Science Publishing Group: Science Journal of Chemistry: Table of Contents
<i> Science Journal of Chemistry (SJC) </i>, a peer-reviewed open access journal published bimonthly in English-language, provides a international forum for the publication of outstanding full papers from all areas of chemistry and related fields, and the attendant goal is to promote widespread acceptance of the Journal as an authoritative and indispensable holding in academic and institutional libraries. Contributions that are fundamental to the development of chemistry and its applications are accepted. Generally, review articles on some topic of special current interest will be published.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/sjc Science Publishing Group: Science Journal of Chemistry: Table of Contents
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Science Journal of Chemistry
Science Journal of Chemistry
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Green and Efficient Synthesis of Some Pyrido[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-4(3h)-One Derivatives Via Iodine Catalyst in Aqueous Media and Evaluation the Synthesized Compounds as Anticancer
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A series of new 2-propylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one with different substituents at position 3 were syn-thesized by traditional method and Iodine catalyst method. The effect of the newly synthesized compounds was tested as anti-cancer in National Cancer Institute(NCI)in USA. Some of the synthesized compounds exploited potent antitumor activity, especially the compounds pyrido[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin (2), 3-amino derivative 3a, 3b and hydroxy derivative 3c dis-played the highest activity among the test compounds with IC50 > 5 mg/mL
A series of new 2-propylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one with different substituents at position 3 were syn-thesized by traditional method and Iodine catalyst method. The effect of the newly synthesized compounds was tested as anti-cancer in National Cancer Institute(NCI)in USA. Some of the synthesized compounds exploited potent antitumor activity, especially the compounds pyrido[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin (2), 3-amino derivative 3a, 3b and hydroxy derivative 3c dis-played the highest activity among the test compounds with IC50 > 5 mg/mL
Green and Efficient Synthesis of Some Pyrido[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-4(3h)-One Derivatives Via Iodine Catalyst in Aqueous Media and Evaluation the Synthesized Compounds as Anticancer
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130101.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Ayman M. F. Elgohary
E. M. Ezz El-Arab
Green and Efficient Synthesis of Some Pyrido[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-4(3h)-One Derivatives Via Iodine Catalyst in Aqueous Media and Evaluation the Synthesized Compounds as Anticancer
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Effects of Zeolites X and Y on the Degradation of Malathion in Water
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The inclusion of both zeolites X and zeolite Y significantly affected the dissipation of malathion in water. In the fresh water, malathion degradation followed a pseudo-first order kinetics with concomitant half-life dropping from 8.76 hours in fresh water to 4.44 and 6.65 hours up on the introduction of faujasite X and Y, respectively. Zeolite X had higher degradation efficiency as compared to the Y type. In pure fresh water, Malathion mainly hydrolyzed to form malathion monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids as the only degradation products. However, in the presence of zeolites X and Y, in addition to the degradation products obtained in the fresh water, dimethyldithiophosphate was also formed. Notably, all the degradation products obtained are environmentally benign compared to the parent malathion. Eventually, both the adsorption on the zeolite framework and zeolite catalyzed degradation processes contributed to the overall dissipation behavior of the malathion and its degradation products.
The inclusion of both zeolites X and zeolite Y significantly affected the dissipation of malathion in water. In the fresh water, malathion degradation followed a pseudo-first order kinetics with concomitant half-life dropping from 8.76 hours in fresh water to 4.44 and 6.65 hours up on the introduction of faujasite X and Y, respectively. Zeolite X had higher degradation efficiency as compared to the Y type. In pure fresh water, Malathion mainly hydrolyzed to form malathion monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids as the only degradation products. However, in the presence of zeolites X and Y, in addition to the degradation products obtained in the fresh water, dimethyldithiophosphate was also formed. Notably, all the degradation products obtained are environmentally benign compared to the parent malathion. Eventually, both the adsorption on the zeolite framework and zeolite catalyzed degradation processes contributed to the overall dissipation behavior of the malathion and its degradation products.
