Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Physical Chemistry: Table of Contents
<i> American Journal of Physical Chemistry (AJPC) </i> publishes review articles describing frontier research areas in physical chemistry. Internationally renowned scientists describe their own research in the wider context of the field. The articles are of interest not only to specialists but also to those wishing to read general and authoritative accounts of recent developments in physical chemistry, chemical physics and theoretical chemistry. The journal appeals to research workers, lecturers and research students alike. All research articles in <i> AJPC </i> will undergone rigorous peer review, based on initial editor screening and anonymized refereeing by an expert reviewer.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpc Science Publishing Group: American Journal of Physical Chemistry: Table of Contents
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American Journal of Physical Chemistry
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
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Copper (II) ions removal from aqueous solution using bentonite treated with ammonium chloride
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A raw bentonite, obtained from Maghnia (Western Algerian) was impregnated into 1M ammonium chloride solution and thermally treated in a furnace at 200 °C during one hour. This treatment has improved its removal capacity of copper from aqueous solutions to about 30 %. The performances of the copper adsorption of this new material, after its physicochemical treatment, were evaluated by quantitative analysis on the copper remaining in the solution. The interface phenomena of bentonite- Cu2+ aqueous solution adheres to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption energy, calculated by using Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, has proved that the removal of copper with this clay material is an ion exchange process. Nevertheless, the thermal treatment of this clay has inhibited the temperature effect on the retention of copper ions. Thus, the kinetic law governing the copper adsorption described here is following a second order model.
A raw bentonite, obtained from Maghnia (Western Algerian) was impregnated into 1M ammonium chloride solution and thermally treated in a furnace at 200 °C during one hour. This treatment has improved its removal capacity of copper from aqueous solutions to about 30 %. The performances of the copper adsorption of this new material, after its physicochemical treatment, were evaluated by quantitative analysis on the copper remaining in the solution. The interface phenomena of bentonite- Cu2+ aqueous solution adheres to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption energy, calculated by using Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, has proved that the removal of copper with this clay material is an ion exchange process. Nevertheless, the thermal treatment of this clay has inhibited the temperature effect on the retention of copper ions. Thus, the kinetic law governing the copper adsorption described here is following a second order model.
Copper (II) ions removal from aqueous solution using bentonite treated with ammonium chloride
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20120101.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Boukerroui Abdelhamid
Ali Ourari
Mohand Said Ouali
Copper (II) ions removal from aqueous solution using bentonite treated with ammonium chloride
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Sorption Studies on the Use of African Breadfruit (Treculia Africana) Seed Hull as Adsorbent for the Removal of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions.
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The sorption of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by unmodified (UBSH) and modified (MBSH) African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed hull has been investigated. The amount of ions adsorbed by the hulls was dependent on the contact time range, 10 min – 120 min at optimum pH, 7.5 and temperature, 30 oC. Results revealed that the amount of metal ions adsorbed increased with time for both UBSH and MBSH, as well as a slight drop in the amount of Cd2+ adsorbed between contact time 60 min and 90 min for only UBSH. The rate of removal of the metal ions from their solutions was rapid, as appreciable amounts (96 % – 99 %) were adsorbed by the adsorbents at the least contact time (10 min) of the experiment. However, sorption capacity trend of the metal ions was Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ for both UBSH and MBSH. Modification by thiolation of the adsorbent showed enhancement mainly in the sorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ and a reduction for Pb2+ due to low affinity of Pb2+ for –SH groups. A comparison of kinetic models applied to the sorption process was evaluated for Pseudo-first order and Pseudo-second order models, with Pseudo-second order providing a better fit to the experimental data with high R2 values ranging 0.9999 to 1. McKay & Poot intraparticle diffusion model also pro-vided a good fit to the experimental data with more R2 values close to 1 than Weber & Morris model, thus suggesting the sorption process to be intraparticle diffusion controlled. Generally, the results from this study, indicates that a good adsor-bent can be obtained from both unmodified and thioglycollic acid-modified breadfruit seed hull.
The sorption of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by unmodified (UBSH) and modified (MBSH) African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed hull has been investigated. The amount of ions adsorbed by the hulls was dependent on the contact time range, 10 min – 120 min at optimum pH, 7.5 and temperature, 30 oC. Results revealed that the amount of metal ions adsorbed increased with time for both UBSH and MBSH, as well as a slight drop in the amount of Cd2+ adsorbed between contact time 60 min and 90 min for only UBSH. The rate of removal of the metal ions from their solutions was rapid, as appreciable amounts (96 % – 99 %) were adsorbed by the adsorbents at the least contact time (10 min) of the experiment. However, sorption capacity trend of the metal ions was Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ for both UBSH and MBSH. Modification by thiolation of the adsorbent showed enhancement mainly in the sorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ and a reduction for Pb2+ due to low affinity of Pb2+ for –SH groups. A comparison of kinetic models applied to the sorption process was evaluated for Pseudo-first order and Pseudo-second order models, with Pseudo-second order providing a better fit to the experimental data with high R2 values ranging 0.9999 to 1. McKay & Poot intraparticle diffusion model also pro-vided a good fit to the experimental data with more R2 values close to 1 than Weber & Morris model, thus suggesting the sorption process to be intraparticle diffusion controlled. Generally, the results from this study, indicates that a good adsor-bent can be obtained from both unmodified and thioglycollic acid-modified breadfruit seed hull.
Sorption Studies on the Use of African Breadfruit (Treculia Africana) Seed Hull as Adsorbent for the Removal of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions.
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20120101.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Christopher Uchechukwu Sonde
Stevens Azubuike Odoemelam
Sorption Studies on the Use of African Breadfruit (Treculia Africana) Seed Hull as Adsorbent for the Removal of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions.
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Biochemical Metabolic Modelling Using Fuzzy Type-2.
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In his study a new approach, the use of fuzzy logic type-2 in modeling biochemical reactions is shown. In fact, each enzymatic reaction is modeled by means of a "sigmoid transfer function" relating input and output substrate concentrations. The slant of this function is adjusted using fuzzy type-2. This adjustment is conducted depending on the enzymatic reaction type (having activator/inhibitors or not). The obtained model seems promising in order to permit quantitative results to process data concerning adverse drugs reactions. In this paper it is also proved that by fuzzy type-2 logic, the performance characteristics of the modeling will be improved using the proposed method.
In his study a new approach, the use of fuzzy logic type-2 in modeling biochemical reactions is shown. In fact, each enzymatic reaction is modeled by means of a "sigmoid transfer function" relating input and output substrate concentrations. The slant of this function is adjusted using fuzzy type-2. This adjustment is conducted depending on the enzymatic reaction type (having activator/inhibitors or not). The obtained model seems promising in order to permit quantitative results to process data concerning adverse drugs reactions. In this paper it is also proved that by fuzzy type-2 logic, the performance characteristics of the modeling will be improved using the proposed method.
Biochemical Metabolic Modelling Using Fuzzy Type-2.
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20120101.13
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Zahra Shabaninia
Biochemical Metabolic Modelling Using Fuzzy Type-2.
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Electrochemical Behaviour and Electronic Absorption of the Metal β- Diketonates Complexes
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The electrochemical properties of -diketonate complexes, such as [Co(tta)2(H2O)2], [Ni(tta)2(H2O)2], [Cu(tta)2] and [Zn(tta)2(H2O)2] (tta = deprotonated of 1-thenoyl-4,4,4-trifluoroacetone) have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Their redox behaviors including oxidation and/ or reduction process for both central atom and tta ligand have been discussed. The cyclic voltammogrammes display one irreversible oxidation peak in a positive potential region, where it appears in the area between + 1.30 and + 1.95 V based on the type of complex. In addition, two reduction peaks are appeared in the negative region potentials, at the region between – 1.06 to – 2.16 V. The irreversible oxidation potential peak of thienyl ring has shifted to the lower positive potential, while the reversibly redox potential peak of the fluorinated--diketone moiety shifts to the higher negative potential compared with non-coordinated H-tta ligand. The spectral properties, energy levels, and energy gap for the respective complexes have been verified with UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
The electrochemical properties of -diketonate complexes, such as [Co(tta)2(H2O)2], [Ni(tta)2(H2O)2], [Cu(tta)2] and [Zn(tta)2(H2O)2] (tta = deprotonated of 1-thenoyl-4,4,4-trifluoroacetone) have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Their redox behaviors including oxidation and/ or reduction process for both central atom and tta ligand have been discussed. The cyclic voltammogrammes display one irreversible oxidation peak in a positive potential region, where it appears in the area between + 1.30 and + 1.95 V based on the type of complex. In addition, two reduction peaks are appeared in the negative region potentials, at the region between – 1.06 to – 2.16 V. The irreversible oxidation potential peak of thienyl ring has shifted to the lower positive potential, while the reversibly redox potential peak of the fluorinated--diketone moiety shifts to the higher negative potential compared with non-coordinated H-tta ligand. The spectral properties, energy levels, and energy gap for the respective complexes have been verified with UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
Electrochemical Behaviour and Electronic Absorption of the Metal β- Diketonates Complexes
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130201.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammed A. Al-Anber
Electrochemical Behaviour and Electronic Absorption of the Metal β- Diketonates Complexes
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Green Surfactants From the Type of Fatty Acids As Effective Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in CO2- Saturated NaCl Solution
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Four sulfated fatty acid diethanolamine complexes (DC) were synthesized based on four different types of vegetables oils and tested as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in CO2-saturated 1% NaCl solution at 50 °C. Results ob-tained show that the surfactants studied are efficient corrosion inhibitors for mild steel even at low concentrations. It is found that the inhibition efficiency increases with the concentration, and the good inhibition efficiencies are reached near their critical micelle concentrations (99.95% at 100 ppm). The adsorption of inhibitor on the steel surface obeys the Lang-muir adsorption isotherm equation and was chemisorption. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence microscopy (EDRF) ob-servations of the electrode surface confirmed the existence of such an adsorbed film.
Four sulfated fatty acid diethanolamine complexes (DC) were synthesized based on four different types of vegetables oils and tested as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in CO2-saturated 1% NaCl solution at 50 °C. Results ob-tained show that the surfactants studied are efficient corrosion inhibitors for mild steel even at low concentrations. It is found that the inhibition efficiency increases with the concentration, and the good inhibition efficiencies are reached near their critical micelle concentrations (99.95% at 100 ppm). The adsorption of inhibitor on the steel surface obeys the Lang-muir adsorption isotherm equation and was chemisorption. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence microscopy (EDRF) ob-servations of the electrode surface confirmed the existence of such an adsorbed film.
