer Sub-Stations for Rural Electrification
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-11-19
© Science Publishing Group
Michael Juma Saulo
Charles Trevor Gaunt
Implication of Using Auxiliary Service Voltage Transformer Sub-Stations for Rural Electrification
4
2
11
11
2014-11-19
2014-11-19
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Integrated Electricity Tarrif Model for Kenya
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.19
Tariffs and tariff structures has been changing over a period of time all over the world. This has acted as a key factor which limits development in third world country. This project therefore seeks to detemine the best tarrif model that can be used in kenya to improve on the electricy consumption, the research explores all the factors which affect the costing of electrical energy. The tariff model is developed considering fuel prices, the economic factors such as inflation and the puchasing power of the consmers ,and the other factors asssociated with sytem costs ie capital cost and running costs above all these it seeks to elliminate the electricty energy poverty by encouraging many consumers to connect to the grid. In additon, some recent developments and significant trends in distribution and pricing of the electrical enegy such as pre-paid metering . It is expected that this will help Kenya to develop better tariff structures and more reasonable charging rates. The research uses the data provided by the KPLC to analyse the consumer puchasing trends and and uses the current tarrif sytem as a reference to see how best the power company can supply the energy to the country at a cost which is balanced and which encourages industrial development. The resaerch develops a tarrif model which is gradual in nature and one which excludes the fixed changes but the consumers are charged on a gradual basis where the price will increase with the increase of the Kwh consumed.
Tariffs and tariff structures has been changing over a period of time all over the world. This has acted as a key factor which limits development in third world country. This project therefore seeks to detemine the best tarrif model that can be used in kenya to improve on the electricy consumption, the research explores all the factors which affect the costing of electrical energy. The tariff model is developed considering fuel prices, the economic factors such as inflation and the puchasing power of the consmers ,and the other factors asssociated with sytem costs ie capital cost and running costs above all these it seeks to elliminate the electricty energy poverty by encouraging many consumers to connect to the grid. In additon, some recent developments and significant trends in distribution and pricing of the electrical enegy such as pre-paid metering . It is expected that this will help Kenya to develop better tariff structures and more reasonable charging rates. The research uses the data provided by the KPLC to analyse the consumer puchasing trends and and uses the current tarrif sytem as a reference to see how best the power company can supply the energy to the country at a cost which is balanced and which encourages industrial development. The resaerch develops a tarrif model which is gradual in nature and one which excludes the fixed changes but the consumers are charged on a gradual basis where the price will increase with the increase of the Kwh consumed.
Integrated Electricity Tarrif Model for Kenya
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.19
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Muli Mumo
Michael Saulo
Samuel Kibaara
Integrated Electricity Tarrif Model for Kenya
4
2
98
98
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.19
© Science Publishing Group
Strategic PMU Placement for Stability Enhancement
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.18
This paper explored a novel method for strategic monitoring of a power system to schematically monitor power system variables that are sensitive to transients. The characteristics of a fully developed transient or power swing increase frequency slip rates, generator pole slips, rotor out-of-step etc. whose effects lead to loss of synchronism of coherent generators in a power system. When these occur, the resulting remedy could be load shedding schemes, generator tripping or controlled islanding. Failure to achieve any of these might lead to geographically extensive blackouts and/or the damage of auxiliary power system equipment.This paper looked at the Wide Area Monitoring (WAM) principle, consisting of collection and pre-processing of field data, using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). A data mining exercise was performed purposing to identify strategic positions for PMU placement using the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) algorithm. The logic of CART was therefore also discussed.The proposition of strategic PMU placement as implied by the Decision Tree (DT) model acknowledges that a few PMUs in the power system network are capable of achievingWide Area Protection(WAP)functions.
This paper explored a novel method for strategic monitoring of a power system to schematically monitor power system variables that are sensitive to transients. The characteristics of a fully developed transient or power swing increase frequency slip rates, generator pole slips, rotor out-of-step etc. whose effects lead to loss of synchronism of coherent generators in a power system. When these occur, the resulting remedy could be load shedding schemes, generator tripping or controlled islanding. Failure to achieve any of these might lead to geographically extensive blackouts and/or the damage of auxiliary power system equipment.This paper looked at the Wide Area Monitoring (WAM) principle, consisting of collection and pre-processing of field data, using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). A data mining exercise was performed purposing to identify strategic positions for PMU placement using the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) algorithm. The logic of CART was therefore also discussed.The proposition of strategic PMU placement as implied by the Decision Tree (DT) model acknowledges that a few PMUs in the power system network are capable of achievingWide Area Protection(WAP)functions.
Strategic PMU Placement for Stability Enhancement
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
V. Siyoi
S. Kariuki
M. J. Saulo
Strategic PMU Placement for Stability Enhancement
4
2
94
94
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.18
© Science Publishing Group
Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy System for New Engineering Complex- Technical University of Mombasa
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.17
A hybrid energy system combines multiple types of energy generation in order to meet the demand of the users effectively and efficiently. The Solar-Wind hybrid system consists of electrical energy generated from wind and solar PV systems, it is a valuable method in the transition away from fossil fuel based economies. It capitalizes on existing wind regimes and solar energy available in a particular area or region. It is in public domain that environmental degradation has greatly increased due to the adaptation of fossil fuel driven generators to produce electricity. Power system interruptions and black-outs have posed major threats to most sub-Saharan African Countries. This has negatively affected the operations of industries and universities. Resulting in major losses that cumulatively impact negatively on their economy. The objective of this paper was to analyze and design a solar-wind hybrid system for powering the New Engineering Complex at the Technical University of Mombasa (NEC-TUM). The methodology involved was first to determine the electrical loading of the building in terms of lighting and power loads. The next step was to analyze the wind speed pattern and solar intensity on the roof of the building using RET Screen software. The results obtained and specifications of the components used in the model were fed into HOMER software for simulation purposes. It was found that the optimum mix of wind and photovoltaic power with an electromechanical storage system, with or without fossil fuel generator back up, depends upon the individual sub-systems economics. Furthermore, the hybrid system was able to produce 63.36kWh/day against the 50kWh/day required by the NEC-TUM for lighting and power loads.
A hybrid energy system combines multiple types of energy generation in order to meet the demand of the users effectively and efficiently. The Solar-Wind hybrid system consists of electrical energy generated from wind and solar PV systems, it is a valuable method in the transition away from fossil fuel based economies. It capitalizes on existing wind regimes and solar energy available in a particular area or region. It is in public domain that environmental degradation has greatly increased due to the adaptation of fossil fuel driven generators to produce electricity. Power system interruptions and black-outs have posed major threats to most sub-Saharan African Countries. This has negatively affected the operations of industries and universities. Resulting in major losses that cumulatively impact negatively on their economy. The objective of this paper was to analyze and design a solar-wind hybrid system for powering the New Engineering Complex at the Technical University of Mombasa (NEC-TUM). The methodology involved was first to determine the electrical loading of the building in terms of lighting and power loads. The next step was to analyze the wind speed pattern and solar intensity on the roof of the building using RET Screen software. The results obtained and specifications of the components used in the model were fed into HOMER software for simulation purposes. It was found that the optimum mix of wind and photovoltaic power with an electromechanical storage system, with or without fossil fuel generator back up, depends upon the individual sub-systems economics. Furthermore, the hybrid system was able to produce 63.36kWh/day against the 50kWh/day required by the NEC-TUM for lighting and power loads.
Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy System for New Engineering Complex- Technical University of Mombasa
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Austin Wasonga
Michael Saulo
Victor Odhiambo
Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy System for New Engineering Complex- Technical University of Mombasa
4
2
80
80
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.17
© Science Publishing Group
Power Swing Prediction for Out-of-Step Mitigation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.16
This paper explored the possibility of accurately predicting the classification of developing power swings. The notion of machine learning was employed, and tested the application of Decision Tree (DT) algorithms to wide area power system protection schemes. The novelty of the designed Wide Area Protection (WAP) scheme was portrayed by the WAP’s ability to adaptively and accurately predict the classification of developing successive power swings. DTs being a Data Mining (DM) technique, a transient stability analysis was performed on an IEEE 39 bus test system in Dig SILENT®. The learning sample from the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data was organized and stored in a data base in Microsoft Excel® 2010. The CART analysis and DT model design was done using Salford Predictive Modeller-CART® v6, trial licence. The results of this investigation were quite accurate and gave DT algorithms ‘thumbs-up’ in terms of classification prediction.
This paper explored the possibility of accurately predicting the classification of developing power swings. The notion of machine learning was employed, and tested the application of Decision Tree (DT) algorithms to wide area power system protection schemes. The novelty of the designed Wide Area Protection (WAP) scheme was portrayed by the WAP’s ability to adaptively and accurately predict the classification of developing successive power swings. DTs being a Data Mining (DM) technique, a transient stability analysis was performed on an IEEE 39 bus test system in Dig SILENT®. The learning sample from the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data was organized and stored in a data base in Microsoft Excel® 2010. The CART analysis and DT model design was done using Salford Predictive Modeller-CART® v6, trial licence. The results of this investigation were quite accurate and gave DT algorithms ‘thumbs-up’ in terms of classification prediction.