Effects of Zeolites X and Y on the Degradation of Malathion in Water
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130101.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Joanne Atieno Ogunah
Chrispin Ounga Kowenje
Elly Tetty Osewe
Joseph Owour Lalah
David Agoro Jaoko
Robert Njuguna Koigi
Effects of Zeolites X and Y on the Degradation of Malathion in Water
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Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Evaluation of the Transition Metal Complexes of 2, 6-Diacetylpyridine -Derived N5-Acyclic Ligands
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A series of transition elements complexes with [2, 6-diacetimino-pheylenediamine –[2, 2,diyl] pyridine ]of the general formula [MLCl]Cl, M= Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and [CrLCl]Cl2, respectively have been synthesized and fully characterized on the bases of C.H.N.M, elemental analysis, 13C NMR, UV- Visible and FTIR spectra, in addition the structure of complexes was characterized by magnetic moments and molar conductance in DMSO solution, and molar ratio of metal were also determined. The obtained data of spectra in conjugation with microelemental analyses suggested the octahedral symmetry for all the complexes since the molar ratio(M: L) is 1:1, and the newly ligand behaved as neutral pentadentate through four nitrogen atoms of NH2,C=N and pyridine ring on the basis of infrared spectroscopy and other analysis of molar conductance and magnetic moments for solid complexes. A theoretical treatment of the formation of complexes in the gas phase was studied, this was done using the HYPERCHEM-6 program for the Molecular mechanics and Semi-empirical calculations.
A series of transition elements complexes with [2, 6-diacetimino-pheylenediamine –[2, 2,diyl] pyridine ]of the general formula [MLCl]Cl, M= Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and [CrLCl]Cl2, respectively have been synthesized and fully characterized on the bases of C.H.N.M, elemental analysis, 13C NMR, UV- Visible and FTIR spectra, in addition the structure of complexes was characterized by magnetic moments and molar conductance in DMSO solution, and molar ratio of metal were also determined. The obtained data of spectra in conjugation with microelemental analyses suggested the octahedral symmetry for all the complexes since the molar ratio(M: L) is 1:1, and the newly ligand behaved as neutral pentadentate through four nitrogen atoms of NH2,C=N and pyridine ring on the basis of infrared spectroscopy and other analysis of molar conductance and magnetic moments for solid complexes. A theoretical treatment of the formation of complexes in the gas phase was studied, this was done using the HYPERCHEM-6 program for the Molecular mechanics and Semi-empirical calculations.
Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Evaluation of the Transition Metal Complexes of 2, 6-Diacetylpyridine -Derived N5-Acyclic Ligands
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130102.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mahmmod Al-Jubori
Omar Hamad Shehab AL-Obaidi
Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Evaluation of the Transition Metal Complexes of 2, 6-Diacetylpyridine -Derived N5-Acyclic Ligands
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© Science Publishing Group
Effect of Oligomers on Structural and Functional State of Biomembranes
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The effect of a new group of oligomers on the structural and functional state of erythrocytes, lymphocytes, hepatocytes, splenocytes membranes of rats under subacute experiment conditions was investigated. It is established that the oligomers are able to alter the membrane physical-chemical properties and disrupt the structural and metabolic processes that underlie the formation of pathological states.
The effect of a new group of oligomers on the structural and functional state of erythrocytes, lymphocytes, hepatocytes, splenocytes membranes of rats under subacute experiment conditions was investigated. It is established that the oligomers are able to alter the membrane physical-chemical properties and disrupt the structural and metabolic processes that underlie the formation of pathological states.
Effect of Oligomers on Structural and Functional State of Biomembranes
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130102.13
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Zaytseva O.
Viktor Zhukov
Rezunenko Y.
Telegin V
Knigavko V.
Risovanaya L.
Effect of Oligomers on Structural and Functional State of Biomembranes
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© Science Publishing Group
Complex Formation Reactions of Scandium(III), Yttrium(III) and Lanthanum(III) Complexes with 8-Hydroxyquinoline
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This study aims to investigate the nature and types of complexes formed in aqueous solution between 8-Hydroxyquinoline (HQ) and the ions of Sc+3, Y+3, and La+3. Potentiometric titration was used to follow the formation of complexes. The coordination compounds formed were studied through the determination of stability constants of these complexes in aqueous solution at 25,0 ± 0,1ºC and ionic strength of 0,1 M KNO3. The basicity of the ligand was also assessed by the determination of the dissociation constants of the ligand. All of the constants were determined by computer refinement of pH-volume data using the BEST computer program. Distribution diagrams for the species were drawn showing the concentrations of individual species as a function of pH by the SPE software program.