Green Surfactants From the Type of Fatty Acids As Effective Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in CO2- Saturated NaCl Solution
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130201.13
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
I. T. Ismayilov
V. M. Abbasov
E. N. Efremenko
L. I. Aliyeva
E. E. Qasimov
Green Surfactants From the Type of Fatty Acids As Effective Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in CO2- Saturated NaCl Solution
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Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermody-namic Functions of Amino Acids and Some Peptides of Different Space Structure
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The values of free energies, the heats of combustion and formation in condensed and gaseous phases over 30 amino acids of different structure were analyzed. Entropies and heat capacities in standard conditions were considered too. Twenty one equations of such type as Yо = i ± f (N – g) +Σ(hc)j, in which Yо is thermodynamic function or heat capaci-ty, i and f are stoichiometric coefficiens, Σ(hc)j are the sums of the number (j) of the heat corrections for the mentioned thermodynamic magnitudes, N is the number of valence electrons, from which a number of lone electron pairs (g) is ex-cepted for. The obtained equations were used for the calculations of a new such parameters for four phosphorylated amino acids, two enkephalines and two human peptides of low molecular weights.
The values of free energies, the heats of combustion and formation in condensed and gaseous phases over 30 amino acids of different structure were analyzed. Entropies and heat capacities in standard conditions were considered too. Twenty one equations of such type as Yо = i ± f (N – g) +Σ(hc)j, in which Yо is thermodynamic function or heat capaci-ty, i and f are stoichiometric coefficiens, Σ(hc)j are the sums of the number (j) of the heat corrections for the mentioned thermodynamic magnitudes, N is the number of valence electrons, from which a number of lone electron pairs (g) is ex-cepted for. The obtained equations were used for the calculations of a new such parameters for four phosphorylated amino acids, two enkephalines and two human peptides of low molecular weights.
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermody-namic Functions of Amino Acids and Some Peptides of Different Space Structure
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130201.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vitaly Vitalevich Ovchinnikov
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermody-namic Functions of Amino Acids and Some Peptides of Different Space Structure
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© Science Publishing Group
Kharash Reaction on Heterogenized Metal Complexes with Bifunctional Ligands
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New catalytic systems for polyhalogenmethanes addition to olefins were obtained by immobilization of complexes of Cu, Co, Mn, V (in the vanadyl form) and Fe with bifunctional ligands of aminoalcohols (monoethanolamine), substituted aminoalcohols (N, N-diethylaminoethanol), hydroxyaminoacids (serine, hydroxyproline) on the oxide supports. For Cu, Co, Mn, V the extrem dependence of the catalyst activity on the surface concentration of metal was observed. For iron containing systems the mechanism of the process depends on the concentration of metal — at low concentration (<0.4 wt. %) amine complex are active sites, at high concentration (>1.3 wt. %) — Lewis acid centres. By means of ESR the structure of active sites of the anchored complexes at different metal concentration was stated on the example of copper containing systems. Complexes isolated on the surface of mineral support at the expanse of strong covalent bonding of one of the lignd groups with surface hydroxyls were the most active. Such a structure provides the formation of the surface complexes of divalent copper with four nitrogen atoms in the coordination sphere.
New catalytic systems for polyhalogenmethanes addition to olefins were obtained by immobilization of complexes of Cu, Co, Mn, V (in the vanadyl form) and Fe with bifunctional ligands of aminoalcohols (monoethanolamine), substituted aminoalcohols (N, N-diethylaminoethanol), hydroxyaminoacids (serine, hydroxyproline) on the oxide supports. For Cu, Co, Mn, V the extrem dependence of the catalyst activity on the surface concentration of metal was observed. For iron containing systems the mechanism of the process depends on the concentration of metal — at low concentration (<0.4 wt. %) amine complex are active sites, at high concentration (>1.3 wt. %) — Lewis acid centres. By means of ESR the structure of active sites of the anchored complexes at different metal concentration was stated on the example of copper containing systems. Complexes isolated on the surface of mineral support at the expanse of strong covalent bonding of one of the lignd groups with surface hydroxyls were the most active. Such a structure provides the formation of the surface complexes of divalent copper with four nitrogen atoms in the coordination sphere.
Kharash Reaction on Heterogenized Metal Complexes with Bifunctional Ligands
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130202.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
I. G. Tarkhanova
A. I. Kokorin
M. G. Gantman
V. M. Zelikman
D. S. Tsvetkov
Kharash Reaction on Heterogenized Metal Complexes with Bifunctional Ligands
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Initial Stage of Lipid Peroxidation with HO2• Radicals. Kinetic Study
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Mechanism of initial stage lipid peroxidation with HO2• radicals was investigated. The source of radicals was electric spark discharge radiation on air, rate of radicals generation in sample was 1.2 106 M (l s)1. The kinetic model of process was developed, based on the classical chain oxidation theory. Some process characteristics was calculated by means of numerical solution the system 24 differential equations of chemical kinetics. Initial lipid concentration was taken equals 2 103 M/l. It was shown the unsaturated lipids concentration after 2 hours treatment to spark discharge decrease in ~ 2 times, whereas for saturated lipids decreasing is only 7%. The hydroperoxides production was calculated. The new diene conjugate appearance in treated to spark discharge sample at lipids concentration 2 103 M l1 and treatment time about 10 minutes can't be detected, and just having in sample diens are destroyed. According simulation results, diene conjugates content is increased during treatment to spark discharge radiation at large lipids concentration, having 2 double bonds, (~0.5 M l1). This result is confirmed in experiment with sunflower oil (69% linoleic acid). The dependence of dienes concentration in sample from properties (intensities) external irradiation is ambiguous.
Mechanism of initial stage lipid peroxidation with HO2• radicals was investigated. The source of radicals was electric spark discharge radiation on air, rate of radicals generation in sample was 1.2 106 M (l s)1. The kinetic model of process was developed, based on the classical chain oxidation theory. Some process characteristics was calculated by means of numerical solution the system 24 differential equations of chemical kinetics. Initial lipid concentration was taken equals 2 103 M/l. It was shown the unsaturated lipids concentration after 2 hours treatment to spark discharge decrease in ~ 2 times, whereas for saturated lipids decreasing is only 7%. The hydroperoxides production was calculated. The new diene conjugate appearance in treated to spark discharge sample at lipids concentration 2 103 M l1 and treatment time about 10 minutes can't be detected, and just having in sample diens are destroyed. According simulation results, diene conjugates content is increased during treatment to spark discharge radiation at large lipids concentration, having 2 double bonds, (~0.5 M l1). This result is confirmed in experiment with sunflower oil (69% linoleic acid). The dependence of dienes concentration in sample from properties (intensities) external irradiation is ambiguous.
Initial Stage of Lipid Peroxidation with HO2• Radicals. Kinetic Study
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130202.13
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
I. P. Ivanova
I. M. Piskarev
S. V. Trofimova
Initial Stage of Lipid Peroxidation with HO2• Radicals. Kinetic Study
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The Antioxidant Properties of Oxygen
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New reaction scheme is suggested for the initiated nonbranched-chain addition of free radicals to the multiple bond of the molecular oxygen. The scheme includes the reaction competing with chain propagation reactions through a reactive free radical. The chain evolution stage in this scheme involves a few of free radicals, one of which (tetraoxyl) is relatively low-reactive and inhibits the chain process by shortening of the kinetic chain length. Based on the proposed scheme rate equations (containing one to three parameters to be determined directly) are deduced using quasi-steady-state treatment. The kinetic description with use the obtained rate equations is applied to the γ-induced nonbranched-chain processes of the free-radical oxidation of liquid o-xylene at 373 K and hydrogen dissolved in water containing different amounts of oxygen at 296 K. In these processes the oxygen with the increase of its concentration begins to act as an oxidation autoingibitor (or an antioxidant), and the rate of peroxide formation as a function of the dissolved oxygen concentration has a maximum. The energetics of the key radical-molecule reactions is considered.
New reaction scheme is suggested for the initiated nonbranched-chain addition of free radicals to the multiple bond of the molecular oxygen. The scheme includes the reaction competing with chain propagation reactions through a reactive free radical. The chain evolution stage in this scheme involves a few of free radicals, one of which (tetraoxyl) is relatively low-reactive and inhibits the chain process by shortening of the kinetic chain length. Based on the proposed scheme rate equations (containing one to three parameters to be determined directly) are deduced using quasi-steady-state treatment. The kinetic description with use the obtained rate equations is applied to the γ-induced nonbranched-chain processes of the free-radical oxidation of liquid o-xylene at 373 K and hydrogen dissolved in water containing different amounts of oxygen at 296 K. In these processes the oxygen with the increase of its concentration begins to act as an oxidation autoingibitor (or an antioxidant), and the rate of peroxide formation as a function of the dissolved oxygen concentration has a maximum. The energetics of the key radical-molecule reactions is considered.
The Antioxidant Properties of Oxygen
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130202.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Michael M. Silaev
The Antioxidant Properties of Oxygen
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Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions of Organometallic Compounds of I-IV Groups of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table
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It is necessary to note, that the heat of vaporization, all thermodynamic functions ∆с,fGo, ∆с,fHo, So, ∆cSocond and heat capacity (Cp) of organometallic compounds of I-IV groups of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table can be well characterized with the number of valence electrons N of them. It is difficult to do some conclusions relatively stoichiometric coefficients i and f in modified by us Kharasch equation vap,c,f,sΨo = i ± f *N as they concern to organometallic compounds of the different groups. Such conclusion can be made on settlement data of I and II groups only in our opinion. Nevertheless, 43 equations of this type have been created for the processes of vaporization, combustion, formation, entropic transformations and heat capacity. Probably, that such data will help with forecasting of thermochemical functions and parameters of yet not investigated organometallic compounds.
It is necessary to note, that the heat of vaporization, all thermodynamic functions ∆с,fGo, ∆с,fHo, So, ∆cSocond and heat capacity (Cp) of organometallic compounds of I-IV groups of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table can be well characterized with the number of valence electrons N of them. It is difficult to do some conclusions relatively stoichiometric coefficients i and f in modified by us Kharasch equation vap,c,f,sΨo = i ± f *N as they concern to organometallic compounds of the different groups. Such conclusion can be made on settlement data of I and II groups only in our opinion. Nevertheless, 43 equations of this type have been created for the processes of vaporization, combustion, formation, entropic transformations and heat capacity. Probably, that such data will help with forecasting of thermochemical functions and parameters of yet not investigated organometallic compounds.