Power Swing Prediction for Out-of-Step Mitigation
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
V. Siyoi
S. Kariuki
M. J. Saulo
Power Swing Prediction for Out-of-Step Mitigation
4
2
72
72
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.16
© Science Publishing Group
The Impacts of Distributed Generation Using High Speed Wind Turbines on Power System Transient Stability
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.15
Wind power generation source differs in several respects from conventional sources of energy like hydro and thermal. Furthermore, wind generators are usually based on different generator technologies other than the conventional synchronous generators. The stochastic nature of wind, makes it very difficult to control the generator power output. Most wind turbines are based on induction generators which consume reactive power just like induction motors during system contingency, which in turn deteriorates the local grid stability. This paper proposes to study and analyze the impact of distributed generation using high speed wind turbines on power systems transient stability. This is achieved using a simplified model of the IEEE 30 bus system which replicates the Kenyan grid system. The base line case simulations were carried out using Dig SILENT Power factory version 14.0 software and results recorded. Thereafter, a Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) model was integrated to the system and various faults introduced in the system. The results showed that, the addition of the DFIGs to a power system network, does not negatively affect the stability of the system. It was evident that even with increased penetration of wind power up to 10.2%, the system showed a high degree of transient stability. Consequently, from the simulation results, as the system approaches stability, the swings are more or less of equal magnitude. As the penetration level of DFIGs increased from 0% to 10.2%, the critical clearing time also increased. This clearly shows that the transient stability of the power system is improved by DFIG penetration in the power network.
Wind power generation source differs in several respects from conventional sources of energy like hydro and thermal. Furthermore, wind generators are usually based on different generator technologies other than the conventional synchronous generators. The stochastic nature of wind, makes it very difficult to control the generator power output. Most wind turbines are based on induction generators which consume reactive power just like induction motors during system contingency, which in turn deteriorates the local grid stability. This paper proposes to study and analyze the impact of distributed generation using high speed wind turbines on power systems transient stability. This is achieved using a simplified model of the IEEE 30 bus system which replicates the Kenyan grid system. The base line case simulations were carried out using Dig SILENT Power factory version 14.0 software and results recorded. Thereafter, a Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) model was integrated to the system and various faults introduced in the system. The results showed that, the addition of the DFIGs to a power system network, does not negatively affect the stability of the system. It was evident that even with increased penetration of wind power up to 10.2%, the system showed a high degree of transient stability. Consequently, from the simulation results, as the system approaches stability, the swings are more or less of equal magnitude. As the penetration level of DFIGs increased from 0% to 10.2%, the critical clearing time also increased. This clearly shows that the transient stability of the power system is improved by DFIG penetration in the power network.
The Impacts of Distributed Generation Using High Speed Wind Turbines on Power System Transient Stability
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Annastacia Maina
Michael J. Saulo
The Impacts of Distributed Generation Using High Speed Wind Turbines on Power System Transient Stability
4
2
62
62
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.15
© Science Publishing Group
Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.14
With the world’s energy demand increasing by the day, carbon dioxide emission rate also increases due to the dependency on fossil fuels for energy production. Several attempts have been made to reduce the dependence fossil fuels but to date coal is still a major energy resource used worldwide. The main focus of this paper is to investigate aspects with regard to the generation of energy by the use of biogas in terms of the economic, technological and environmental factors associated with the generation process.
With the world’s energy demand increasing by the day, carbon dioxide emission rate also increases due to the dependency on fossil fuels for energy production. Several attempts have been made to reduce the dependence fossil fuels but to date coal is still a major energy resource used worldwide. The main focus of this paper is to investigate aspects with regard to the generation of energy by the use of biogas in terms of the economic, technological and environmental factors associated with the generation process.
Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
S. Kariuki
V. Siyoi
L. Mogaka
M. J. Saulo
J. Maroko
Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
4
2
51
51
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.14
© Science Publishing Group
Thermal Analysis of a CSP-Biogas Hybrid Power Plant
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.13
As the energy costs continue to rise steadily, researchers are looking for alternative sources of energy to meet the rising demand for sustainable energy. Finding an inexpensive and reliable energy generation technology is a big challenge both in developed and developing countries. Innovation and invention of new technologies, mass production and economies of scale will together enable a reduction in the cost of solar electricity to levels comparable with other electricity generating sources. Solar energy producers can increase their energy production by creating solar thermal hybrids by using concentrating solar thermal hybrids together with other energy sources like coal, biomass, oil, gas, geothermal and others. The performance of concentrating solar thermal power is limited by the availability of the sun and the design. The first solution is the hybridization of the solar power plants with fossil backup systems. For this case the fossil is used as a fuel to help meet the desired energy output of the system. Hybrid concepts are most suitable for utility application since they offer high power availability during peak and base loads operation. The hybrid model is assumed to be operated exclusively on renewable energy and net production of carbon dioxide.
As the energy costs continue to rise steadily, researchers are looking for alternative sources of energy to meet the rising demand for sustainable energy. Finding an inexpensive and reliable energy generation technology is a big challenge both in developed and developing countries. Innovation and invention of new technologies, mass production and economies of scale will together enable a reduction in the cost of solar electricity to levels comparable with other electricity generating sources. Solar energy producers can increase their energy production by creating solar thermal hybrids by using concentrating solar thermal hybrids together with other energy sources like coal, biomass, oil, gas, geothermal and others. The performance of concentrating solar thermal power is limited by the availability of the sun and the design. The first solution is the hybridization of the solar power plants with fossil backup systems. For this case the fossil is used as a fuel to help meet the desired energy output of the system. Hybrid concepts are most suitable for utility application since they offer high power availability during peak and base loads operation. The hybrid model is assumed to be operated exclusively on renewable energy and net production of carbon dioxide.
Thermal Analysis of a CSP-Biogas Hybrid Power Plant
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
S. Kariuki
V. Siyoi
L. Mogaka
M. J. Saulo
J. Maroko
Thermal Analysis of a CSP-Biogas Hybrid Power Plant
4
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41
41
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.13
© Science Publishing Group
The Impact of Capacitor Coupled Sub-Station in Rural Electrification of Sub-Saharan Africa
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.12
The overall electricity access rate is still very low in most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The rate is even lower in rural areas where most of the population in these countries lives. One of the main obstacles to rural electrification (RE) is the high cost of laying the distribution infrastructure owing to the dispersed nature of loads and low demand. Thus, electrifying the rural areas needs to be considered holistically and not just on the financial viability. To reduce cost, it is important that un-conventional rural electrification (URE) technologies, which are cheaper than the conventional ones be explored. This paper investigates the adoptability and maximum penetration level of sub-station based URE i.e. Capacitor Coupled Sub-station (CCS) technologies in power transmission networks with regard to voltage quality, stability, and capacity constraints without steady and transient state voltage violation. Quantitative data collected from practical power transmission lines in Kenya were used for empirical and analytical approaches developed in this research. The paper developed a method of determining maximum allowable penetration level of CCS without steady state voltage violation derived from a modified distributed generation analogy. The method was based on determination of voltage sensitivities from linearized power system model. Consequently, this method was used to validate repetitive power flow simulations carried out in the case studies.
The overall electricity access rate is still very low in most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The rate is even lower in rural areas where most of the population in these countries lives. One of the main obstacles to rural electrification (RE) is the high cost of laying the distribution infrastructure owing to the dispersed nature of loads and low demand. Thus, electrifying the rural areas needs to be considered holistically and not just on the financial viability. To reduce cost, it is important that un-conventional rural electrification (URE) technologies, which are cheaper than the conventional ones be explored. This paper investigates the adoptability and maximum penetration level of sub-station based URE i.e. Capacitor Coupled Sub-station (CCS) technologies in power transmission networks with regard to voltage quality, stability, and capacity constraints without steady and transient state voltage violation. Quantitative data collected from practical power transmission lines in Kenya were used for empirical and analytical approaches developed in this research. The paper developed a method of determining maximum allowable penetration level of CCS without steady state voltage violation derived from a modified distributed generation analogy. The method was based on determination of voltage sensitivities from linearized power system model. Consequently, this method was used to validate repetitive power flow simulations carried out in the case studies.
The Impact of Capacitor Coupled Sub-Station in Rural Electrification of Sub-Saharan Africa
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2014-12-27
© Science Publishing Group
Michael Juma Saulo
Charles Trevor Gaunt
The Impact of Capacitor Coupled Sub-Station in Rural Electrification of Sub-Saharan Africa
4
2
29
29
2014-12-27
2014-12-27
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040201.12
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development and Suggestions for China
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.11
The Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development is a typical case in Africa. The two states are located in Gulf of Guinea, where delimitation disputes inside are serious and oil competitions among western developed countries outside are fierce, the Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development is carried out on this background. About the implement, several factors play a positive role: stable bilateral relations, adjustments of domestic policies and the establishment of Gulf of Guinea Commission; but oil steal and outside intervention are negative factors. About the content, many special provisions, such as Proportion, Management, Petroleum Development Contracts and Disputes Settlement are contained in joint development agreement. However, there are still some problems unsolved: unequal status of the two states, lack of information sharing mechanism and supervision mechanism, multinational corporations’ monopoly. China should learn from it, deepen mutual understanding and mutual trust with countries nearby to promote joint development in South China Sea.
The Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development is a typical case in Africa. The two states are located in Gulf of Guinea, where delimitation disputes inside are serious and oil competitions among western developed countries outside are fierce, the Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development is carried out on this background. About the implement, several factors play a positive role: stable bilateral relations, adjustments of domestic policies and the establishment of Gulf of Guinea Commission; but oil steal and outside intervention are negative factors. About the content, many special provisions, such as Proportion, Management, Petroleum Development Contracts and Disputes Settlement are contained in joint development agreement. However, there are still some problems unsolved: unequal status of the two states, lack of information sharing mechanism and supervision mechanism, multinational corporations’ monopoly. China should learn from it, deepen mutual understanding and mutual trust with countries nearby to promote joint development in South China Sea.