This study aims to investigate the nature and types of complexes formed in aqueous solution between 8-Hydroxyquinoline (HQ) and the ions of Sc+3, Y+3, and La+3. Potentiometric titration was used to follow the formation of complexes. The coordination compounds formed were studied through the determination of stability constants of these complexes in aqueous solution at 25,0 ± 0,1ºC and ionic strength of 0,1 M KNO3. The basicity of the ligand was also assessed by the determination of the dissociation constants of the ligand. All of the constants were determined by computer refinement of pH-volume data using the BEST computer program. Distribution diagrams for the species were drawn showing the concentrations of individual species as a function of pH by the SPE software program.
Complex Formation Reactions of Scandium(III), Yttrium(III) and Lanthanum(III) Complexes with 8-Hydroxyquinoline
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130102.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Naciye Türkel
Complex Formation Reactions of Scandium(III), Yttrium(III) and Lanthanum(III) Complexes with 8-Hydroxyquinoline
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© Science Publishing Group
A Novel Polyaniline Titanium Oxide Sawdust Composite Adsorbent for Polychlorinated Biphenyls
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Polyaniline /sawdust /titanium oxide (PANI/SD/TiO2) composite was chemically synthesised by insitu polymerization of aniline monomer in acidic medium containing sawdust and titanium oxide. The structure and morphological variations of PANI/SD/TiO2 composite were interrogated by means of spectroscopy (FTIR, UV-visible, thermal gravimetric (TG) analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Noticeable spectral and morphological changes were observed compared to pristine PANI thus, strongly suggesting chemical interaction between compounds present in the composite. Batch experiments were adopted in examining the adsorption kinetics and isotherm of selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (PCB: 28, 52 and 101). Results indicate that PANI/SD/TiO2 can be used as a novel, effective and low-cost adsorbent material for lower Chlorinated PCB remediation (PCB 28). Adsorption equilibrium studies followed Freundlich for PCB 52 and Langmuir models for PCB 28 and 101. While the adsorption kinetics were best described by pseudo-second-order (PCB 28 and PCB 52) and intraparticle diffusion models (PCB 101).
Polyaniline /sawdust /titanium oxide (PANI/SD/TiO2) composite was chemically synthesised by insitu polymerization of aniline monomer in acidic medium containing sawdust and titanium oxide. The structure and morphological variations of PANI/SD/TiO2 composite were interrogated by means of spectroscopy (FTIR, UV-visible, thermal gravimetric (TG) analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Noticeable spectral and morphological changes were observed compared to pristine PANI thus, strongly suggesting chemical interaction between compounds present in the composite. Batch experiments were adopted in examining the adsorption kinetics and isotherm of selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (PCB: 28, 52 and 101). Results indicate that PANI/SD/TiO2 can be used as a novel, effective and low-cost adsorbent material for lower Chlorinated PCB remediation (PCB 28). Adsorption equilibrium studies followed Freundlich for PCB 52 and Langmuir models for PCB 28 and 101. While the adsorption kinetics were best described by pseudo-second-order (PCB 28 and PCB 52) and intraparticle diffusion models (PCB 101).