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions of Organometallic Compounds of I-IV Groups of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130203.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vitaly Vitalevich Ovchinnikov
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions of Organometallic Compounds of I-IV Groups of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table
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Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions of Organic Compounds of V-VII Groups of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
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The heat of vaporization (∆vapНo), all thermodynamic functions ∆с,fGo, ∆с,fHo, So, ∆cSocond and heat capacity (Cp) of organic compounds of V-VII groups of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table can be well characterized with the number of valence electrons N without taking into account the number (h) of lone electrons pairs (g) of them in equation vap,c,f,sΨo = i ± f *(N - hg). The stoichiometric coefficients i and f reflect partially a various spatial structure of all investigated compounds. The free energy and entropy of combustion and formation are calculated only for oxygen, sulfur and partly fluorine compounds. For this reason their analysis causes the certain difficulties. It is possible to note, that f coefficients in the given above equation for free energies of combustion are very close to such coefficients for the heat of combustion processes. Also it has been found that calculated thermodynamic functions of ethers and sulfides are in good interdependence from each other: ∆сНo - ∆сSocond, ∆fНo - Socond, Socond - Cp. The 74 equations of mentioned type have been created for processes of vaporization, combustion, formation, entropic transformations and heat capacity.
The heat of vaporization (∆vapНo), all thermodynamic functions ∆с,fGo, ∆с,fHo, So, ∆cSocond and heat capacity (Cp) of organic compounds of V-VII groups of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table can be well characterized with the number of valence electrons N without taking into account the number (h) of lone electrons pairs (g) of them in equation vap,c,f,sΨo = i ± f *(N - hg). The stoichiometric coefficients i and f reflect partially a various spatial structure of all investigated compounds. The free energy and entropy of combustion and formation are calculated only for oxygen, sulfur and partly fluorine compounds. For this reason their analysis causes the certain difficulties. It is possible to note, that f coefficients in the given above equation for free energies of combustion are very close to such coefficients for the heat of combustion processes. Also it has been found that calculated thermodynamic functions of ethers and sulfides are in good interdependence from each other: ∆сНo - ∆сSocond, ∆fНo - Socond, Socond - Cp. The 74 equations of mentioned type have been created for processes of vaporization, combustion, formation, entropic transformations and heat capacity.
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions of Organic Compounds of V-VII Groups of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130204.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Vitaly Vitalevich Ovchinnikov
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis and Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions of Organic Compounds of V-VII Groups of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
2
4
72
72
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20130204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Existence of Thought Force and Its Characteristics
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.13
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. As per Penrose, consciousness is a part of the universe. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from Void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. This TF being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature as well as the universal consciousness. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness. The same is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). This TF being applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability) exerts its function both in vitro and in vivo. Existence of thought force and its characteristics are expressed here.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. As per Penrose, consciousness is a part of the universe. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind. This universal mind (UM) is evolved at the Big Bang from Void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. This TF being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature as well as the universal consciousness. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness. The same is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). This TF being applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability) exerts its function both in vitro and in vivo. Existence of thought force and its characteristics are expressed here.
Existence of Thought Force and Its Characteristics
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.13
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Existence of Thought Force and Its Characteristics
2
5
104
104
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.13
© Science Publishing Group
Some Specific Plausible Theoretical Aspects to Justify and Support the Existence of Thought-Carrying Particle, Thought Retaining Particle and Thought Force
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.12
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the same . The same is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo.We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP that are originated from same Void. Some plausible theoretical scientific aspects have been specified here to justify and support the existence of TCP, TRP and thought force (TF)) along with the TF (micro) and TF (macro). These TCP, TRP and thought force (TF) can provide guidelines to form a possible gross bridge between mind and matter, present physics and cognitive science, psychology and natural sciences, classical physics and quantum physics.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the same . The same is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo.We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP that are originated from same Void. Some plausible theoretical scientific aspects have been specified here to justify and support the existence of TCP, TRP and thought force (TF)) along with the TF (micro) and TF (macro). These TCP, TRP and thought force (TF) can provide guidelines to form a possible gross bridge between mind and matter, present physics and cognitive science, psychology and natural sciences, classical physics and quantum physics.
Some Specific Plausible Theoretical Aspects to Justify and Support the Existence of Thought-Carrying Particle, Thought Retaining Particle and Thought Force
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Some Specific Plausible Theoretical Aspects to Justify and Support the Existence of Thought-Carrying Particle, Thought Retaining Particle and Thought Force
2
5
93
93
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.12
© Science Publishing Group
Possible Bridge between the Mind and Matter: The Physical World is nothing but a Projection of the Mind Consisting of TCP and TRP that, in Turn, are the Ultimate Constituents of any Matter also
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.14
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding matter, mind and consciousness and in the formation of a possible bridge between the mind and matter.
A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the sameεT. The sameεT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. Any matter as well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo and these TCP and TRP are originated from the same Void. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding matter, mind and consciousness and in the formation of a possible bridge between the mind and matter.
Possible Bridge between the Mind and Matter: The Physical World is nothing but a Projection of the Mind Consisting of TCP and TRP that, in Turn, are the Ultimate Constituents of any Matter also
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.14
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Dhananjay Pal
Possible Bridge between the Mind and Matter: The Physical World is nothing but a Projection of the Mind Consisting of TCP and TRP that, in Turn, are the Ultimate Constituents of any Matter also
2
5
116
116
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.14
© Science Publishing Group
Kinetics and Mechanism of Electron-Transfer Reactions: Oxidation of Butanone and Cyclohexanone by Thallium (III) in Acid Perchlorate Medium- An Appraisal of Keto Form Reactivity
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.11
The kinetics of oxidation of ketones by thallium (III) has been studied in acid perchlorate medium. The reaction does not indicate enolization to be the rate controlling step in the reaction mechanism. The kinetic rate law (1) has been observed. -d[TlIII] / dt= k1Kh [Tl(III)Ketone] / ([H+] + Kh) Where Kh is the hydrolysis constant of the oxidant. A plausible reaction mechanism is suggested conforming to the rate law (1). Activation parameters were evaluated.
The kinetics of oxidation of ketones by thallium (III) has been studied in acid perchlorate medium. The reaction does not indicate enolization to be the rate controlling step in the reaction mechanism. The kinetic rate law (1) has been observed. -d[TlIII] / dt= k1Kh [Tl(III)Ketone] / ([H+] + Kh) Where Kh is the hydrolysis constant of the oxidant. A plausible reaction mechanism is suggested conforming to the rate law (1). Activation parameters were evaluated.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Electron-Transfer Reactions: Oxidation of Butanone and Cyclohexanone by Thallium (III) in Acid Perchlorate Medium- An Appraisal of Keto Form Reactivity
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Shalini Hemkar
Riya Sailani
Chandra Lata Khandelwal
Prem Dutt Sharma
Kinetics and Mechanism of Electron-Transfer Reactions: Oxidation of Butanone and Cyclohexanone by Thallium (III) in Acid Perchlorate Medium- An Appraisal of Keto Form Reactivity
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5
79
79
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130205.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Quantum Potential: The Missing Interaction in the Density Maximum of He4 at the Lambda Point
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.12
The lambda point in liquid He4 is a well established phenomenon acknowledged as an example of Bose-Einstain condensation. This is generally accepted, but there are serious discrepancies between the theory and experimental results, namely the lower value of the transition temperature T and the negative value of dT /dP. These discrepancies can be explained in term of the quantum stochastic hydrodynamic analogy (SQHA). The SQHA shows that at the He4IHe4II superfluid transition the quantum coherence length c becomes of order of the distance up to which the wave function of a couple of He4 atoms extends itself. In this case, the He42 state is quantum and the quantum pseudo-potential brings a repulsive interaction that leads to the negative dT /dP behavior. This fact overcomes the difficulty to explain the phenomenon by introducing a Hamiltonian inter-atomic repulsive potential that would obstacle the gas-liquid transition.
The lambda point in liquid He4 is a well established phenomenon acknowledged as an example of Bose-Einstain condensation. This is generally accepted, but there are serious discrepancies between the theory and experimental results, namely the lower value of the transition temperature T and the negative value of dT /dP. These discrepancies can be explained in term of the quantum stochastic hydrodynamic analogy (SQHA). The SQHA shows that at the He4IHe4II superfluid transition the quantum coherence length c becomes of order of the distance up to which the wave function of a couple of He4 atoms extends itself. In this case, the He42 state is quantum and the quantum pseudo-potential brings a repulsive interaction that leads to the negative dT /dP behavior. This fact overcomes the difficulty to explain the phenomenon by introducing a Hamiltonian inter-atomic repulsive potential that would obstacle the gas-liquid transition.
The Quantum Potential: The Missing Interaction in the Density Maximum of He4 at the Lambda Point
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Piero Chiarelli
The Quantum Potential: The Missing Interaction in the Density Maximum of He4 at the Lambda Point
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131
131
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.12
© Science Publishing Group
Thermodynamic Study of the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Water-Chloroform-Acetic Acid
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.11
Experimental liquid-liquid equilibria of the water-chloroform-acetic acid system were studied at temperature of 298.15 K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and tie-line data. Data for the construction of ties-lines were determined by preparing mixtures of known mole fraction of components in the region of formation of two phases. Separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.
Experimental liquid-liquid equilibria of the water-chloroform-acetic acid system were studied at temperature of 298.15 K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and tie-line data. Data for the construction of ties-lines were determined by preparing mixtures of known mole fraction of components in the region of formation of two phases. Separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.