Analysis of Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development and Suggestions for China
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-05-01
© Science Publishing Group
Huang Wen-bo
Analysis of Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development and Suggestions for China
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128
128
2015-05-01
2015-05-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.11
© Science Publishing Group
Simulation and Modelling of a Turbocharged Compression Ignition Engine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.12
The increase in fuel price is constraining car manufacturers to produce highly efficient engines with more regulations in terms of pollutant emissions. The increasing complexity of modern engines has rendered the prototyping phase long and expensive. This is where engine modeling becomes in the recent years extremely useful and can be used as an indispensable tool when developing new engine concepts. This study deals with the numerical simulation and performance prediction of a turbocharged diesel engine with direct injection. To predict the engine performances, we developed a computer program for simulating the operation of a turbocharged diesel engine, and used the commercial GT-Power software to validate the simulation results. In this work we carried out a comparative study of indicated mean effective pressure, mean effective pressure, power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption obtained by the analytical model for thermodynamic cycle simulation of a turbocharged diesel engine with the computer program developed in the language FORTRAN and those with the GT-Power software. The language FORTRAN program developed is currently used in the course of modeling and simulation of engine performance.
The increase in fuel price is constraining car manufacturers to produce highly efficient engines with more regulations in terms of pollutant emissions. The increasing complexity of modern engines has rendered the prototyping phase long and expensive. This is where engine modeling becomes in the recent years extremely useful and can be used as an indispensable tool when developing new engine concepts. This study deals with the numerical simulation and performance prediction of a turbocharged diesel engine with direct injection. To predict the engine performances, we developed a computer program for simulating the operation of a turbocharged diesel engine, and used the commercial GT-Power software to validate the simulation results. In this work we carried out a comparative study of indicated mean effective pressure, mean effective pressure, power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption obtained by the analytical model for thermodynamic cycle simulation of a turbocharged diesel engine with the computer program developed in the language FORTRAN and those with the GT-Power software. The language FORTRAN program developed is currently used in the course of modeling and simulation of engine performance.
Simulation and Modelling of a Turbocharged Compression Ignition Engine
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Brahim Menacer
Mostefa Bouchetara
Simulation and Modelling of a Turbocharged Compression Ignition Engine
4
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145
145
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.12
© Science Publishing Group
PMSG Based Wind Energy Conversion with Space Vector Modulation
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.13
Space Vector Modulation (SVM) based Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme is used for a variable –speed direct drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) in a wind power generation system. SVM Provides more flexibility for inverter voltage utilization, in order to compensate the torque and flux errors in a smoother way than conventional DTC. SVM based DTC maintains constant switching frequency and it can be applied using closed loop torque control, for minimization of torque ripple. Over the conventional Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), PMSG has several advantages. The PMSG based on Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) can be connected to the turbine without gearbox. The gearbox causes in the cost of maintenance, and then it will decrease the weight of the nacelle. Additionally, the generators have a better efficiency and have been slightly cheaper. This provides maximum flexibility, enabling full real and reactive power control. The SVM-DTC regulated PMSG wind turbine can achieve fast torque response, relatively low torque ripples, and extracts the maximum power. The effectiveness of the SVM-DTC control scheme for PMSG has been demonstrated by MATLAB simulation.
Space Vector Modulation (SVM) based Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme is used for a variable –speed direct drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) in a wind power generation system. SVM Provides more flexibility for inverter voltage utilization, in order to compensate the torque and flux errors in a smoother way than conventional DTC. SVM based DTC maintains constant switching frequency and it can be applied using closed loop torque control, for minimization of torque ripple. Over the conventional Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), PMSG has several advantages. The PMSG based on Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) can be connected to the turbine without gearbox. The gearbox causes in the cost of maintenance, and then it will decrease the weight of the nacelle. Additionally, the generators have a better efficiency and have been slightly cheaper. This provides maximum flexibility, enabling full real and reactive power control. The SVM-DTC regulated PMSG wind turbine can achieve fast torque response, relatively low torque ripples, and extracts the maximum power. The effectiveness of the SVM-DTC control scheme for PMSG has been demonstrated by MATLAB simulation.
PMSG Based Wind Energy Conversion with Space Vector Modulation
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
M. Magesh Kumar
R. Sundareswaran
PMSG Based Wind Energy Conversion with Space Vector Modulation
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152
152
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.13
© Science Publishing Group
Multi Objective Dynamic Economic Dispatch with Cubic Cost Functions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.14
The formulation and solution of the Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED) problem is one of the key disciplines in modern power system operation, planning, operation and control. Past researches have considered DED on Quadratic Cost Functions (QCF), with only few works considering higher order cost functions which are more accurate. The Static Economic Dispatch (SED) has been widely tackled in past researches, however, it is the DED problem that represents a real life power system. There is need to review this problem and establish a more practical formulation of the same taking into consideration all the objectives and constraints possible. The methods used in the solution of DED problem have evolved from the traditional deterministic ones, to the pure heuristic, and finally to the state of the heart hybrids. The hybrids methods have been developed to exalt the strengths and improve the weaknesses of the base method. Such optimisation methods need to be reviewed and classified. This paper will do an in depth review of the DED problem on both quadratic and cubic cost functions. Further it will provide a detailed classification of the methods used to solve the problem as its complexity increases. Consequently, three method Hybrids is the way go as far as the solution of the cubic Multi Objective DED (MODED) with five objectives is concerned.
The formulation and solution of the Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED) problem is one of the key disciplines in modern power system operation, planning, operation and control. Past researches have considered DED on Quadratic Cost Functions (QCF), with only few works considering higher order cost functions which are more accurate. The Static Economic Dispatch (SED) has been widely tackled in past researches, however, it is the DED problem that represents a real life power system. There is need to review this problem and establish a more practical formulation of the same taking into consideration all the objectives and constraints possible. The methods used in the solution of DED problem have evolved from the traditional deterministic ones, to the pure heuristic, and finally to the state of the heart hybrids. The hybrids methods have been developed to exalt the strengths and improve the weaknesses of the base method. Such optimisation methods need to be reviewed and classified. This paper will do an in depth review of the DED problem on both quadratic and cubic cost functions. Further it will provide a detailed classification of the methods used to solve the problem as its complexity increases. Consequently, three method Hybrids is the way go as far as the solution of the cubic Multi Objective DED (MODED) with five objectives is concerned.
Multi Objective Dynamic Economic Dispatch with Cubic Cost Functions
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-05-15
© Science Publishing Group
Moses Peter Musau
Nicodemus Odero Abungu
Cyrus Wabuge Wekesa
Multi Objective Dynamic Economic Dispatch with Cubic Cost Functions
4
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167
167
2015-05-15
2015-05-15
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.14
© Science Publishing Group
Study on the Experiments and the Numerical Analysis of Exchange Flow Behavior in the Unstably Stratified Field
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.16
In the flow mechanism of unstably stratified field, occurs after Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Buoyancy-driven exchange flows were investigated the helium-air flow in the vertical narrow pathway between upper air chamber and lower helium chamber. Exchange flows may occur following the opening of a window for ventilation, when fire breaks out in a room, as well as when a pipe ruptures in a high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor. The numerical analysis and experiment in this paper was carried out in a test chamber filled with helium and the flow was visualized using the smoke wire method. The flow behavior was recorded by a high-speed camera combined with a computer system. The image of the flow was transferred to digital data, and the flow velocity was measured by PTV and PIV software. The mass fraction in the test chamber was measured using electronic balance. The detected data was arranged by the densimetric Froude number of the exchange flow rate derived from the dimensional analysis. A method of mass increment was developed and applied to measure the exchange flow rate. As the result, it is revealed that three dimensional structure of counter current exchange flow in the narrow flow path such as rotation and circulation flows by the optical system, mass inclement method and numerical analysis of moving particle method as well as HSMAC method.
In the flow mechanism of unstably stratified field, occurs after Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Buoyancy-driven exchange flows were investigated the helium-air flow in the vertical narrow pathway between upper air chamber and lower helium chamber. Exchange flows may occur following the opening of a window for ventilation, when fire breaks out in a room, as well as when a pipe ruptures in a high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor. The numerical analysis and experiment in this paper was carried out in a test chamber filled with helium and the flow was visualized using the smoke wire method. The flow behavior was recorded by a high-speed camera combined with a computer system. The image of the flow was transferred to digital data, and the flow velocity was measured by PTV and PIV software. The mass fraction in the test chamber was measured using electronic balance. The detected data was arranged by the densimetric Froude number of the exchange flow rate derived from the dimensional analysis. A method of mass increment was developed and applied to measure the exchange flow rate. As the result, it is revealed that three dimensional structure of counter current exchange flow in the narrow flow path such as rotation and circulation flows by the optical system, mass inclement method and numerical analysis of moving particle method as well as HSMAC method.