A Novel Polyaniline Titanium Oxide Sawdust Composite Adsorbent for Polychlorinated Biphenyls
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130103.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Fredrick Okumu
Mangaka Matoetoe
Olalekan Fatoki
A Novel Polyaniline Titanium Oxide Sawdust Composite Adsorbent for Polychlorinated Biphenyls
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Synthesis Characterization and Adsorption Study of New Resin PVC8-Hydroxyquinoline -5-Sulfonic Acid with Toxic Metals
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A new chelating copolymer (8HQ-pvc) was prepared through condensation reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline -5-sulphonic acid with poly (vinyl chloride) in the presence of pyridine as catalyst. This newly developed resin (8-HQ-pvc) has been used to prepare a series of six polymeric chelates by using Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II),Cu(II), Cd (II) , Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions. Both the parent chelating resin and its metal chelates have been systematically investigated in detail to elucidate the chemical structure by micro elemental analysis and spectral methods(IR, 1H -13C NMR, and Uv-Vis) spectra, as well as the isometric studies to deduce the average molecular weights of repeated unit in polymeric metal complexes.. In addition to these magnetic susceptibility measurements of the solid metal complexes of PVC-8HQ and the molar conductance of thier solutions in DMSO solutions have been measured to investigate the stereo chemical structures. The chemical structure of metal chelates on the basis of elemental and IR data suggests that the bi dentate (8HQ-pvc) resin coordinate to metal ions through oxygen atom of SO3-H group by replacing H atom and nitrogen of the quinolone ring. Ion exchange properties of the newly resin were studied for Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions in aqueous solutions. Batch equilibrium method was employed over wide PH range and interval times and showed that PVC-8HQ resin showed a higher selectivity toward Cr3+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions.
A new chelating copolymer (8HQ-pvc) was prepared through condensation reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline -5-sulphonic acid with poly (vinyl chloride) in the presence of pyridine as catalyst. This newly developed resin (8-HQ-pvc) has been used to prepare a series of six polymeric chelates by using Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II),Cu(II), Cd (II) , Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions. Both the parent chelating resin and its metal chelates have been systematically investigated in detail to elucidate the chemical structure by micro elemental analysis and spectral methods(IR, 1H -13C NMR, and Uv-Vis) spectra, as well as the isometric studies to deduce the average molecular weights of repeated unit in polymeric metal complexes.. In addition to these magnetic susceptibility measurements of the solid metal complexes of PVC-8HQ and the molar conductance of thier solutions in DMSO solutions have been measured to investigate the stereo chemical structures. The chemical structure of metal chelates on the basis of elemental and IR data suggests that the bi dentate (8HQ-pvc) resin coordinate to metal ions through oxygen atom of SO3-H group by replacing H atom and nitrogen of the quinolone ring. Ion exchange properties of the newly resin were studied for Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions in aqueous solutions. Batch equilibrium method was employed over wide PH range and interval times and showed that PVC-8HQ resin showed a higher selectivity toward Cr3+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions.
Synthesis Characterization and Adsorption Study of New Resin PVC8-Hydroxyquinoline -5-Sulfonic Acid with Toxic Metals
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130104.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Mahmoud Najim A. Al-Jibouri
Taghreed M. Musa
Mudeer Mubarak
Wessal M. al-Jibouri
Synthesis Characterization and Adsorption Study of New Resin PVC8-Hydroxyquinoline -5-Sulfonic Acid with Toxic Metals
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Metal-based Antimicrobial Agents: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of Mannich Base Derivatives of Benzimidazole and Their Metal Complexes
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Novel Mannich base derivatives of Benzimidazole were prepared through the condensation reaction of benzimidazole derivative with formaldehyde and primary and/ secondary amine. Zinc(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of Mannich bases have also been synthesized. All the compounds were fully characterized by, elemental analyses, magnetic moment determination, molar conductivity measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, spectral and analytical data. Experimental results showed that metal complexes act as bi-dentate ligands towards divalent metal ions via azomethine-N and deprotonated-O while suggesting an octahedral geometry. All the compounds were screened for in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against various bacterial and fungal strains. Almost all the compounds showed good potent activity against microorganisms. It was also seen that compounds with complexed form were more active as compared to un-complexed form. The prepared compounds were also screened for their cytotoxicity and results showed that only Ni(II) complexes exhibit some cytotoxicity while all other compounds were almost inactive.