Thermodynamic Study of the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Water-Chloroform-Acetic Acid
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Silio Lima de Moura
José Aroldo Viana dos Santos
Francisco Carlos Marques da Silva
Thermodynamic Study of the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Water-Chloroform-Acetic Acid
2
6
121
121
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20130206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Mixed Nanoparticles ZnS and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) against Nanocomposite Mechanical Properties of PVA / ZnS
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.12
This study was conducted to see the effect of a mixture of ZnS nanoparticles and PVA on the properties of nanocomposite PV / ZnS. Mixing is done with the sol-gel method, which dissolve ZnS nanoparticles and PVA with distilled water. Stirring is done through the magnet, with the angular velocity of 500 rpm, and heated at 80 ° C temperature. The solution that has been shaped gel then put into molds and then cooled naturally. Variations mixture of PVA: ZnS is (100:0)%, (99:1)%, (98:2)%, (97:3)% and (96:4)%. The results of mechanical tests showed that the average maximum tensile strength of 34.390 MPa obtained on the composition of the mixture of PVA: ZnS at (100:0)%, the average maximum elongation at break of 430.81% was obtained on the composition of the mixture of PVA: ZnS at (99 : 1)%, the average elastic modulus of 190.73 MPa maximum obtained on the composition of the mixture of PVA: ZnS at (98:2)%. This result is better because it is more equitable in terms of mixing and content conforms to the crosslinking better. DSC results obtained on the composition of the maximum melting temperature of PVA: ZnS at (97:3)% which is at a temperature of 224.39 ℃.
This study was conducted to see the effect of a mixture of ZnS nanoparticles and PVA on the properties of nanocomposite PV / ZnS. Mixing is done with the sol-gel method, which dissolve ZnS nanoparticles and PVA with distilled water. Stirring is done through the magnet, with the angular velocity of 500 rpm, and heated at 80 ° C temperature. The solution that has been shaped gel then put into molds and then cooled naturally. Variations mixture of PVA: ZnS is (100:0)%, (99:1)%, (98:2)%, (97:3)% and (96:4)%. The results of mechanical tests showed that the average maximum tensile strength of 34.390 MPa obtained on the composition of the mixture of PVA: ZnS at (100:0)%, the average maximum elongation at break of 430.81% was obtained on the composition of the mixture of PVA: ZnS at (99 : 1)%, the average elastic modulus of 190.73 MPa maximum obtained on the composition of the mixture of PVA: ZnS at (98:2)%. This result is better because it is more equitable in terms of mixing and content conforms to the crosslinking better. DSC results obtained on the composition of the maximum melting temperature of PVA: ZnS at (97:3)% which is at a temperature of 224.39 ℃.
Effect of Mixed Nanoparticles ZnS and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) against Nanocomposite Mechanical Properties of PVA / ZnS
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Makmur Sirait
Saharman Gea
Motlan
Eddy Marlianto
Effect of Mixed Nanoparticles ZnS and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) against Nanocomposite Mechanical Properties of PVA / ZnS
3
1
8
8
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Three Separate Regions in the Prepared Aniline-Palladium Mixture
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.11
Polyaniline-palladium composite might be proposed for the electrode material in the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol). Prepared mixture of aniline-palladium in sulfuric acid medium (0<рН<1) is investigated by SEM, PXD and FTIR. Obtained results confirm existence of three separate regions: polydisperse palladium powder with agglomerations size of ~0.5 micron in width and ~3-7 microns in length; single palladium particles (~0.5×0.2 micron) coated mainly by polyaniline form – emeraldine; aniline balls (diameter of ~2-5 microns) with ~0.2 atomic percent of Pd in their bulk and converted at the surface to emeraldine base and emeraldine salt.
Polyaniline-palladium composite might be proposed for the electrode material in the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol). Prepared mixture of aniline-palladium in sulfuric acid medium (0<рН<1) is investigated by SEM, PXD and FTIR. Obtained results confirm existence of three separate regions: polydisperse palladium powder with agglomerations size of ~0.5 micron in width and ~3-7 microns in length; single palladium particles (~0.5×0.2 micron) coated mainly by polyaniline form – emeraldine; aniline balls (diameter of ~2-5 microns) with ~0.2 atomic percent of Pd in their bulk and converted at the surface to emeraldine base and emeraldine salt.
Three Separate Regions in the Prepared Aniline-Palladium Mixture
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Yuriy Semenyuk
Orest Pereviznyk
Oleksandr Reshetnyak
Ivan Saldan
Three Separate Regions in the Prepared Aniline-Palladium Mixture
3
1
4
4
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140301.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Effect of Mixing Rice Husk Ash and Palm Oil Boiler Ash on Concrete Strength
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.11
Physical properties such as compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete can be changed by adding a mixture of rice husk ash and palm oil boiler ash in concrete. The rate of absorption of water by the concrete mixed with rice husk ash and mixed with palm oil boiler ash was further tested. Levels addition of the mixture to be tested is 5%, 10%, 15% , and 20% by long immersion for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, and 60 days. Tests on the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete from a wide variation in the mixture, analyzed by XRD (X - ray diffractometry). Analysis of the surface morphology and content of elements contained in the sample of natural bentonite, used Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The test results showed the addition of a mixture of rice husk ash, palm oil boiler ash , and the addition of a mixture of both, ideal on concrete that has the addition of a mixture of 5% composition. With the addition of the concrete mix results in a SiO2 content of the concrete is reduced. Significant content of SiO2 is with a mixture of 5% rice husk ash. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete with rice husk ash mixture 5% higher than the others.
Physical properties such as compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete can be changed by adding a mixture of rice husk ash and palm oil boiler ash in concrete. The rate of absorption of water by the concrete mixed with rice husk ash and mixed with palm oil boiler ash was further tested. Levels addition of the mixture to be tested is 5%, 10%, 15% , and 20% by long immersion for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, and 60 days. Tests on the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete from a wide variation in the mixture, analyzed by XRD (X - ray diffractometry). Analysis of the surface morphology and content of elements contained in the sample of natural bentonite, used Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The test results showed the addition of a mixture of rice husk ash, palm oil boiler ash , and the addition of a mixture of both, ideal on concrete that has the addition of a mixture of 5% composition. With the addition of the concrete mix results in a SiO2 content of the concrete is reduced. Significant content of SiO2 is with a mixture of 5% rice husk ash. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete with rice husk ash mixture 5% higher than the others.
The Effect of Mixing Rice Husk Ash and Palm Oil Boiler Ash on Concrete Strength
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-04-24
© Science Publishing Group
Karya Sinulingga
Harry Agusnar
Basuki Wirjosentono
Zakaria Mohd. Amin
The Effect of Mixing Rice Husk Ash and Palm Oil Boiler Ash on Concrete Strength
3
2
14
14
2014-04-24
2014-04-24
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.11
© Science Publishing Group
The Use of Solid Waste in Rubber Gloves Industry and Natural Polyurethane in Making Sound Dumping Polymer’s Roof
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.12
Polymer’s roof has been done using solid waste in rubber gloves industry with the best mixing composition from the making of polymer’s roof. Samples from any composition, which is done thus being pressed by hot compressor with temperature 150 0C during 30 minutes. After providing samples, examining the physical and mechanical properties, include testing the surface of SEM, DSC, absorption from XRD, and sound dumping. The results shows that an addition of rubber waste causes the absorption and porosity decreasing, while flexural strength and effect increasing. The result from DSC shows that samples have an endurance from 300 - 470 0C, while SEM shows that the shape of surface from some samples are less homogeneous. The result from absorption using XRD seems that samples absorb as another sample, which is the more addition of rubber waste, the bigger intensity of absorption. From the sound dumping test by thick of samples about 5 x 10-3 m producing the sound dumping to the average samples with α = 0,138. From the result above, polymer’s roof is so suitable which physical and mechanical properties, which is needed by the standard polymer’s roof.
Polymer’s roof has been done using solid waste in rubber gloves industry with the best mixing composition from the making of polymer’s roof. Samples from any composition, which is done thus being pressed by hot compressor with temperature 150 0C during 30 minutes. After providing samples, examining the physical and mechanical properties, include testing the surface of SEM, DSC, absorption from XRD, and sound dumping. The results shows that an addition of rubber waste causes the absorption and porosity decreasing, while flexural strength and effect increasing. The result from DSC shows that samples have an endurance from 300 - 470 0C, while SEM shows that the shape of surface from some samples are less homogeneous. The result from absorption using XRD seems that samples absorb as another sample, which is the more addition of rubber waste, the bigger intensity of absorption. From the sound dumping test by thick of samples about 5 x 10-3 m producing the sound dumping to the average samples with α = 0,138. From the result above, polymer’s roof is so suitable which physical and mechanical properties, which is needed by the standard polymer’s roof.
The Use of Solid Waste in Rubber Gloves Industry and Natural Polyurethane in Making Sound Dumping Polymer’s Roof
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-05-06
© Science Publishing Group
Kurnia Sembiring
Eddy Marlianto
Thamrin
Ridwan Sani
The Use of Solid Waste in Rubber Gloves Industry and Natural Polyurethane in Making Sound Dumping Polymer’s Roof
3
2
18
18
2014-05-06
2014-05-06
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Molecular Structure, IR, NMR Spectra and HOMO-LUMO Analysis of 4-Methoxy-N-(3-Phenylallylidene) Aniline
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.13
In this study, 4-Methoxy-N-(3-phenylallylidene) aniline has been synthesized and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The optimized geometrical structure, vibrational frequencies and NMR shifts of title molecule were obtained by using ab initio HF and density functional method (B3LYP) with 6-31G* basis set. The experimental and calculated geometrical parameters were compared with each other. The calculated infrared (IR) and NMR data were compared with experimental values using HF and B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. It was found to be a good correlation between experimental and calculated data. In addition, HOMO and LUMO analysis of title molecule were calculated using corresponding methods with 6-31G* basis set. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energies were used to calculate some properties of title molecule.