Study on the Experiments and the Numerical Analysis of Exchange Flow Behavior in the Unstably Stratified Field
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Motoo Fumizawa
Yoshiharu Saito
Naoya Uchiyama
Takahiro Nakayama
Study on the Experiments and the Numerical Analysis of Exchange Flow Behavior in the Unstably Stratified Field
4
3
183
183
2015-06-19
2015-06-19
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.16
© Science Publishing Group
Performance Characteristics of Automotive Air Conditioning System with Refrigerant R134a and Its Alternatives
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.15
In this paper, the thermal performance characteristics of automotive air conditioning are carried out. Experimental analysis of R134a automotive air conditioning system with variable speed compressor is investigated. The purpose is to present a clear view on the effect of compressor speed, and condensing temperature on the thermal characteristics of automotive air conditioning. This study is exteneded theoritcally to cover more alternatives of the current R134a due to its impact of the Global Warming Potential GWP. The possibility of using low-GWP refrigerants of R152a, R1234yf, and R1234ze as alternatives to R134a in automotive air conditioning has been assessed. The refrigerants are investigated over a wide range of condensing temperature, evaporating temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate. The assessment is accomplished with cooling capacity, compressor power, coefficient of performance, pressure ratio, and condenser load. The results indicated that, the refrigerant R1234yf is much more environmentally accepted and has the best thermal performance among all investigated refrigerants.
In this paper, the thermal performance characteristics of automotive air conditioning are carried out. Experimental analysis of R134a automotive air conditioning system with variable speed compressor is investigated. The purpose is to present a clear view on the effect of compressor speed, and condensing temperature on the thermal characteristics of automotive air conditioning. This study is exteneded theoritcally to cover more alternatives of the current R134a due to its impact of the Global Warming Potential GWP. The possibility of using low-GWP refrigerants of R152a, R1234yf, and R1234ze as alternatives to R134a in automotive air conditioning has been assessed. The refrigerants are investigated over a wide range of condensing temperature, evaporating temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate. The assessment is accomplished with cooling capacity, compressor power, coefficient of performance, pressure ratio, and condenser load. The results indicated that, the refrigerant R1234yf is much more environmentally accepted and has the best thermal performance among all investigated refrigerants.
Performance Characteristics of Automotive Air Conditioning System with Refrigerant R134a and Its Alternatives
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-06-19
© Science Publishing Group
Abdalla Gomaa
Performance Characteristics of Automotive Air Conditioning System with Refrigerant R134a and Its Alternatives
4
3
177
177
2015-06-19
2015-06-19
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.15
© Science Publishing Group
Energy Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness of Solar Water Heaters
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.17
There are different opinions on the question of energy and economic efficiency of solar water heaters. Some researchers believe in high effectiveness of solar water heater application while others questions their cost effectiveness. In this arti¬cle detailed investigations have been accomplished to discover energy and economic real efficien¬cy of different types of solar water heaters on the base of suggested procedure for their real payback periods determination. It’s proved that flat type solar water heater has much longer payback than newly suggested cylindrical shell and tube type solar water heater.
There are different opinions on the question of energy and economic efficiency of solar water heaters. Some researchers believe in high effectiveness of solar water heater application while others questions their cost effectiveness. In this arti¬cle detailed investigations have been accomplished to discover energy and economic real efficien¬cy of different types of solar water heaters on the base of suggested procedure for their real payback periods determination. It’s proved that flat type solar water heater has much longer payback than newly suggested cylindrical shell and tube type solar water heater.
Energy Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness of Solar Water Heaters
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-06-25
© Science Publishing Group
Zohrab Melikyan
Energy Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness of Solar Water Heaters
4
3
188
188
2015-06-25
2015-06-25
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150403.17
© Science Publishing Group
Thermo-Economic Analysis of Gas Turbines Power Plants with Cooled Air Intake
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.13
Gas turbine (GT) power plants operating in arid climates suffer from a decrease in power output during the hot summer months. Cooling the intake air enables the operators to mitigate this shortcoming. In this study, an energy analysis of a GT Brayton cycle coupled to a refrigeration cycle shows a promise of increasing the power output with a slight decrease in thermal efficiency. A thermo-economic algorithm is also developed and applied to the Hitachi MS700 GT open cycle plant at the industrial city of Yanbu, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (latitude 2405” N and longitude 38 E). The results show that the power output enhancement depends on the degree of chilling the air intake to the compressor. Moreover, maximum power gain ratio is 15.46% whilst a slight decrease in thermal efficiency is of 12.25% for this case study. The study estimates the cost of the needed air cooling system. The cost function takes into consideration the time-dependent meteorological data, operation characteristics of the GT and air cooler, the operation and maintenance costs, interest rate, and lifetime. The study also evaluates the profit of adding the air cooling system for different electricity tariff.
Gas turbine (GT) power plants operating in arid climates suffer from a decrease in power output during the hot summer months. Cooling the intake air enables the operators to mitigate this shortcoming. In this study, an energy analysis of a GT Brayton cycle coupled to a refrigeration cycle shows a promise of increasing the power output with a slight decrease in thermal efficiency. A thermo-economic algorithm is also developed and applied to the Hitachi MS700 GT open cycle plant at the industrial city of Yanbu, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (latitude 2405” N and longitude 38 E). The results show that the power output enhancement depends on the degree of chilling the air intake to the compressor. Moreover, maximum power gain ratio is 15.46% whilst a slight decrease in thermal efficiency is of 12.25% for this case study. The study estimates the cost of the needed air cooling system. The cost function takes into consideration the time-dependent meteorological data, operation characteristics of the GT and air cooler, the operation and maintenance costs, interest rate, and lifetime. The study also evaluates the profit of adding the air cooling system for different electricity tariff.
Thermo-Economic Analysis of Gas Turbines Power Plants with Cooled Air Intake
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-07-17
© Science Publishing Group
Rahim Jassim
Galal Zaki
Badr Habeebullah
Majed Alhazmy
Thermo-Economic Analysis of Gas Turbines Power Plants with Cooled Air Intake
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4
215
215
2015-07-17
2015-07-17
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.13
© Science Publishing Group
Optimum Design of Penstock for Hydro Projects
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.14
Penstock, a closed conduit, is an important component of hydropower projects. Various methods are available for optimum design of penstock. These methods are either based on empirical relations or derived analytically by optimizing the friction loss in the penstock. These formulae produce different values of penstock diameter for same site. In this study, formulae available for penstock design have been compared to review their suitability. A new method has been developed for the optimum design of penstock based on minimizing the total head loss comprising of friction and other losses. By using new developed method, diameter and annual cost of penstocks for few Hydro Electric plants of varying capacity have been worked out and reduction in annual cost of penstocks have been found in comparison to penstock cost for these projects.
Penstock, a closed conduit, is an important component of hydropower projects. Various methods are available for optimum design of penstock. These methods are either based on empirical relations or derived analytically by optimizing the friction loss in the penstock. These formulae produce different values of penstock diameter for same site. In this study, formulae available for penstock design have been compared to review their suitability. A new method has been developed for the optimum design of penstock based on minimizing the total head loss comprising of friction and other losses. By using new developed method, diameter and annual cost of penstocks for few Hydro Electric plants of varying capacity have been worked out and reduction in annual cost of penstocks have been found in comparison to penstock cost for these projects.
Optimum Design of Penstock for Hydro Projects
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-07-29
© Science Publishing Group
Singhal M. K.
Arun Kumar
Optimum Design of Penstock for Hydro Projects
4
4
226
226
2015-07-29
2015-07-29
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.14
© Science Publishing Group
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Tilt Angle on the Dust Photovoltaic Module
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.15
This research paper investigate the effect of tilt angle on the accumulation of dust PV module on energy production and presents a module for predicting soiling losses for eight different tilt angle (00, 50,11.60,150,21.50,250,300 and 350) including the latitude of Bahir Dar city (11.60) and 21.50tilt angle of 10Kw hybrid solar power plant PV module which is currently installed in Bahir Dar university. The study has shown that during the experimental investigation period there was total loss of insolation due to soiling was 32.32% and 4.8KWh/m2 total energy has been absorbed at 0° tilt angle. Modules at 11.6° and 21.5° tilt angles the total insolation loss were 21.92% and 16.78% respectively since it has been covered with dust. Approximately both modules have 5.3KWh/m2 of energy has been absorbed. However, at 250 tilt angle had a least insolation loss and largest amount of energy absorbed when compared to the remaining seven different tilt angles; it has only 10.77% of insolation loss and 5.7KWh/m2 of energy has been absorbed. The remaining tilt angles of 5°, 15°, 30° and 35° the total insolation loss were 25.45%, 19.08%, 14.20%, and 12.54% respectively, and also the total energy of 5.08KWh/m2, 5.52KWh/m2, 5.2KWh/m2 and 4.59 KWh/m2 were absorbed respectively. Thus, soiling effect has present at any tilt angle, but the magnitude is evident: the flatter the solar module is placed the more energy it will lose.