Novel Mannich base derivatives of Benzimidazole were prepared through the condensation reaction of benzimidazole derivative with formaldehyde and primary and/ secondary amine. Zinc(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of Mannich bases have also been synthesized. All the compounds were fully characterized by, elemental analyses, magnetic moment determination, molar conductivity measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, spectral and analytical data. Experimental results showed that metal complexes act as bi-dentate ligands towards divalent metal ions via azomethine-N and deprotonated-O while suggesting an octahedral geometry. All the compounds were screened for in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against various bacterial and fungal strains. Almost all the compounds showed good potent activity against microorganisms. It was also seen that compounds with complexed form were more active as compared to un-complexed form. The prepared compounds were also screened for their cytotoxicity and results showed that only Ni(II) complexes exhibit some cytotoxicity while all other compounds were almost inactive.
Metal-based Antimicrobial Agents: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of Mannich Base Derivatives of Benzimidazole and Their Metal Complexes
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Misbah ur Rehman
Muhammad Imran
Muhammad Arif
Muhammad Farooq
Metal-based Antimicrobial Agents: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of Mannich Base Derivatives of Benzimidazole and Their Metal Complexes
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© Science Publishing Group
Activation of Bentonite and Application for Reduction pH, Color, Organic Substance, and Iron (Fe) in the Peat Water
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Chemical composition of bentonite may undergo change if when given treatment with ion exchange or by activation. Activation that is often used is thermal activation and chemical activation, in this study used activator is 6% HCl. Bentonite is used as the sample obtained in five villages in the district. Sample preparation is done by the process of drying with sunlight and oven, then puree and add HCL at 6% for 10 hours, drained, washed with distilled water until pH> 6, dried in an oven at 120oC for 6 hours. Bentonite is already inactive characterization by means of XRD and SEM-EDS, then tested for its ability to reduce the parameters pH, color, Organic Matter, TDS and Fe in the peat water. Measurement parameters pH by using a pH meter, organic substance, color and iron (Fe) with a spectrophotometer method and gravimetric solute done. The results showed that the addition of bentonite which is activated as much as 3 ml gr/500 peat water can reduce the concentration of color 84.10%, 80.50% and the organic matter content of iron (Fe) up 79.25%, activation with HCl 6% parameter is significant in reducing water peat and bentonite are added the more the greater its ability to reduce peat water parameters. ANOVA results showed that the addition of bentonite did not affect the pH and TDS peat water well is not activated bentonite and activated on the real level λ = 0.05, this is because bentonite having a pH below 5.0 and dropped after activation with strong acids . The ability of bentonite to absorb organic substances, iron and water color on peat caused by bentonite has a layered structure, containing of silica and alumina, bentonite and colloidal power expands the strong and have cations that can be exchanged, which converge in mineneral monmorrilonit, kaolinite, quartz and cristobalit
Chemical composition of bentonite may undergo change if when given treatment with ion exchange or by activation. Activation that is often used is thermal activation and chemical activation, in this study used activator is 6% HCl. Bentonite is used as the sample obtained in five villages in the district. Sample preparation is done by the process of drying with sunlight and oven, then puree and add HCL at 6% for 10 hours, drained, washed with distilled water until pH> 6, dried in an oven at 120oC for 6 hours. Bentonite is already inactive characterization by means of XRD and SEM-EDS, then tested for its ability to reduce the parameters pH, color, Organic Matter, TDS and Fe in the peat water. Measurement parameters pH by using a pH meter, organic substance, color and iron (Fe) with a spectrophotometer method and gravimetric solute done. The results showed that the addition of bentonite which is activated as much as 3 ml gr/500 peat water can reduce the concentration of color 84.10%, 80.50% and the organic matter content of iron (Fe) up 79.25%, activation with HCl 6% parameter is significant in reducing water peat and bentonite are added the more the greater its ability to reduce peat water parameters. ANOVA results showed that the addition of bentonite did not affect the pH and TDS peat water well is not activated bentonite and activated on the real level λ = 0.05, this is because bentonite having a pH below 5.0 and dropped after activation with strong acids . The ability of bentonite to absorb organic substances, iron and water color on peat caused by bentonite has a layered structure, containing of silica and alumina, bentonite and colloidal power expands the strong and have cations that can be exchanged, which converge in mineneral monmorrilonit, kaolinite, quartz and cristobalit
Activation of Bentonite and Application for Reduction pH, Color, Organic Substance, and Iron (Fe) in the Peat Water
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.14
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Muhammad Naswir
Susila Arita
Marsi
Salni