In this study, 4-Methoxy-N-(3-phenylallylidene) aniline has been synthesized and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The optimized geometrical structure, vibrational frequencies and NMR shifts of title molecule were obtained by using ab initio HF and density functional method (B3LYP) with 6-31G* basis set. The experimental and calculated geometrical parameters were compared with each other. The calculated infrared (IR) and NMR data were compared with experimental values using HF and B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. It was found to be a good correlation between experimental and calculated data. In addition, HOMO and LUMO analysis of title molecule were calculated using corresponding methods with 6-31G* basis set. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energies were used to calculate some properties of title molecule.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Molecular Structure, IR, NMR Spectra and HOMO-LUMO Analysis of 4-Methoxy-N-(3-Phenylallylidene) Aniline
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.13
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-05-13
© Science Publishing Group
Kürşat Efil
Yunus Bekdemir
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Molecular Structure, IR, NMR Spectra and HOMO-LUMO Analysis of 4-Methoxy-N-(3-Phenylallylidene) Aniline
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25
25
2014-05-13
2014-05-13
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) in the Presence of Fe (III)/H2O2
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.11
The degradation of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) by means of ultrasound irradiation and its combination with homogeneous photocatalysis (photo-Fenton) was investigated. Emphasis was given on the effect of additive on degradation rate constants. 24 kHz of ultrasound irradiation was provided by a sonicator, while an ultraviolet source of 16 W was used for UV irradiation. To increase the efficiency of degradation process, degradation system was combined with Fe (III) (2.510-4mol/L) and H2O2 (0.020 - 0.118 mol/L) in the presence of UV irradiation and the rate of degradation process change from 4.07x10-5 to 8.24x10-5 mol15 l-1.5 min-1. Photo-Fenton process led to complete PVP degradation in 150 min with the rate increasing with increasing catalyst loading. Sonophotocatalysis in the presence of Fe (III)/H2O2 was always faster than the respective individual processes. A negative order for the dependence of the reaction rate on total molar concentration of PVP solution within the degradation process was suggested. Results of this study indicate that the presence of catalyst in the reaction medium can be utilized to reduce molecular weight of PVP while maintaining the power of irradiated ultrasound.
The degradation of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) by means of ultrasound irradiation and its combination with homogeneous photocatalysis (photo-Fenton) was investigated. Emphasis was given on the effect of additive on degradation rate constants. 24 kHz of ultrasound irradiation was provided by a sonicator, while an ultraviolet source of 16 W was used for UV irradiation. To increase the efficiency of degradation process, degradation system was combined with Fe (III) (2.510-4mol/L) and H2O2 (0.020 - 0.118 mol/L) in the presence of UV irradiation and the rate of degradation process change from 4.07x10-5 to 8.24x10-5 mol15 l-1.5 min-1. Photo-Fenton process led to complete PVP degradation in 150 min with the rate increasing with increasing catalyst loading. Sonophotocatalysis in the presence of Fe (III)/H2O2 was always faster than the respective individual processes. A negative order for the dependence of the reaction rate on total molar concentration of PVP solution within the degradation process was suggested. Results of this study indicate that the presence of catalyst in the reaction medium can be utilized to reduce molecular weight of PVP while maintaining the power of irradiated ultrasound.
Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) in the Presence of Fe (III)/H2O2
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
N. S. Orang
R. Abdollahi
Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) in the Presence of Fe (III)/H2O2
3
3
32
32
2014-06-12
2014-06-12
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Controlling the Passive Oxide Film Formation on Indium Electrode in Na2B4O7 Solutions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.12
The oxide film formation and growth on indium electrode in Na2B4O7 solutions have been studied using polarization technique. The effects of concentration of Na2B4O7, pH and temperature of electrolyte solution are investigated based on the formation of oxide film. It was found that lowering the concentrations of Na2B4O7 solutions, pH or decreasing of temperature of the solution assist the formation of a passive oxide film on indium electrode. The corrosion current density, icorr, increased with increasing the concentrations of Na2B4O7 solutions, pH and the rising of solution temperature. The free activation energy of oxide film growth process is determined to be 15.7kJ/mole. The above studies indicate that the oxide film growth process is diffusion-controlled. The effect of addition of NaCl, NaBr, and NaI with different amounts was also investigated. Higher concentrations of these salts lead to the dissolution of the passive oxide film due to the increasing of corrosion current density, icorr, and the shift of corrosion potential, Ecorr, to more active potentials.
The oxide film formation and growth on indium electrode in Na2B4O7 solutions have been studied using polarization technique. The effects of concentration of Na2B4O7, pH and temperature of electrolyte solution are investigated based on the formation of oxide film. It was found that lowering the concentrations of Na2B4O7 solutions, pH or decreasing of temperature of the solution assist the formation of a passive oxide film on indium electrode. The corrosion current density, icorr, increased with increasing the concentrations of Na2B4O7 solutions, pH and the rising of solution temperature. The free activation energy of oxide film growth process is determined to be 15.7kJ/mole. The above studies indicate that the oxide film growth process is diffusion-controlled. The effect of addition of NaCl, NaBr, and NaI with different amounts was also investigated. Higher concentrations of these salts lead to the dissolution of the passive oxide film due to the increasing of corrosion current density, icorr, and the shift of corrosion potential, Ecorr, to more active potentials.
Controlling the Passive Oxide Film Formation on Indium Electrode in Na2B4O7 Solutions
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-08-12
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed Diab
Salah Abd El Wanees
Controlling the Passive Oxide Film Formation on Indium Electrode in Na2B4O7 Solutions
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3
40
40
2014-08-12
2014-08-12
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Effect of an External Applied Potential on the Photocatalytic Properties of Manganese-Doped Titanium Dioxide
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.11
The electrochemical anodic oxidation method was used to prepare thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductors (undoped and doped with Mn). These films were used to test the oxidation of methanol (CH3OH), the degree of which was quantified by measuring the current density produced as a function of an applied potential between 0.5 V and 5.0 V. The value of the potential to be applied in order to prevent fast electron-hole recombination was determined. The observed phenomenon is explained by considering the wave nature of the electron.
The electrochemical anodic oxidation method was used to prepare thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductors (undoped and doped with Mn). These films were used to test the oxidation of methanol (CH3OH), the degree of which was quantified by measuring the current density produced as a function of an applied potential between 0.5 V and 5.0 V. The value of the potential to be applied in order to prevent fast electron-hole recombination was determined. The observed phenomenon is explained by considering the wave nature of the electron.
Effect of an External Applied Potential on the Photocatalytic Properties of Manganese-Doped Titanium Dioxide
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-08-29
© Science Publishing Group
Gracien Bakambo Ekoko
Joseph Kanza-Kanza Lobo
Omer Muamba Mvele
Jérémie Lunguya Muswema
Jean-Félix Senga Yamambe
Effect of an External Applied Potential on the Photocatalytic Properties of Manganese-Doped Titanium Dioxide
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46
46
2014-08-29
2014-08-29
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.11
© Science Publishing Group
First-Principles Calculations of the Formation and Structures of Point Defects on GaN (0001) Surface
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.12
We studied the structures and energies associated with 8 types of point defects on the [0001] surface of hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) by modeling: (1) Ga vacancies (VGa), (2) N vacancies (VN), (3) substitution of N by Ga (GaN), (4) substitution of Ga by N (NGa), (5) Ga octahedral interstitial defects (GaO), (6) Ga tetrahedral interstitial defects (GaT), (7) N octahedral interstitial defects (NO), and (8) N tetrahedral interstitial defects (NT). Using a plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential method, we calculate these defect structures, simulate the shift, bonding, and relaxation reconstruction of surface atoms in response to the formation of these defects and also calculate the formation energies of these defects. We find that the Ga-related defects only slightly affect the surface, whereas all N-related defects induce substantial surface reconstruction. In particular, the formation of NT not only induces distortion of the surface structure, but also significantly influences the structure of the deeper lattice space. Calculations of formation energies suggest that, in Ga-rich conditions, GaO forms most easily, followed by GaN, VN, and GaT. In comparison, in N-rich conditions, VGa forms most easily. In all environments, GaO, GaN, and VGa form more easily than VN, and the formation of octahedral interstitial defects requires less energy than tetrahedral interstitial defects, which suggests it is difficult to form tetrahedral interstitial defects in the GaN (0001) surface.
We studied the structures and energies associated with 8 types of point defects on the [0001] surface of hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) by modeling: (1) Ga vacancies (VGa), (2) N vacancies (VN), (3) substitution of N by Ga (GaN), (4) substitution of Ga by N (NGa), (5) Ga octahedral interstitial defects (GaO), (6) Ga tetrahedral interstitial defects (GaT), (7) N octahedral interstitial defects (NO), and (8) N tetrahedral interstitial defects (NT). Using a plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential method, we calculate these defect structures, simulate the shift, bonding, and relaxation reconstruction of surface atoms in response to the formation of these defects and also calculate the formation energies of these defects. We find that the Ga-related defects only slightly affect the surface, whereas all N-related defects induce substantial surface reconstruction. In particular, the formation of NT not only induces distortion of the surface structure, but also significantly influences the structure of the deeper lattice space. Calculations of formation energies suggest that, in Ga-rich conditions, GaO forms most easily, followed by GaN, VN, and GaT. In comparison, in N-rich conditions, VGa forms most easily. In all environments, GaO, GaN, and VGa form more easily than VN, and the formation of octahedral interstitial defects requires less energy than tetrahedral interstitial defects, which suggests it is difficult to form tetrahedral interstitial defects in the GaN (0001) surface.
First-Principles Calculations of the Formation and Structures of Point Defects on GaN (0001) Surface
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-09-27
© Science Publishing Group
Chun Yang
Weiwei Jie
Ping Huang
Xiaoqing Liang
Xiaoxiao Pan
First-Principles Calculations of the Formation and Structures of Point Defects on GaN (0001) Surface
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53
53
2014-09-27
2014-09-27
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140304.12
© Science Publishing Group
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis of Thermodynamic Functions of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table Atoms in Various Phases; Possibility for the Bond Strengths Calculations in Condensed State
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.11
The values of free energies, the heats and entropies of formation and heat capacities of gaseous and condensed atoms of I-VII main and lateral groups and three groups of transitive elements of Mendeleev’s Periodic table were analyzed. Seventy nine equations of such type as ∆g,f,sΨo = i ± f N, in which ∆g,f,sΨo is thermodynamic function, i and f are stoichiometric coefficients, have been calculated. The obtained equations can be used for the calculations of the same functions for other atoms, for with they are not known. The same equations can be used for the next calculation of bond strength in they also. Instead of bond energy (Eb) or bond dissociation energy (BDE) the bond strength (Sb) new symbol of the bond powers for organic and organometallic substances has been suggested. It has been done because there are all thermodynamic functions for practically all atoms of Periodic table and hard to define the bond power with the use the heat function (enthalpy) only; probably is necessary to present the all thermodynamic parameters for the calculating bonds between atoms.