This research paper investigate the effect of tilt angle on the accumulation of dust PV module on energy production and presents a module for predicting soiling losses for eight different tilt angle (00, 50,11.60,150,21.50,250,300 and 350) including the latitude of Bahir Dar city (11.60) and 21.50tilt angle of 10Kw hybrid solar power plant PV module which is currently installed in Bahir Dar university. The study has shown that during the experimental investigation period there was total loss of insolation due to soiling was 32.32% and 4.8KWh/m2 total energy has been absorbed at 0° tilt angle. Modules at 11.6° and 21.5° tilt angles the total insolation loss were 21.92% and 16.78% respectively since it has been covered with dust. Approximately both modules have 5.3KWh/m2 of energy has been absorbed. However, at 250 tilt angle had a least insolation loss and largest amount of energy absorbed when compared to the remaining seven different tilt angles; it has only 10.77% of insolation loss and 5.7KWh/m2 of energy has been absorbed. The remaining tilt angles of 5°, 15°, 30° and 35° the total insolation loss were 25.45%, 19.08%, 14.20%, and 12.54% respectively, and also the total energy of 5.08KWh/m2, 5.52KWh/m2, 5.2KWh/m2 and 4.59 KWh/m2 were absorbed respectively. Thus, soiling effect has present at any tilt angle, but the magnitude is evident: the flatter the solar module is placed the more energy it will lose.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Tilt Angle on the Dust Photovoltaic Module
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-08-01
© Science Publishing Group
Tariku Negash
Tassew Tadiwose
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Tilt Angle on the Dust Photovoltaic Module
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4
231
231
2015-08-01
2015-08-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.15
© Science Publishing Group
A Review of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithms for Optimal Distributed Generation Placement
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.16
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has became one of the most popular optimization methods in the domain of Swarm Intelligence. Many PSO algorithms have been proposed for distributed generations (DGs) deployed into grids for quality power delivery and reliability to consumers. These can only be achieved by placing the DG units at optimal locations. This made DG planning problem solution to be of two steps namely, finding the optimal placement bus in the distribution system as well as optimal sizing of the DG. This paper reviews some of the PSO and hybrids of PSO Algorithms formulated for DG placement being one of the meta-heuristic optimization methods that fits stochastic optimization problems. The review has shown that PSO Algorithms are very efficient in handling the DG placement and sizing problems.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has became one of the most popular optimization methods in the domain of Swarm Intelligence. Many PSO algorithms have been proposed for distributed generations (DGs) deployed into grids for quality power delivery and reliability to consumers. These can only be achieved by placing the DG units at optimal locations. This made DG planning problem solution to be of two steps namely, finding the optimal placement bus in the distribution system as well as optimal sizing of the DG. This paper reviews some of the PSO and hybrids of PSO Algorithms formulated for DG placement being one of the meta-heuristic optimization methods that fits stochastic optimization problems. The review has shown that PSO Algorithms are very efficient in handling the DG placement and sizing problems.
A Review of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithms for Optimal Distributed Generation Placement
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-08-06
© Science Publishing Group
Musa H.
Ibrahim S. B.
A Review of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithms for Optimal Distributed Generation Placement
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239
239
2015-08-06
2015-08-06
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.16
© Science Publishing Group
Thermal Analysis for an Ultra High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor with Pebble Type Fuels
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.11
This study presents a predictive thermal-hydraulic analysis with packed spheres in a nuclear gas-cooled reactor core. The predictive analysis considering the effects of high power density and the some porosity value were applied as a design condition for an Ultra High Temperature Reactor (UHTR). The thermal-hydraulic computer code was developed and identified as PEBTEMP. The highest outlet coolant temperature of 1316 oC was achieved in the case of an UHTREX at LASL, which was a small scale UHTR using hollow-rod as a fuel element. In the present study, the fuel was changed to a pebble type, a porous media. Several calculation based on HTGR-GT300 through GT600 were 4.8 w/cm3 through 9.6 w/cm3, respectively. As a result, the relation between the fuel temperature and the power density was obtained under the different system pressure and coolant outlet temperature. Finally, available design conditions are selected.
This study presents a predictive thermal-hydraulic analysis with packed spheres in a nuclear gas-cooled reactor core. The predictive analysis considering the effects of high power density and the some porosity value were applied as a design condition for an Ultra High Temperature Reactor (UHTR). The thermal-hydraulic computer code was developed and identified as PEBTEMP. The highest outlet coolant temperature of 1316 oC was achieved in the case of an UHTREX at LASL, which was a small scale UHTR using hollow-rod as a fuel element. In the present study, the fuel was changed to a pebble type, a porous media. Several calculation based on HTGR-GT300 through GT600 were 4.8 w/cm3 through 9.6 w/cm3, respectively. As a result, the relation between the fuel temperature and the power density was obtained under the different system pressure and coolant outlet temperature. Finally, available design conditions are selected.
Thermal Analysis for an Ultra High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor with Pebble Type Fuels
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-07-01
© Science Publishing Group
Motoo Fumizawa
Naoya Uchiyama
Takahiro Nakayama
Thermal Analysis for an Ultra High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor with Pebble Type Fuels
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196
196
2015-07-01
2015-07-01
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.11
© Science Publishing Group
Municipal Solid Waste as Sustainable Energy Source for Brazil
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.12
Depositing municipal solid waste (MSW) in dumps has provoked serious impacts in Brazil in the last decades because of the gas and liquid effluents which contaminate the soil and underground water resources in addition to emitting greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere. To mitigate these impacts, this paper presents proposals for treatment of solid waste by recycling, incineration and biodigestion with the objective of showing the decision makers that solid waste is not a problem and can be a solution as a source of renewable energy. The results of the study show that the MSW proposed treatments represent a forward march for sustainability and environment preservation. The biological treatment option can produce about 221.7 GWh/month or energy enough for 1.26 million homes. The incineration treatment option can produce energy of about 2902.6 GWh/month. The generated ash of about 10% can be used for manufacturing bricks, biofuels and other products. In addition, in all processes CO2 emissions are significantly reduced.
Depositing municipal solid waste (MSW) in dumps has provoked serious impacts in Brazil in the last decades because of the gas and liquid effluents which contaminate the soil and underground water resources in addition to emitting greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere. To mitigate these impacts, this paper presents proposals for treatment of solid waste by recycling, incineration and biodigestion with the objective of showing the decision makers that solid waste is not a problem and can be a solution as a source of renewable energy. The results of the study show that the MSW proposed treatments represent a forward march for sustainability and environment preservation. The biological treatment option can produce about 221.7 GWh/month or energy enough for 1.26 million homes. The incineration treatment option can produce energy of about 2902.6 GWh/month. The generated ash of about 10% can be used for manufacturing bricks, biofuels and other products. In addition, in all processes CO2 emissions are significantly reduced.
Municipal Solid Waste as Sustainable Energy Source for Brazil
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Fátima Aparecida de Morais Lino
Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail
Municipal Solid Waste as Sustainable Energy Source for Brazil
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204
204
2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150404.12
© Science Publishing Group
A Co-Integration Analysis Between Electricity Consumption and Economic Development in Hebei Province
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.11
Electricity is a convenient and clean energy which can provide strong support for the development of all walks of life. The power development should maintain coordination with the regional economic development, in which power development may advance sometimes. Hebei province is a typical resource-based area in China, and its power consumption is closely related to economic development, which makes it important to study the relationship between electricity and economic development in Hebei. In order to select the economic factors affecting electricity demand, the gray correlation analysis is used to analyse the correlation among different factors. And then, a long-term equilibrium model between electricity consumption and economic factors is proposed through co-integration analysis. The analysis result showed that the electricity consumption, GDP, the level of residential consumption, efficiency levels and economic structures have a long-run equilibrium relationship in Hebei Province, in which the economic structure has the strongest impact on the electricity consumption, followed by GDP, energy consumption intensity and the residential consumption level. Currently, the impact of the economic restructuring on electricity demand in Hebei cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, this model can be used to give a reference to Hebei Electric Power Planning.
Electricity is a convenient and clean energy which can provide strong support for the development of all walks of life. The power development should maintain coordination with the regional economic development, in which power development may advance sometimes. Hebei province is a typical resource-based area in China, and its power consumption is closely related to economic development, which makes it important to study the relationship between electricity and economic development in Hebei. In order to select the economic factors affecting electricity demand, the gray correlation analysis is used to analyse the correlation among different factors. And then, a long-term equilibrium model between electricity consumption and economic factors is proposed through co-integration analysis. The analysis result showed that the electricity consumption, GDP, the level of residential consumption, efficiency levels and economic structures have a long-run equilibrium relationship in Hebei Province, in which the economic structure has the strongest impact on the electricity consumption, followed by GDP, energy consumption intensity and the residential consumption level. Currently, the impact of the economic restructuring on electricity demand in Hebei cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, this model can be used to give a reference to Hebei Electric Power Planning.
A Co-Integration Analysis Between Electricity Consumption and Economic Development in Hebei Province
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-07-15
© Science Publishing Group
Huiru Zhao
Yaowen Fan
Nana Li
Fuqiang Li
Yuou Hu
A Co-Integration Analysis Between Electricity Consumption and Economic Development in Hebei Province
4
4
6
6
2015-07-15
2015-07-15
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.11
© Science Publishing Group
Decomposition of Electricity Consumption Intensity of High Energy-consuming Industries in Shanxi Province Based on LMDI Method
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.12
In this paper, the electricity consumption intensity of the high energy-consuming industries in Shanxi province from2007 -2012 is decomposed based on LMDI method, in which the affecting factors involve structure effect and intensity effect. The results show that the structure adjustment of Shanxi province is the main driver which declines the electricity consumption intensity for high energy-consuming industries. For most industries, the structure effect declines the intensity with a high contribution proportion. Meanwhile, the contribution proportions of efficiency effect for most industries are less than the corresponding structure effect. The totla effect of each high energy-consuming industry is shown in table 4, in which the totoal effect of Non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry is relative higher than other industries, and the effect of Black metal smelting and rolling processing industry is just smaller than it.