Activation of Bentonite and Application for Reduction pH, Color, Organic Substance, and Iron (Fe) in the Peat Water
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© Science Publishing Group
Evaluation of Disease Resistance Potential of Diorganotin Complexes in Some Bacteria and Fungi
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.13
The reaction of diphenyltin dichloride and dimethyltin dichloride with the ligands of Schiff base lead to the formation of a new series of bioactive organotin (IV) complexes. The isolated products are coloured solids soluble in most of the organic solvents. The bonding and coordination behaviour of these compounds are discussed by the support of electronic, infrared and multinuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR) spectral studies. These investigations suggest that the ligands act in a bidentate manner, coordination through the sulphur and nitrogen atoms. Trigonal bipyramidal geometry is proved for 1:1 metal complexes and hexacoordinated geometry is assigned for 1:2 metal complexes. All the complexes are monomeric in nature as indicated by their molecular weight determinations. Conductivity measurements show them to be non-electrolyte as the conductance values in DMF lie in the range of 10-12 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1. Schiff bases and their corresponding organotin complexes have also been screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activities and found to be quite active in this respect. Testing of ligands and their organotin complexes for disease resistance have been successfully studied in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results were quite encouraging and these were compared with the standard pesticides Bavistin and Streptomycin.
The reaction of diphenyltin dichloride and dimethyltin dichloride with the ligands of Schiff base lead to the formation of a new series of bioactive organotin (IV) complexes. The isolated products are coloured solids soluble in most of the organic solvents. The bonding and coordination behaviour of these compounds are discussed by the support of electronic, infrared and multinuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR) spectral studies. These investigations suggest that the ligands act in a bidentate manner, coordination through the sulphur and nitrogen atoms. Trigonal bipyramidal geometry is proved for 1:1 metal complexes and hexacoordinated geometry is assigned for 1:2 metal complexes. All the complexes are monomeric in nature as indicated by their molecular weight determinations. Conductivity measurements show them to be non-electrolyte as the conductance values in DMF lie in the range of 10-12 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1. Schiff bases and their corresponding organotin complexes have also been screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activities and found to be quite active in this respect. Testing of ligands and their organotin complexes for disease resistance have been successfully studied in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results were quite encouraging and these were compared with the standard pesticides Bavistin and Streptomycin.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance Potential of Diorganotin Complexes in Some Bacteria and Fungi
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.13
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Savita Belwal
R. V. Singh
Evaluation of Disease Resistance Potential of Diorganotin Complexes in Some Bacteria and Fungi
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© Science Publishing Group
Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11
Palm kernel husk carbon obtained from agricultural waste, were incorporated into natural rubber using a laboratory size two-roll mixing mill. For comparison purposes, commercial reinforcing filler, carbon black (N330) was also used. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristic and physico –mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at various filler loading, ranging from 0-80hpr, was investigated. Curing using a semi-efficient vulcanization was chosen and cure studies were carried out on a Monsanto Rheometer. The results indicated that carbonized palm kernel husk filler caused lower Mooney viscosity, shorter cure time, improved hardness, higher compression set values, but decreased tensile strength and tear strength, but show no significant change in abrasion resistance in comparison with the natural rubber materials. Overall results showed that palm kernel husk carbon can be used as cheaper filler for natural rubber materials where improved physical-mechanical properties are not critical.
Palm kernel husk carbon obtained from agricultural waste, were incorporated into natural rubber using a laboratory size two-roll mixing mill. For comparison purposes, commercial reinforcing filler, carbon black (N330) was also used. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristic and physico –mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at various filler loading, ranging from 0-80hpr, was investigated. Curing using a semi-efficient vulcanization was chosen and cure studies were carried out on a Monsanto Rheometer. The results indicated that carbonized palm kernel husk filler caused lower Mooney viscosity, shorter cure time, improved hardness, higher compression set values, but decreased tensile strength and tear strength, but show no significant change in abrasion resistance in comparison with the natural rubber materials. Overall results showed that palm kernel husk carbon can be used as cheaper filler for natural rubber materials where improved physical-mechanical properties are not critical.
Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330)
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Egwaikhide, A. P.
Okieimen, F. E.
Lawal. U.
Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330)
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2014-01-01
10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11
© Science Publishing Group
Adsorption of some Heavy Metals and (Mg+2, Ca+2) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by using Different Environmental Residuals as a Cheap Adsorbents at Optimum Conditions
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140201.11
In this study, removal of some heavy metals ions (Hg2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) from aqueous solution and (Mg+2 ,Ca+2) ions by adsorption process was investigated. The commercial activated carbon (Merck 2514), silica and ceramic were used as adsorbents. The adsorption process was carried out at the pH range from 5.3 to 5.5 and at room temperature. In this work 100% adsorption uptake was obtained in some cases. Amounts of metal adsorbed qe was calculated and the uptake percent was also calculated.
In this study, removal of some heavy metals ions (Hg2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) from aqueous solution and (Mg+2 ,Ca+2) ions by adsorption process was investigated. The commercial activated carbon (Merck 2514), silica and ceramic were used as adsorbents. The adsorption process was carried out at the pH range from 5.3 to 5.5 and at room temperature. In this work 100% adsorption uptake was obtained in some cases. Amounts of metal adsorbed qe was calculated and the uptake percent was also calculated.
Adsorption of some Heavy Metals and (Mg+2, Ca+2) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by using Different Environmental Residuals as a Cheap Adsorbents at Optimum Conditions
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140201.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-01-01
© Science Publishing Group
Sawsan Mohamed Abu El Hassan MOSA
Adsorption of some Heavy Metals and (Mg+2, Ca+2) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by using Different Environmental Residuals as a Cheap Adsorbents at Optimum Conditions
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5
2014-01-01
2014-01-01
10.11648/j.sjc.20140201.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140201.11
© Science Publishing Group
Creation of Functional Layers for pH Sensors by Galvanic Deposition of Antimony and Bismuth
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140202.11
Current requirements for measuring applications in biotechnology and biomedical applications require the use of planar sensors or sensor arrays. Previously used techniques for preparing pH-sensitive surfaces have various disadvantages. An interesting alternative is the electroplating of such surfaces. In this work, opportunities for the galvanic deposition of pH-sensitive antimony- and bismuth-layers are presented. The properties of the deposited films in terms of suitability as a pH-sensitive surface are compared. The results indicate that both antimony and bismuth with pH-sensitive layers can be electrodeposited. The separation results can be achieved by varying the parameters and the electrolyte composition influence far reaching. The issue of long-term stability of the deposited layers requires further investigation.
Current requirements for measuring applications in biotechnology and biomedical applications require the use of planar sensors or sensor arrays. Previously used techniques for preparing pH-sensitive surfaces have various disadvantages. An interesting alternative is the electroplating of such surfaces. In this work, opportunities for the galvanic deposition of pH-sensitive antimony- and bismuth-layers are presented. The properties of the deposited films in terms of suitability as a pH-sensitive surface are compared. The results indicate that both antimony and bismuth with pH-sensitive layers can be electrodeposited. The separation results can be achieved by varying the parameters and the electrolyte composition influence far reaching. The issue of long-term stability of the deposited layers requires further investigation.
Creation of Functional Layers for pH Sensors by Galvanic Deposition of Antimony and Bismuth
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140202.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-06-05
© Science Publishing Group
Christian Grieger
Frank Köster
Creation of Functional Layers for pH Sensors by Galvanic Deposition of Antimony and Bismuth
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10
10
2014-06-05
2014-06-05
10.11648/j.sjc.20140202.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140202.11
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis, Magnetic, Spectral and Biological Studies of Copper(II) Complexes of 4-Benzoyl-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pyrazolin-5-One N(4)-Substituted Thiosemicarbazones
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.12
The synthesis and characterization of copper(II) complexes with 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one thiosemicarbazone and N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones are reported. Elemental analysis, molar conductivities, magnetic measurements and spectral (i.r., electronic, e.s.r., and n.m.r.) studies have been used to characterize the complexes. The i.r. spectra show that the thiosemicarbazones behave as bidentate ligands, either in the thione or thiolato form. Stereochemistries are proposed for the complexes on the basis of spectral and magnetic studies. Both the thiosemicarbazones and their complexes show either modest or no growth inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces variotii.