The values of free energies, the heats and entropies of formation and heat capacities of gaseous and condensed atoms of I-VII main and lateral groups and three groups of transitive elements of Mendeleev’s Periodic table were analyzed. Seventy nine equations of such type as ∆g,f,sΨo = i ± f N, in which ∆g,f,sΨo is thermodynamic function, i and f are stoichiometric coefficients, have been calculated. The obtained equations can be used for the calculations of the same functions for other atoms, for with they are not known. The same equations can be used for the next calculation of bond strength in they also. Instead of bond energy (Eb) or bond dissociation energy (BDE) the bond strength (Sb) new symbol of the bond powers for organic and organometallic substances has been suggested. It has been done because there are all thermodynamic functions for practically all atoms of Periodic table and hard to define the bond power with the use the heat function (enthalpy) only; probably is necessary to present the all thermodynamic parameters for the calculating bonds between atoms.
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis of Thermodynamic Functions of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table Atoms in Various Phases; Possibility for the Bond Strengths Calculations in Condensed State
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-09-29
© Science Publishing Group
Vitaly Vitalevich Ovchinnikov
Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis of Thermodynamic Functions of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table Atoms in Various Phases; Possibility for the Bond Strengths Calculations in Condensed State
3
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60
60
2014-09-29
2014-09-29
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.11
© Science Publishing Group
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of the Behaviour of Bis(2,2--Bipyridyl)Copper(II) Complex Immobilized on a Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrode
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.13
Modification of a gold electrode of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) has been achieved by immobilizing a bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II) complex on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-mercapto-11-undecanoic acid (MUA). The electrostatic interaction of the negatively charged SAM with a di-positive copper complex allowed the attachment. The modified electrode exhibited excellent redox behavior. Electro-statically immobilized on a SAM gold modified electrode is reported. A carboxylic acid terminated monolayer was utilized to provide a chemically uniform surface. The dependence of the modified electrode response was investigated in terms of pH, supporting electrolyte and ionic strength. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also employed to study the chemical interactions between bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II) and 1-mercapto-11-undecanoic acid (MUA). XPS provides identification of the sorption sites involved in the accumulation of bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II), as well as the forms of species sorbed on the self-assembled monolayer. It is found that sorption occurs on carboxlic functional groups.
Modification of a gold electrode of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) has been achieved by immobilizing a bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II) complex on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-mercapto-11-undecanoic acid (MUA). The electrostatic interaction of the negatively charged SAM with a di-positive copper complex allowed the attachment. The modified electrode exhibited excellent redox behavior. Electro-statically immobilized on a SAM gold modified electrode is reported. A carboxylic acid terminated monolayer was utilized to provide a chemically uniform surface. The dependence of the modified electrode response was investigated in terms of pH, supporting electrolyte and ionic strength. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also employed to study the chemical interactions between bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II) and 1-mercapto-11-undecanoic acid (MUA). XPS provides identification of the sorption sites involved in the accumulation of bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II), as well as the forms of species sorbed on the self-assembled monolayer. It is found that sorption occurs on carboxlic functional groups.
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of the Behaviour of Bis(2,2--Bipyridyl)Copper(II) Complex Immobilized on a Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrode
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.13
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Abdunnaser Mohamed Etorki
Haddi Omar Reghei
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of the Behaviour of Bis(2,2--Bipyridyl)Copper(II) Complex Immobilized on a Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrode
3
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71
71
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.13
© Science Publishing Group
Characterization of Electrochemical Cycling-Induced New Products of NaCuO2 Cathode Material for Sodium Secondary Batteries
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.12
Using a Na/NaCuO2 cell, we investigate the conversion of NaCuO2 during charge and discharge reactions and the new products formed by the conversion. In the voltage range of 0.75 to 3.0 V, the results of ex-situ XRD analysis indicate that Na2CuO2, an unstable amorphous discharge product, converted into CuO and Cu2O. Moreover, an XPS analysis reveals Na2O is formed on the surface of a NaCuO2 electrode. From 1.7 to 4.2 V, on the other hand, the first charge product, Na1-xCuO2, should partially form CuO. This behavior is similar to the reaction in which the charge of a Li/LiCuO2 cell forms CuO. Then, after the discharge, CuO and Cu2O are observed as the main components in XRD patterns of the electrode. NaCuO2 phase appeared again after the subsequent charge. NaCuO2 is gradually converted into CuO as the main component as the cycles proceed. The cycling-induced new products of NaCuO2 change, depends on the voltage ranges.
Using a Na/NaCuO2 cell, we investigate the conversion of NaCuO2 during charge and discharge reactions and the new products formed by the conversion. In the voltage range of 0.75 to 3.0 V, the results of ex-situ XRD analysis indicate that Na2CuO2, an unstable amorphous discharge product, converted into CuO and Cu2O. Moreover, an XPS analysis reveals Na2O is formed on the surface of a NaCuO2 electrode. From 1.7 to 4.2 V, on the other hand, the first charge product, Na1-xCuO2, should partially form CuO. This behavior is similar to the reaction in which the charge of a Li/LiCuO2 cell forms CuO. Then, after the discharge, CuO and Cu2O are observed as the main components in XRD patterns of the electrode. NaCuO2 phase appeared again after the subsequent charge. NaCuO2 is gradually converted into CuO as the main component as the cycles proceed. The cycling-induced new products of NaCuO2 change, depends on the voltage ranges.
Characterization of Electrochemical Cycling-Induced New Products of NaCuO2 Cathode Material for Sodium Secondary Batteries
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-10-20
© Science Publishing Group
Yoko Ono
Yuhki Yui
Kaoru Asakura
Jiro Nakamura
Masahiko Hayashi
Kazue Ichino Takahashi
Characterization of Electrochemical Cycling-Induced New Products of NaCuO2 Cathode Material for Sodium Secondary Batteries
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66
66
2014-10-20
2014-10-20
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.12
© Science Publishing Group
Heat Energy as Measure of Matter Chaotization
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.14
The heat energy, which is a measure of chaotic motion of particles and which is determined by Boltzmann distribution that is valid not only for gaseous but condensed state of matter, could be an analytical tool to reveal the united nature of solid, liquid and gaseous states based on introduction of new concepts of virtual crystal-mobile, liquid-mobile and vapor-mobile particles.
The heat energy, which is a measure of chaotic motion of particles and which is determined by Boltzmann distribution that is valid not only for gaseous but condensed state of matter, could be an analytical tool to reveal the united nature of solid, liquid and gaseous states based on introduction of new concepts of virtual crystal-mobile, liquid-mobile and vapor-mobile particles.
Heat Energy as Measure of Matter Chaotization
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.14
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-10-24
© Science Publishing Group
Vitaly Pavlovich Malyshev
Asrta Mundukovna Makasheva
Yana Alekseevna Fedorovich
Heat Energy as Measure of Matter Chaotization
3
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76
76
2014-10-24
2014-10-24
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.14
© Science Publishing Group
Bryophyllum Pinnatum Leaf (BPL) is an Eternal Source of Renewable Electrical Energy for Future World
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.15
Modern civilization uses huge amount of electrical power. Most of this power is generated by using fossil fuel which is non-renewable and we can not produce it according to our desire .If this condition continue human civility will face great difficulties. In this case energy solution for the future will increasingly depend upon the uses of renewable energy. Keeping this concept in mind, an Innovative work has been designed and developed at the Physics Department of Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electrochemistry and electrical Performances have been studied. The concentration of the reactant and product ions are [Cu2+] and [Zn2+]respectively measured by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The variation of [Cu2+ ] and [Zn2+] with the variation of time, temperature of the electrolyte, concentration of the juice ,distance between two plates, absorption and adsorption of the [Cu2+ ] and [Zn2+] by the electrodes, thickness of the electrodes have been studied. Voltage regulation, Internal resistance, Energy efficiency, Current efficiency ,Voltage efficiency, Charging efficiency, Discharging efficiency , Open circuit Voltage, Short circuit Current of the BPL cell have been studied. It has been also studied the Voltage regulation, Internal resistance, Energy efficiency, Current efficiency ,Voltage efficiency, Charging efficiency, Discharging efficiency , Open circuit Voltage, Short circuit Current of the BPL cell with the variation of time. The name and presentation of the BPL cell has been developed . It has been introduced the name of the BPL cell as quasi Galvanic/Voltaic cell. Most of the results have been tabulated and graphically discussed.
Modern civilization uses huge amount of electrical power. Most of this power is generated by using fossil fuel which is non-renewable and we can not produce it according to our desire .If this condition continue human civility will face great difficulties. In this case energy solution for the future will increasingly depend upon the uses of renewable energy. Keeping this concept in mind, an Innovative work has been designed and developed at the Physics Department of Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electrochemistry and electrical Performances have been studied. The concentration of the reactant and product ions are [Cu2+] and [Zn2+]respectively measured by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The variation of [Cu2+ ] and [Zn2+] with the variation of time, temperature of the electrolyte, concentration of the juice ,distance between two plates, absorption and adsorption of the [Cu2+ ] and [Zn2+] by the electrodes, thickness of the electrodes have been studied. Voltage regulation, Internal resistance, Energy efficiency, Current efficiency ,Voltage efficiency, Charging efficiency, Discharging efficiency , Open circuit Voltage, Short circuit Current of the BPL cell have been studied. It has been also studied the Voltage regulation, Internal resistance, Energy efficiency, Current efficiency ,Voltage efficiency, Charging efficiency, Discharging efficiency , Open circuit Voltage, Short circuit Current of the BPL cell with the variation of time. The name and presentation of the BPL cell has been developed . It has been introduced the name of the BPL cell as quasi Galvanic/Voltaic cell. Most of the results have been tabulated and graphically discussed.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum Leaf (BPL) is an Eternal Source of Renewable Electrical Energy for Future World
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.15
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-11-10
© Science Publishing Group
Mohammad Hasan Bakshi
Abdullah Al Mahmud
Bryophyllum Pinnatum Leaf (BPL) is an Eternal Source of Renewable Electrical Energy for Future World
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83
83
2014-11-10
2014-11-10
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.15
© Science Publishing Group
Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Swelling of Scale-Free Polymer Networks
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.16
We studied experimentally and theoretically how the network topology influences the mechanical properties and swelling of polymer networks. The properties of monofunctional and polyfunctional networks were compared. The cross-link functionality distribution of the polyfunctional networks is a power function. Such networks are also called scale-free networks. The ultimate tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain of a polyfunctional network appeared to be 1.4 and ~2 times as high as the respective parameters for a monofunctional network. For assessing the long-term strength of polymer networks, we used cyclic straining. The number of cycles from the onset of an experiment to the breakdown of the test sample for a scale-free polymer network was 56 to 60 times the number of cycles for a monofunctional network. We used the lattice-type model of solutions and derived an equation relating the chemical potential of the solvent or plasticizer in a swollen scale-free polymer network to the network parameters and the volume fraction of the polymer. The experimental results verified the validity of our theoretical analysis.