In this paper, the electricity consumption intensity of the high energy-consuming industries in Shanxi province from2007 -2012 is decomposed based on LMDI method, in which the affecting factors involve structure effect and intensity effect. The results show that the structure adjustment of Shanxi province is the main driver which declines the electricity consumption intensity for high energy-consuming industries. For most industries, the structure effect declines the intensity with a high contribution proportion. Meanwhile, the contribution proportions of efficiency effect for most industries are less than the corresponding structure effect. The totla effect of each high energy-consuming industry is shown in table 4, in which the totoal effect of Non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry is relative higher than other industries, and the effect of Black metal smelting and rolling processing industry is just smaller than it.
Decomposition of Electricity Consumption Intensity of High Energy-consuming Industries in Shanxi Province Based on LMDI Method
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-07-15
© Science Publishing Group
Huiru Zhao
Nana Li
Decomposition of Electricity Consumption Intensity of High Energy-consuming Industries in Shanxi Province Based on LMDI Method
4
4
11
11
2015-07-15
2015-07-15
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Electricity Demand Prediction of Beijing during the 13th Five-year
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.13
With the emergence of a “new economic norm” and the development of “economic integration in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei”, electricity demand situation in Beijing will change significantly in the future. To guide the planning and construction of power grid in Beijing, it is indispensable to predict electricity demand during the 13th Five-year. Since the factors and affecting mechanisms for electricity demand are different in different sectors, the total electricity consumption in this paper is divided into five parts: the first industry, industry, construction industry, the tertiary industry and resident sectors. The exponential smoothing method and co-integration theory are introduced to establish the forecasting model of electricity demand in different sectors. Therefore, based on the forecasting model and scenario analysis, the analysis results show that the total electricity consumption will grow at an annual rate of 4.9%-6.0% during 13th Five-Year-Plan period, and the consumption would reach more than 0.1397×1012 kWh in 2020.
With the emergence of a “new economic norm” and the development of “economic integration in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei”, electricity demand situation in Beijing will change significantly in the future. To guide the planning and construction of power grid in Beijing, it is indispensable to predict electricity demand during the 13th Five-year. Since the factors and affecting mechanisms for electricity demand are different in different sectors, the total electricity consumption in this paper is divided into five parts: the first industry, industry, construction industry, the tertiary industry and resident sectors. The exponential smoothing method and co-integration theory are introduced to establish the forecasting model of electricity demand in different sectors. Therefore, based on the forecasting model and scenario analysis, the analysis results show that the total electricity consumption will grow at an annual rate of 4.9%-6.0% during 13th Five-Year-Plan period, and the consumption would reach more than 0.1397×1012 kWh in 2020.
Electricity Demand Prediction of Beijing during the 13th Five-year
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-08-03
© Science Publishing Group
Na-na Li
Hui-ru Zhao
Ming-rui Zhao
Electricity Demand Prediction of Beijing during the 13th Five-year
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4
16
16
2015-08-03
2015-08-03
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040401.13
© Science Publishing Group
Experimental Investigation of SAHs Solar Dryers with Zigzag Aluminum Cans
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.11
This experimental study investigates the thermal performance of two different solar-air collector designs for Ramadi climate conditions. Two types of absorber plate are fabricated and tested. Type (I) uses an absorber plate without cans, whereas Type (II) uses one with cans, these cans are arranged in a zigzag pattern. These collectors are a single-duct double-pass type. Air first enters through the inlet and then passes over the absorber plate before returning underneath the absorber and moving toward the outlet duct. Moreover, the plate is covered with 4 mm thick glass. An axial fan is used for air circulation. As a result, the increase in temperature difference is approximately 3 °C to 10.5 °C when using aluminum cans with a zigzag array. The increase in thermal efficiency between Types I and II is approximately 20%. Additionally, at an average mass flow rate of 0.075 kg/s, the difference between the practical and theoretical thermal efficiencies for the two models is approximately 3%.
This experimental study investigates the thermal performance of two different solar-air collector designs for Ramadi climate conditions. Two types of absorber plate are fabricated and tested. Type (I) uses an absorber plate without cans, whereas Type (II) uses one with cans, these cans are arranged in a zigzag pattern. These collectors are a single-duct double-pass type. Air first enters through the inlet and then passes over the absorber plate before returning underneath the absorber and moving toward the outlet duct. Moreover, the plate is covered with 4 mm thick glass. An axial fan is used for air circulation. As a result, the increase in temperature difference is approximately 3 °C to 10.5 °C when using aluminum cans with a zigzag array. The increase in thermal efficiency between Types I and II is approximately 20%. Additionally, at an average mass flow rate of 0.075 kg/s, the difference between the practical and theoretical thermal efficiencies for the two models is approximately 3%.
Experimental Investigation of SAHs Solar Dryers with Zigzag Aluminum Cans
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-07
© Science Publishing Group
Mustafa Adil
Osama Ibrahim
Zainalabdeen Hussein
Kaleid Waleed
Experimental Investigation of SAHs Solar Dryers with Zigzag Aluminum Cans
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247
247
2015-09-07
2015-09-07
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.11
© Science Publishing Group
Methods of Temperature Measurement in Magnetic Components
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.12
In this paper, we reveal the different temperatures recorded in selected magnetic components and, we show the methods of determination and measurement used. As magnetic components have characteristics that strongly depend on the level of local temperature, it is essential to take into consideration the temperature and its influence on the magnetic and electrical characteristics of the component. From the modeling objectives, we describe the constitution, the originality and the main functions of the device used to determine the temperature of the material, its winding, and connection. Finally the result of deepened tests will be presented, allowing to determining parameters of our model. Our work focuses on the development of thermal models capable of determining the working temperature of the chosen magnetic component at given points. It aims to help develop a methodology for designing thermal models of magnetic components; an approach that will be validated through a practical demonstration.
In this paper, we reveal the different temperatures recorded in selected magnetic components and, we show the methods of determination and measurement used. As magnetic components have characteristics that strongly depend on the level of local temperature, it is essential to take into consideration the temperature and its influence on the magnetic and electrical characteristics of the component. From the modeling objectives, we describe the constitution, the originality and the main functions of the device used to determine the temperature of the material, its winding, and connection. Finally the result of deepened tests will be presented, allowing to determining parameters of our model. Our work focuses on the development of thermal models capable of determining the working temperature of the chosen magnetic component at given points. It aims to help develop a methodology for designing thermal models of magnetic components; an approach that will be validated through a practical demonstration.
Methods of Temperature Measurement in Magnetic Components
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-09
© Science Publishing Group
Abakar Mahamat Tahir
Amir Moungache
Mahamat Barka
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Dominique Ligot
Pascal Bevilacqua
Methods of Temperature Measurement in Magnetic Components
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5
256
256
2015-09-09
2015-09-09
10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.20150405.12
© Science Publishing Group
CFD Analysis of Effects of Surface Fouling on Wind Turbine Airfoil Profiles
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.11
One of the important factors that determine the long term efficiency of wind turbine blades is the extent to which the surface finish has been altered from the original state. This can happen either through corrosion or through impingement of particles. This paper aims at analyzing the effect of the later phenomenon on two specific profiles: the NREL S814 and NREL S826 profiles, at different Reynold’s numbers. These are two very similar profiles in utility and shape but differ in their thickness. This fact is used to ascertain the effect that thickness of an airfoil has on preventing surface fouling based performance degradation. Surface fouling has been modeled as a roughness at the leading edge of the profile. This is assumed to cause enough flow transition so as to simulate roughness over the entire profile. CFD simulations have been used to perform the analysis and initial results have been validated with experimental data. The accuracy of turbulence models in predicting normal and surface fouled conditions has been assessed. The performance parameters that have been considered are the lift, drag, moment coefficients and the drag to lift ratio.
One of the important factors that determine the long term efficiency of wind turbine blades is the extent to which the surface finish has been altered from the original state. This can happen either through corrosion or through impingement of particles. This paper aims at analyzing the effect of the later phenomenon on two specific profiles: the NREL S814 and NREL S826 profiles, at different Reynold’s numbers. These are two very similar profiles in utility and shape but differ in their thickness. This fact is used to ascertain the effect that thickness of an airfoil has on preventing surface fouling based performance degradation. Surface fouling has been modeled as a roughness at the leading edge of the profile. This is assumed to cause enough flow transition so as to simulate roughness over the entire profile. CFD simulations have been used to perform the analysis and initial results have been validated with experimental data. The accuracy of turbulence models in predicting normal and surface fouled conditions has been assessed. The performance parameters that have been considered are the lift, drag, moment coefficients and the drag to lift ratio.
CFD Analysis of Effects of Surface Fouling on Wind Turbine Airfoil Profiles
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.11
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Sashank Srinivasan
Vikranth Kumar Surasani
CFD Analysis of Effects of Surface Fouling on Wind Turbine Airfoil Profiles
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11
11
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.11
© Science Publishing Group
Analysis of Lift and Drag Forces at Different Azimuth Angle of Innovative Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.12
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines development was ignored as compared to horizontal axis wind turbines, due to its inability to generate large power. VAWT's have the advantage of working in turbulent wind and at low height. The power generated by VAWT depends upon the drag and lift forces acting on the blades. This paper is focused on analysis of drag and lift forces at different tip speed ratio acting at different azimuth angle of wind turbine. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbine is done by using K ω Shear Stress Transportation turbulence model. Computation is done to calculate Drag coefficients, Lift coefficients, and pressure and velocity distribution on wind turbine. Coefficient of lift is maximum at 35 o and minimum at 90 o, drag coefficient is maximum at 60 o and minimum at 150 <sup>o</sup>, pressure is maximum at 30<sup>o</sup> and minimum at 90<suo>o</sup>.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines development was ignored as compared to horizontal axis wind turbines, due to its inability to generate large power. VAWT's have the advantage of working in turbulent wind and at low height. The power generated by VAWT depends upon the drag and lift forces acting on the blades. This paper is focused on analysis of drag and lift forces at different tip speed ratio acting at different azimuth angle of wind turbine. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbine is done by using K ω Shear Stress Transportation turbulence model. Computation is done to calculate Drag coefficients, Lift coefficients, and pressure and velocity distribution on wind turbine. Coefficient of lift is maximum at 35 o and minimum at 90 o, drag coefficient is maximum at 60 o and minimum at 150 <sup>o</sup>, pressure is maximum at 30<sup>o</sup> and minimum at 90<suo>o</sup>.
Analysis of Lift and Drag Forces at Different Azimuth Angle of Innovative Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.12
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Abhijeet M Malge
Prashant M Pawar
Analysis of Lift and Drag Forces at Different Azimuth Angle of Innovative Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
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16
16
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.12
© Science Publishing Group
Highly Porous Polymer Electrolytes Based on PVdF-HFP / PEMA with Propylene Carbonate/Diethyl Carbonate for Lithium Battery Applications
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.13
The development of new materials is a vital to meet the challenges faced by battery technologies. Ionic conducting solid polymer electrolytes could reduce the risk of explosion with non-flammability and high thermal stability. The use of solid polymer electrolyte is the additional strength of the electrodes performances to increase the number of cycle for the rechargeable batteries. In the present study, preparation of PVdF-HFP/PEMA blend based solid polymer electrolytes enclosure of two different plasticizers such as propylene carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) at different concentrations and the accumulation of lithium perchlorate as salt. To confirm the structural changes and complex formations, the prepared electrolytes were subjected into XRD and FTIR analyses, and the porous nature of the electrolytes was identified using scanning electron microscopy. AC impedance studies were performed at various temperatures from 303 K to 363K for the prepared samples. The results suggest that the PC/DEC (1:1) based electrolyte exhibited the higher ionic conductivity is 0.00477 S/cm at room temperature and 0.00843 S/cm at 363K. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity also complies with the VTF relation.
The development of new materials is a vital to meet the challenges faced by battery technologies. Ionic conducting solid polymer electrolytes could reduce the risk of explosion with non-flammability and high thermal stability. The use of solid polymer electrolyte is the additional strength of the electrodes performances to increase the number of cycle for the rechargeable batteries. In the present study, preparation of PVdF-HFP/PEMA blend based solid polymer electrolytes enclosure of two different plasticizers such as propylene carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) at different concentrations and the accumulation of lithium perchlorate as salt. To confirm the structural changes and complex formations, the prepared electrolytes were subjected into XRD and FTIR analyses, and the porous nature of the electrolytes was identified using scanning electron microscopy. AC impedance studies were performed at various temperatures from 303 K to 363K for the prepared samples. The results suggest that the PC/DEC (1:1) based electrolyte exhibited the higher ionic conductivity is 0.00477 S/cm at room temperature and 0.00843 S/cm at 363K. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity also complies with the VTF relation.
Highly Porous Polymer Electrolytes Based on PVdF-HFP / PEMA with Propylene Carbonate/Diethyl Carbonate for Lithium Battery Applications
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.13
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
P. Sivakumar
M. Gunasekaran
Highly Porous Polymer Electrolytes Based on PVdF-HFP / PEMA with Propylene Carbonate/Diethyl Carbonate for Lithium Battery Applications
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21
21
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.13
© Science Publishing Group
A Review of Technical Issues for Grid Connected Renewable Energy Sources
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.14
Renewable energy in recent years become more and more common, due to the large increase in generation from renewable energy sources such as small hydropower stations, wind turbines, photovoltaic’s (PV) etc. This paper gives the report on two forms of renewable energy wind and solar energy,and on the role of smart grids in addressing the problems associated with the efficient and reliable delivery and use of electricity and with the integration of renewable sources. In this paper different power quality issues are addressed and a FACTS device STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling for grid connected wind turbine to reduce the power quality problems likeharmonics in the grid current, by injecting superior reactive power in to the grid of wind turbine. And also an active power filter implemented with a four leg voltage-source inverter using DQ (Synchronous Reference Frame) based Current Reference Generator scheme is presented for renewable based distributed generation system of PV cell.
Renewable energy in recent years become more and more common, due to the large increase in generation from renewable energy sources such as small hydropower stations, wind turbines, photovoltaic’s (PV) etc. This paper gives the report on two forms of renewable energy wind and solar energy,and on the role of smart grids in addressing the problems associated with the efficient and reliable delivery and use of electricity and with the integration of renewable sources. In this paper different power quality issues are addressed and a FACTS device STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling for grid connected wind turbine to reduce the power quality problems likeharmonics in the grid current, by injecting superior reactive power in to the grid of wind turbine. And also an active power filter implemented with a four leg voltage-source inverter using DQ (Synchronous Reference Frame) based Current Reference Generator scheme is presented for renewable based distributed generation system of PV cell.
A Review of Technical Issues for Grid Connected Renewable Energy Sources
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.14
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
S. Yasmeena
G. Tulasiram Das
A Review of Technical Issues for Grid Connected Renewable Energy Sources
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2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.14
© Science Publishing Group
Performance of Solar Still with Different Phase Change Materials
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.15
Water is basic necessity of man. Fresh water sources are considered to be rivers, lakes and underground water reservoirs. Although, more than two-third of the earth is covered with water and remaining of the earth is land. However, the use of water from such sources is always not good, because of the polluted environment. All over the world, accessing of portable water to the people is narrowing and decreased day by day. Most of the human diseases are due to polluted or un-purified water. Nowadays, each and every country facing a problem of huge water scarcity because of pollution created by manmade activities. Under these circumstances, search for other sources becomes a must. A system is needed which supplies pure water without effecting the ecosystem and environment friendly. Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need of all people on the earth. Fresh water, which was obtained from rivers, lakes and ponds, is becoming scarce because of industrialization and population explosion. The sun is regarded as the source of energy for its constant duration and hygienic state and its remarkable efficiency of not polluting the environment, as other kinds of energy like coal, oil that cause the pollution of atmosphere and environment. Water purification using solar energy has become more popular because it is eco-friendly and cost effective. A solar still is commonly used device for water purification and it doesn’t require any electricity for distillation of water. A variety of solar distillation devices have been developed with different materials and in different shapes in different location to improve the efficiency of solar distillation. This article communicate about the distillation of solar still by using different methods in different areas to improve the efficiency of the solar still.
Water is basic necessity of man. Fresh water sources are considered to be rivers, lakes and underground water reservoirs. Although, more than two-third of the earth is covered with water and remaining of the earth is land. However, the use of water from such sources is always not good, because of the polluted environment. All over the world, accessing of portable water to the people is narrowing and decreased day by day. Most of the human diseases are due to polluted or un-purified water. Nowadays, each and every country facing a problem of huge water scarcity because of pollution created by manmade activities. Under these circumstances, search for other sources becomes a must. A system is needed which supplies pure water without effecting the ecosystem and environment friendly. Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need of all people on the earth. Fresh water, which was obtained from rivers, lakes and ponds, is becoming scarce because of industrialization and population explosion. The sun is regarded as the source of energy for its constant duration and hygienic state and its remarkable efficiency of not polluting the environment, as other kinds of energy like coal, oil that cause the pollution of atmosphere and environment. Water purification using solar energy has become more popular because it is eco-friendly and cost effective. A solar still is commonly used device for water purification and it doesn’t require any electricity for distillation of water. A variety of solar distillation devices have been developed with different materials and in different shapes in different location to improve the efficiency of solar distillation. This article communicate about the distillation of solar still by using different methods in different areas to improve the efficiency of the solar still.
Performance of Solar Still with Different Phase Change Materials
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.15
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Naga Sarada Somanchi
Anjaneya Prasad B
Ravi Gugulothu
Ravi Kumar Nagula
Sai Phanindra Dinesh K
Performance of Solar Still with Different Phase Change Materials
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37
37
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.15
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Tail Shapes on Yawing Performance of Micro Wind Turbine
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.16
Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy resources. Large amounts of research and resources are being spent today in order to harness the energy from wind effectively. Large wind turbines are erected at windy site and delivering satisfactory performance. Small wind turbines are erected in low wind regions and are in development stage. Research activities are increasing at a significant rate in the field of small wind turbines. World wind energy association forecast considerable development in this field. To face the wind directions, small wind turbines are using mechanical systems in the form of tail. The conventional tail changes the direction of the wind turbine to accommodate the variation of the incoming direction of winds. Quick and steady response is important as per change in wind directions. It has considerable effect on the wind turbine performance. The tails are having different shapes, but literature is not available about it. Different manufacturers used different tail shapes for their model, but the effect of tail shapes has not been studied yet. Hence, it is necessary to study the effect of tail shapes on the performance of wind turbine. This paper presents the effect of tail shapes on the performance of wind turbine. In this work three different tail shapes; rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular are considered. The yawing performance for these tail shapes using CFD analysis is carried out and presented in this paper.
Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy resources. Large amounts of research and resources are being spent today in order to harness the energy from wind effectively. Large wind turbines are erected at windy site and delivering satisfactory performance. Small wind turbines are erected in low wind regions and are in development stage. Research activities are increasing at a significant rate in the field of small wind turbines. World wind energy association forecast considerable development in this field. To face the wind directions, small wind turbines are using mechanical systems in the form of tail. The conventional tail changes the direction of the wind turbine to accommodate the variation of the incoming direction of winds. Quick and steady response is important as per change in wind directions. It has considerable effect on the wind turbine performance. The tails are having different shapes, but literature is not available about it. Different manufacturers used different tail shapes for their model, but the effect of tail shapes has not been studied yet. Hence, it is necessary to study the effect of tail shapes on the performance of wind turbine. This paper presents the effect of tail shapes on the performance of wind turbine. In this work three different tail shapes; rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular are considered. The yawing performance for these tail shapes using CFD analysis is carried out and presented in this paper.
Effect of Tail Shapes on Yawing Performance of Micro Wind Turbine
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.16
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Nikhil C. Raikar
Sandip A. Kale
Effect of Tail Shapes on Yawing Performance of Micro Wind Turbine
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5
42
42
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.16
© Science Publishing Group
Optimal Evaluation of Available Transfer Capability of Transmission Line Using Bio-inspired Algorithm for Multiple Transactions in Deregulated Electrical Power Network
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.17
In restructured Electrical Power network the transmission line gets congested by multiple transactions over the line. In such scenario the operator must analyze optimum value of ATC for said transaction. When the transactions between the transmission lines are carried out for a specific destination node/source node pair in a system, the Independent System operator (ISO) must calculate the available transfer capacity (ATC) of that node/source pair. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to find out the optimized value of ATC for given transaction using Genetic Algorithm. With the help of Genetic algorithm transactions between pair of node can be generated randomly and can be used to calculate optimized value of ATC for each transaction. With the help of this method ISO can declare the value of transacted power from source to destination bus for optimum value of ATC. The objective function is to maximize the power flow capability of transmission line with safest transaction. The solution to the optimization problem gives the amount of accepted requests and available capability of transmission line that could result in a safe and reliable transmission system. The proposed method is applied to an IEEE 30 bus test system.
In restructured Electrical Power network the transmission line gets congested by multiple transactions over the line. In such scenario the operator must analyze optimum value of ATC for said transaction. When the transactions between the transmission lines are carried out for a specific destination node/source node pair in a system, the Independent System operator (ISO) must calculate the available transfer capacity (ATC) of that node/source pair. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to find out the optimized value of ATC for given transaction using Genetic Algorithm. With the help of Genetic algorithm transactions between pair of node can be generated randomly and can be used to calculate optimized value of ATC for each transaction. With the help of this method ISO can declare the value of transacted power from source to destination bus for optimum value of ATC. The objective function is to maximize the power flow capability of transmission line with safest transaction. The solution to the optimization problem gives the amount of accepted requests and available capability of transmission line that could result in a safe and reliable transmission system. The proposed method is applied to an IEEE 30 bus test system.
Optimal Evaluation of Available Transfer Capability of Transmission Line Using Bio-inspired Algorithm for Multiple Transactions in Deregulated Electrical Power Network
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.17
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Makwana Umesh L.
Joshi S. K.
Optimal Evaluation of Available Transfer Capability of Transmission Line Using Bio-inspired Algorithm for Multiple Transactions in Deregulated Electrical Power Network
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47
47
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.17
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.17
© Science Publishing Group
Development of Transesterification System with Acid and Base Homogeneous Catalysts For Mangifera Indica Seed Oil to Mangifera Indica Methyl Ester (MOME Biodiesel)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.18
The depletion of resources, increased cost of fossil fuel and increased environmental awareness reaching the critical condition. Development of viable alternative fuels from renewable resources is gaining the international attention and acceptance. The vegetable oils have the potential of alternative fuel for compression ignition engines by converting it into biodiesel. The mangifera indica oil is a nonedible vegetable oil, available in large quantities in mangifera indica cultivating countries including India. Very little research has been done on utilization of oil in general and optimization of transesterification process for biodiesel production. However, direct base catalyzed transesterification produced no biodiesel due to the high Free Fatty Acid ( FFA) value of the oil. Hence, acid pretreatment was preferred prior to base transesterification which afforded a significant reduction of the FFA value from 3.3% to 0.9% . Various input parameters like oil-to-methanol molar ratio (1:08, 1:12 and 1:16), catalyst type (NaOH, KOH and NaOCH3), catalyst concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt %) and reaction temperature (59, 64 and 69°C) were studied. The optimum conditions for transesterification process are: 1:12 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 1.0 wt.% catalyst concentration, KOH catalyst, & 64°C reaction temperature. The optimum yield of MOME was 89.8%. The biodiesel produced (MOME) is within the limits prescribed by EN-14214 standard.
The depletion of resources, increased cost of fossil fuel and increased environmental awareness reaching the critical condition. Development of viable alternative fuels from renewable resources is gaining the international attention and acceptance. The vegetable oils have the potential of alternative fuel for compression ignition engines by converting it into biodiesel. The mangifera indica oil is a nonedible vegetable oil, available in large quantities in mangifera indica cultivating countries including India. Very little research has been done on utilization of oil in general and optimization of transesterification process for biodiesel production. However, direct base catalyzed transesterification produced no biodiesel due to the high Free Fatty Acid ( FFA) value of the oil. Hence, acid pretreatment was preferred prior to base transesterification which afforded a significant reduction of the FFA value from 3.3% to 0.9% . Various input parameters like oil-to-methanol molar ratio (1:08, 1:12 and 1:16), catalyst type (NaOH, KOH and NaOCH3), catalyst concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt %) and reaction temperature (59, 64 and 69°C) were studied. The optimum conditions for transesterification process are: 1:12 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 1.0 wt.% catalyst concentration, KOH catalyst, & 64°C reaction temperature. The optimum yield of MOME was 89.8%. The biodiesel produced (MOME) is within the limits prescribed by EN-14214 standard.
Development of Transesterification System with Acid and Base Homogeneous Catalysts For Mangifera Indica Seed Oil to Mangifera Indica Methyl Ester (MOME Biodiesel)
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.18
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Shubhangi S. Nigade
Sangram D. Jadhav
Abhimanyu K. Chandgude
Development of Transesterification System with Acid and Base Homogeneous Catalysts For Mangifera Indica Seed Oil to Mangifera Indica Methyl Ester (MOME Biodiesel)
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5
53
53
2015-09-02
2015-09-02
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.18
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.18
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Leading Edge Radius and Blending Distance from Leading Edge on the Aerodynamic Performance of Small Wind Turbine Blade Airfoils
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.19
The aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine depends upon shape of blade profile blade airfoils. Today, small wind turbine industries are extensively focusing on blade performance, reliability, materials and cost. The wind turbine blade designers are required to give emphasis on accurate analysis of flows around the blade and loads on wind turbine blades. Low Reynolds number airfoils suited for small wind turbine applications must be designed to have a high degree of tolerance in avoiding high leading suction peaks and high adverse pressure gradients that lead to flow separation. This paper presents a study to investigate the effect of leading edge radius and leading edge blending on the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils. In the present work NACA 4412 airfoil is considered as base airfoils. In this work six modified airfoils having different new to the old ratio of leading edge radii are considered for performance analysis. The performance of these six profiles is compared with basic airfoil performance. In this paper, the effect of blending distance from leading edge of airfoil on aerodynamic performance is also determined. Different five blending distances from leading edge are analyzed and compared with basic profile. The performance analysis of airfoils is carried out using Blade Element Momentum. In the present analysis, chord length of airfoils and Reynolds number are kept constant.
The aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine depends upon shape of blade profile blade airfoils. Today, small wind turbine industries are extensively focusing on blade performance, reliability, materials and cost. The wind turbine blade designers are required to give emphasis on accurate analysis of flows around the blade and loads on wind turbine blades. Low Reynolds number airfoils suited for small wind turbine applications must be designed to have a high degree of tolerance in avoiding high leading suction peaks and high adverse pressure gradients that lead to flow separation. This paper presents a study to investigate the effect of leading edge radius and leading edge blending on the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils. In the present work NACA 4412 airfoil is considered as base airfoils. In this work six modified airfoils having different new to the old ratio of leading edge radii are considered for performance analysis. The performance of these six profiles is compared with basic airfoil performance. In this paper, the effect of blending distance from leading edge of airfoil on aerodynamic performance is also determined. Different five blending distances from leading edge are analyzed and compared with basic profile. The performance analysis of airfoils is carried out using Blade Element Momentum. In the present analysis, chord length of airfoils and Reynolds number are kept constant.
Effect of Leading Edge Radius and Blending Distance from Leading Edge on the Aerodynamic Performance of Small Wind Turbine Blade Airfoils
doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.19
International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
2015-09-07
© Science Publishing Group
Mahasidha R. Birajdar
Sandip A. Kale
Effect of Leading Edge Radius and Blending Distance from Leading Edge on the Aerodynamic Performance of Small Wind Turbine Blade Airfoils
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58
58
2015-09-07
2015-09-07
10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.19
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=164&doi=10.11648/j.ijepe.s.2015040501.19
© Science Publishing Group