We studied experimentally and theoretically how the network topology influences the mechanical properties and swelling of polymer networks. The properties of monofunctional and polyfunctional networks were compared. The cross-link functionality distribution of the polyfunctional networks is a power function. Such networks are also called scale-free networks. The ultimate tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain of a polyfunctional network appeared to be 1.4 and ~2 times as high as the respective parameters for a monofunctional network. For assessing the long-term strength of polymer networks, we used cyclic straining. The number of cycles from the onset of an experiment to the breakdown of the test sample for a scale-free polymer network was 56 to 60 times the number of cycles for a monofunctional network. We used the lattice-type model of solutions and derived an equation relating the chemical potential of the solvent or plasticizer in a swollen scale-free polymer network to the network parameters and the volume fraction of the polymer. The experimental results verified the validity of our theoretical analysis.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Swelling of Scale-Free Polymer Networks
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.16
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-11-12
© Science Publishing Group
Dmitriy V. Pleshakov
Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Swelling of Scale-Free Polymer Networks
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2014-11-12
2014-11-12
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.16
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140305.16
© Science Publishing Group
Adsorption of Hg2+ and Ni2+ from Aqueous Solutions Using Unmodified and Carboxymethylated Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.11
The use of unmodified and carboxymethylated granular activated carbon (GAC) for adsorption of Hg2+ and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions was assessed in this work. The effect of concentration and modification by carboxymethyl group on the adsorption of these metal ions was studied in batch process. The adsorption data were correlated with Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. Results show that Freundlich model gave the best description for the adsorption process followed by the Langmuir model. Langmuir adsorption capacity corresponding to sites saturation was found to be 20.83 mg g-1 and 19.05 mg g-1 for adsorption of the Hg2+ and Ni2+ respectively onto the unmodified adsorbent and 19.72 mg g-1 and 17.01 mg g-1 for adsorption onto the carboxymethylated substrate. The apparent energy values obtained from the Dubinin-Radushvich model further indicates that the forces of the adsorption follow physical mode. Modification by carboxymethyl group generally caused a decline in the adsorption capacity by the adsorbent. Results obtained generally showed that Hg (II) ions were better adsorbed onto both adsorbents as compared to Nickel (II).
The use of unmodified and carboxymethylated granular activated carbon (GAC) for adsorption of Hg2+ and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions was assessed in this work. The effect of concentration and modification by carboxymethyl group on the adsorption of these metal ions was studied in batch process. The adsorption data were correlated with Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. Results show that Freundlich model gave the best description for the adsorption process followed by the Langmuir model. Langmuir adsorption capacity corresponding to sites saturation was found to be 20.83 mg g-1 and 19.05 mg g-1 for adsorption of the Hg2+ and Ni2+ respectively onto the unmodified adsorbent and 19.72 mg g-1 and 17.01 mg g-1 for adsorption onto the carboxymethylated substrate. The apparent energy values obtained from the Dubinin-Radushvich model further indicates that the forces of the adsorption follow physical mode. Modification by carboxymethyl group generally caused a decline in the adsorption capacity by the adsorbent. Results obtained generally showed that Hg (II) ions were better adsorbed onto both adsorbents as compared to Nickel (II).
Adsorption of Hg2+ and Ni2+ from Aqueous Solutions Using Unmodified and Carboxymethylated Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-12-03
© Science Publishing Group
Francis Kalu Onwu
Christopher Uchechukwu Sonde
Jude Chibuzo Igwe
Adsorption of Hg2+ and Ni2+ from Aqueous Solutions Using Unmodified and Carboxymethylated Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
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2014-12-03
2014-12-03
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.11
© Science Publishing Group
Physicochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Moroccan Bentonite of Trebia and Its Use in Ceramic Technology
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.12
This study concerns the results of Physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of a white bentonite of Trebia located in Nador region in Morocco and its use in the ceramics industry. Several techniques were used; in particular X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX microanalysis (SEM-EDX), differential thermal and gravimetric analyses (DTA-TGA) and finally infrared Fourier transform (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The first objective of this work is to look for the usability of bentonite of Trebia in ceramic technology. The second objective was to develop gels of oxides of high purity from these clays. We can say that the white bentonite of Trebia has the same characteristics of clays used in the ceramics industry (medium heat loss, low shrinkage, good flexural strength and good behavior in plasticity), this white bentonite of Trebia adding 0,42% sodium carbonate is sufficient to have a good deflocculation and the viscosity is minimum corresponds to the stability of the slip, in his introduction to a formula of slip was successful with a rate of 10 to 14%. The SEM-EDX, X-ray, chemical analysis and Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated and allowed us to identify the different minerals that make up the white clay, compared with the available data, we identified Montmorillonite, feldspath and quartz as bentonite of Trebia, other minerals present as impurities major are magnetit and iron oxide. These results show the important features to justify its use in the ceramic industry.
This study concerns the results of Physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of a white bentonite of Trebia located in Nador region in Morocco and its use in the ceramics industry. Several techniques were used; in particular X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX microanalysis (SEM-EDX), differential thermal and gravimetric analyses (DTA-TGA) and finally infrared Fourier transform (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The first objective of this work is to look for the usability of bentonite of Trebia in ceramic technology. The second objective was to develop gels of oxides of high purity from these clays. We can say that the white bentonite of Trebia has the same characteristics of clays used in the ceramics industry (medium heat loss, low shrinkage, good flexural strength and good behavior in plasticity), this white bentonite of Trebia adding 0,42% sodium carbonate is sufficient to have a good deflocculation and the viscosity is minimum corresponds to the stability of the slip, in his introduction to a formula of slip was successful with a rate of 10 to 14%. The SEM-EDX, X-ray, chemical analysis and Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated and allowed us to identify the different minerals that make up the white clay, compared with the available data, we identified Montmorillonite, feldspath and quartz as bentonite of Trebia, other minerals present as impurities major are magnetit and iron oxide. These results show the important features to justify its use in the ceramic industry.
Physicochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Moroccan Bentonite of Trebia and Its Use in Ceramic Technology
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-07-31
© Science Publishing Group
Azzeddine Er-ramly
Abdelali Ider
Physicochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Moroccan Bentonite of Trebia and Its Use in Ceramic Technology
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101
101
2014-07-31
2014-07-31
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.12
© Science Publishing Group
A Novel Visible– Light Driven Photocatalyst: Ethylene Glycol–Citrate Sol–Gel Synthesis, Microwave–Assisted Calcination, and Photocatalytic Efficiency
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.13
A novel visible– light driven photocatalyst, BIMNVOX.x was synthesized by ethylene glycol–citrate sol–gel route and microwave- assisted calcination. The phocatalyst was characterized structurally by X–ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and simultaneous thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA). Its optical and surface properties were determined by means of UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry and BET– nitrogen adsorption isotherm measurements, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiency of BIMNVOX.x system was investigated by applying the pseudo first- order kinetic model to the photocatalytic degradation reaction of crystal violet, CV dye in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The β (orthorhombic) –BIMNVOX phase, space group Acam exhibited the highest photocatalytic degradability, indicating that the photocatalytic efficiency of BIMNVOX catalyst is essentially enhanced by the increased number of catalyst active sites, irrespective of the kind of phase stabilized and the increasing photoabsorption ability with Mn dopant content. Moreover, the possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of aqueous CV dye solution under visible light irradiation was also proposed.
A novel visible– light driven photocatalyst, BIMNVOX.x was synthesized by ethylene glycol–citrate sol–gel route and microwave- assisted calcination. The phocatalyst was characterized structurally by X–ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and simultaneous thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA). Its optical and surface properties were determined by means of UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry and BET– nitrogen adsorption isotherm measurements, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiency of BIMNVOX.x system was investigated by applying the pseudo first- order kinetic model to the photocatalytic degradation reaction of crystal violet, CV dye in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The β (orthorhombic) –BIMNVOX phase, space group Acam exhibited the highest photocatalytic degradability, indicating that the photocatalytic efficiency of BIMNVOX catalyst is essentially enhanced by the increased number of catalyst active sites, irrespective of the kind of phase stabilized and the increasing photoabsorption ability with Mn dopant content. Moreover, the possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of aqueous CV dye solution under visible light irradiation was also proposed.
A Novel Visible– Light Driven Photocatalyst: Ethylene Glycol–Citrate Sol–Gel Synthesis, Microwave–Assisted Calcination, and Photocatalytic Efficiency
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.13
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2014-12-18
© Science Publishing Group
Hakim Qaid Naji Museed Alarique
Elyas Sadeq Al-Aghbari
Niyazi Abdulmawla Sallam Al–Areqi
Ahlam Al–Alas
Khalid Ahmed Saeed Ghaleb
A Novel Visible– Light Driven Photocatalyst: Ethylene Glycol–Citrate Sol–Gel Synthesis, Microwave–Assisted Calcination, and Photocatalytic Efficiency
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108
108
2014-12-18
2014-12-18
10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20140306.13
© Science Publishing Group
Modeling of Excess Molar Volumes of [Difurylmethane + (Acetonitrile or Propionitrile or Benzonitrile)] Binary Mixtures Using the Prigogine – Flory – Patterson Theory
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.11
The recently reported experimental excess molar volume data for {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or benzonitrile or propionitrile)} binary mixtures as a function of composition at T = 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure, have been used to test the applicability of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory. Analysis of each of the three contributions to the experimental excess molar volume vis. the interactional, the free volume and the characteristic pressure terms, show that the interactional and the free volume contributions were negative for all three {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or benzonitrile or propionitrile)} binary mixtures. The characteristic pressure contribution was negative for {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or propionitrile)} and positive for (difuryl methane + benzonitrile). The relatively large magnitude of the interactional contribution which arises from dipole-dipole interactions between difurylmethane and the nitrile molecule determined the overall experimental shape of the excess molar volume isotherms for {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or benzonitrile or propionitrile)} binary mixtures. The correlation between the theoretical and experimental excess molar volumes data was satisfactory for each of the three binary systems.
The recently reported experimental excess molar volume data for {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or benzonitrile or propionitrile)} binary mixtures as a function of composition at T = 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure, have been used to test the applicability of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory. Analysis of each of the three contributions to the experimental excess molar volume vis. the interactional, the free volume and the characteristic pressure terms, show that the interactional and the free volume contributions were negative for all three {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or benzonitrile or propionitrile)} binary mixtures. The characteristic pressure contribution was negative for {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or propionitrile)} and positive for (difuryl methane + benzonitrile). The relatively large magnitude of the interactional contribution which arises from dipole-dipole interactions between difurylmethane and the nitrile molecule determined the overall experimental shape of the excess molar volume isotherms for {difuryl methane + (acetonitrile or benzonitrile or propionitrile)} binary mixtures. The correlation between the theoretical and experimental excess molar volumes data was satisfactory for each of the three binary systems.
Modeling of Excess Molar Volumes of [Difurylmethane + (Acetonitrile or Propionitrile or Benzonitrile)] Binary Mixtures Using the Prigogine – Flory – Patterson Theory
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2015-01-22
© Science Publishing Group
W. A. A. Ddamba
Thabo T. Mokoena
Phatsimo Mokgweetsi
M. S. Nadiye-Tabbiruka
Modeling of Excess Molar Volumes of [Difurylmethane + (Acetonitrile or Propionitrile or Benzonitrile)] Binary Mixtures Using the Prigogine – Flory – Patterson Theory
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1
5
5
2015-01-22
2015-01-22
10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.11
© Science Publishing Group
Thermodynamic Parameters of Complexation Calixpyrrole Derivative with Lanthanides Cations (Lu3, Ho3, Eu3+ and Pr3+) in Nonaquoeus Media
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.12
Calix [4] pyrrole derivative was used to target lanthanide cations. Meso tetramethyl-tetrakis-[(4-N, N-diethylacetamide) phenoxymethyl] calix [4] pyrrole, L2 was synthesised. This receptor constituted of hard donor atoms at the lower rim which interact with lanthanide cations being hard cations. 1H NMR investigations showed that both, the pyrrolic N and the acetamide arm group provide sites for interaction with lanthanide metal cations. These findings are verified by conductance measurements in acetonitrile, plots of molar conductance against the ligand/metal cation ratio reveal the formation of 1:2 complexes between this ligand with lanthanide metal cations. Standard thermodynamics parameters of complexation (log Ks, ΔHᵒc, ΔSᵒc, ΔGᵒc) of L2 with lanthanide cations in acetonitrile were determined using the Nano ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry). The complexation process between these metal cations and the receptor L2 was enthalpically controlled.
Calix [4] pyrrole derivative was used to target lanthanide cations. Meso tetramethyl-tetrakis-[(4-N, N-diethylacetamide) phenoxymethyl] calix [4] pyrrole, L2 was synthesised. This receptor constituted of hard donor atoms at the lower rim which interact with lanthanide cations being hard cations. 1H NMR investigations showed that both, the pyrrolic N and the acetamide arm group provide sites for interaction with lanthanide metal cations. These findings are verified by conductance measurements in acetonitrile, plots of molar conductance against the ligand/metal cation ratio reveal the formation of 1:2 complexes between this ligand with lanthanide metal cations. Standard thermodynamics parameters of complexation (log Ks, ΔHᵒc, ΔSᵒc, ΔGᵒc) of L2 with lanthanide cations in acetonitrile were determined using the Nano ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry). The complexation process between these metal cations and the receptor L2 was enthalpically controlled.
Thermodynamic Parameters of Complexation Calixpyrrole Derivative with Lanthanides Cations (Lu3, Ho3, Eu3+ and Pr3+) in Nonaquoeus Media
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.12
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2015-03-21
© Science Publishing Group
Ahmed Yahya Issa Rubaye
Thermodynamic Parameters of Complexation Calixpyrrole Derivative with Lanthanides Cations (Lu3, Ho3, Eu3+ and Pr3+) in Nonaquoeus Media
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15
15
2015-03-21
2015-03-21
10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150401.12
© Science Publishing Group
Imidazole Derivative as Novel Effective Inhibitor of Mild Steel Corrosion in Aqueous Sulphuric Acid
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.s.2015040101.11
Corrosion behavior of mild steel immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4 and corrosion inhibition in the presence of different concentrations of 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(1h-phenantro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl) phenol (PIP) was investigated using weight loss and hydrogen evolution techniques at 303 – 333 K. The results indicate a maximum inhibition efficiency of 68.45% in the presence of 10 x 10-5 M PIP at 303 K. The inhibitory action of PIP in the acid solution is best described by Temkin adsorption isotherm. The Arrhenius and transition state equations are used to calculate activation parameters and the mechanism of physical adsorption is proposed for PIP from the values of Ea and ΔG*ads obtained. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the adsorption of PIP to the metal surface is spontaneous. Quantum chemical calculations using DFT is used to calculate some electronic properties of the molecule in order to ascertain any correlation between the inhibitive effect and molecular structure of the molecule PIP. PIP protected the mild steel against corrosion in the acid medium at the studied temperatures by virtue of adsorption. The corrosion rate increased with temperature both in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, but the increase was lesser in the presence of the inhibitor compared to that of the free acid solution. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of the inhibitors.
Corrosion behavior of mild steel immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4 and corrosion inhibition in the presence of different concentrations of 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(1h-phenantro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl) phenol (PIP) was investigated using weight loss and hydrogen evolution techniques at 303 – 333 K. The results indicate a maximum inhibition efficiency of 68.45% in the presence of 10 x 10-5 M PIP at 303 K. The inhibitory action of PIP in the acid solution is best described by Temkin adsorption isotherm. The Arrhenius and transition state equations are used to calculate activation parameters and the mechanism of physical adsorption is proposed for PIP from the values of Ea and ΔG*ads obtained. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the adsorption of PIP to the metal surface is spontaneous. Quantum chemical calculations using DFT is used to calculate some electronic properties of the molecule in order to ascertain any correlation between the inhibitive effect and molecular structure of the molecule PIP. PIP protected the mild steel against corrosion in the acid medium at the studied temperatures by virtue of adsorption. The corrosion rate increased with temperature both in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, but the increase was lesser in the presence of the inhibitor compared to that of the free acid solution. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of the inhibitors.
Imidazole Derivative as Novel Effective Inhibitor of Mild Steel Corrosion in Aqueous Sulphuric Acid
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.s.2015040101.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2015-01-07
© Science Publishing Group
Nnenna Winifred Odozi
Jonathan Oyebamiji Babalola
Ekemini Bassey Ituen
Abiodun Omokehinde Eseola
Imidazole Derivative as Novel Effective Inhibitor of Mild Steel Corrosion in Aqueous Sulphuric Acid
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9
9
2015-01-07
2015-01-07
10.11648/j.ajpc.s.2015040101.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.s.2015040101.11
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of CuFeO2 as Negative Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150402.11
This paper investigates the electrochemical properties of CuFeO2 prepared by using a malate precursor method as negative electrodes for sodium-ion batteries. In the voltage range of 0.01 to 3.0 V, the oxide calcined at 750C shows a poor cycle property of 27 mAh/g at 10 cycles, although it exhibits the large first discharge capacity of 579 mAh/g. The cycle property is improved to up to 122 mAh/g at 10 cycles by employing a cycle condition with the voltage range of 0.01 to 1.5 V. The results suggest that the sodium-ion insertion/extraction mechanism in CuFeO2 would involve valence changes of Fe ions in the oxide from the Fe3+ state to Fe0 state in the discharge process and from Fe0 to Fe3+ in the charge process.
This paper investigates the electrochemical properties of CuFeO2 prepared by using a malate precursor method as negative electrodes for sodium-ion batteries. In the voltage range of 0.01 to 3.0 V, the oxide calcined at 750C shows a poor cycle property of 27 mAh/g at 10 cycles, although it exhibits the large first discharge capacity of 579 mAh/g. The cycle property is improved to up to 122 mAh/g at 10 cycles by employing a cycle condition with the voltage range of 0.01 to 1.5 V. The results suggest that the sodium-ion insertion/extraction mechanism in CuFeO2 would involve valence changes of Fe ions in the oxide from the Fe3+ state to Fe0 state in the discharge process and from Fe0 to Fe3+ in the charge process.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of CuFeO2 as Negative Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20150402.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2015-04-15
© Science Publishing Group
Yuhki Yui
Yoko Ono
Masahiko Hayashi
Jiro Nakamura
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of CuFeO2 as Negative Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries
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20
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2015-04-15
2015-04-15
10.11648/j.ajpc.20150402.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150402.11
© Science Publishing Group
Use of unmodified orange peel for the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150403.11
Ground orange peel (GOP) was used as adsorbent for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions. Several experiments with variation of some factors namely: initial concentration of the heavy metal ions, contact time, temperature and pH were carried out. FT-IR spectrum of GOP showed the presence of different functional groups on its surface. Equilibrium data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. Hg (II) and Cd (II) adsorptions were better described by Temkin isotherm while that of Pub (II) was best described Freundlich isotherm. Pseudo second order kinetics with higher R2 values described adsorption in all cases. Adsorption of Hg (II) was maximum at pH 4, while those of Cd (II) and Pub (II) ions were maximum at pH 6. Thermodynamics study showed that the adsorption processes of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions were endothermic while that of Cd(II) ions was exothermic in nature.
Ground orange peel (GOP) was used as adsorbent for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions. Several experiments with variation of some factors namely: initial concentration of the heavy metal ions, contact time, temperature and pH were carried out. FT-IR spectrum of GOP showed the presence of different functional groups on its surface. Equilibrium data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. Hg (II) and Cd (II) adsorptions were better described by Temkin isotherm while that of Pub (II) was best described Freundlich isotherm. Pseudo second order kinetics with higher R2 values described adsorption in all cases. Adsorption of Hg (II) was maximum at pH 4, while those of Cd (II) and Pub (II) ions were maximum at pH 6. Thermodynamics study showed that the adsorption processes of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions were endothermic while that of Cd(II) ions was exothermic in nature.
Use of unmodified orange peel for the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions
doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20150403.11
American Journal of Physical Chemistry
2015-07-05
© Science Publishing Group
Egwuatu Chinyelu
Umedum Ngozi
Ochiagha Kate
Ogbugo Sixtus
Use of unmodified orange peel for the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions
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29
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2015-07-05
2015-07-05
10.11648/j.ajpc.20150403.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=128&doi=10.11648/j.ajpc.20150403.11
© Science Publishing Group