The synthesis and characterization of copper(II) complexes with 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one thiosemicarbazone and N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones are reported. Elemental analysis, molar conductivities, magnetic measurements and spectral (i.r., electronic, e.s.r., and n.m.r.) studies have been used to characterize the complexes. The i.r. spectra show that the thiosemicarbazones behave as bidentate ligands, either in the thione or thiolato form. Stereochemistries are proposed for the complexes on the basis of spectral and magnetic studies. Both the thiosemicarbazones and their complexes show either modest or no growth inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces variotii.
Synthesis, Magnetic, Spectral and Biological Studies of Copper(II) Complexes of 4-Benzoyl-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pyrazolin-5-One N(4)-Substituted Thiosemicarbazones
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-08-26
© Science Publishing Group
Ayman K. El-Sawaf
Amal Abdel Fatah Nassar
El-Sayed El-Samanody
Synthesis, Magnetic, Spectral and Biological Studies of Copper(II) Complexes of 4-Benzoyl-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pyrazolin-5-One N(4)-Substituted Thiosemicarbazones
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2014-08-26
2014-08-26
10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.12
© Science Publishing Group
Phytochemical and Anti-Microbial Analysis of the Roots of Ficus Exasparata (Anwirinwa)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.11
The roots of Ficus exasparata of the Moraceae family were duly analysed to ascertain the active constituents responsible for the use of the plant part in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, treatment of internal bleeding, bruises, cough and dangerous boils among others. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of some secondary metabolites in various concentrations with saponin and alkaloids present in low concentration while reducing sugars were present in very high concentration with protein, carbohydrates and acidic components totally absent. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) analysis showed the presence of certain trace elements such as Cd (0.55ppm), Cr (1.88ppm),As (0.38ppm), Hg (0.09ppm) etc which were higher than the WHO recommended standard of Cd (0.003ppm), Cr (0.05ppm), As (0.01ppm), Hg (0.001ppm) respectively an observation that could be attributed to the crude nature of the plant parts. Three different choice solvents (Chloroform, Ethylacetate and Chloroform-Methanol mixture) were used in the extraction of the plant part. The extracts were subsequently subjected to thin layer chromatography with respective Rf values as 0.13, 0.22 and 0.60 respectively showing just a single spot each for all the solvents used. The extracts were subjected to antimicrobial screening using eight pathogenic bacteria species and three fungi with only the chloroform extract exhibiting activity on the selected test organisms. The three extracts from the sample were subjected to structural elucidation using a combination of some spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, UV-VIS, H1-NMR, C13-NMR and GCMS. The spectral analysis suggested the presence of Coumarin-3-carboxamide, 8-allyl-N-(3-nitrophenyl) and 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-tributyl ester for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The constituents of these extracts such as Coumarin in chloroform extract could account for its potency in curing certain illnesses as coumarin is a well known natural product that has displayed a broad range of biological activities.
The roots of Ficus exasparata of the Moraceae family were duly analysed to ascertain the active constituents responsible for the use of the plant part in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, treatment of internal bleeding, bruises, cough and dangerous boils among others. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of some secondary metabolites in various concentrations with saponin and alkaloids present in low concentration while reducing sugars were present in very high concentration with protein, carbohydrates and acidic components totally absent. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) analysis showed the presence of certain trace elements such as Cd (0.55ppm), Cr (1.88ppm),As (0.38ppm), Hg (0.09ppm) etc which were higher than the WHO recommended standard of Cd (0.003ppm), Cr (0.05ppm), As (0.01ppm), Hg (0.001ppm) respectively an observation that could be attributed to the crude nature of the plant parts. Three different choice solvents (Chloroform, Ethylacetate and Chloroform-Methanol mixture) were used in the extraction of the plant part. The extracts were subsequently subjected to thin layer chromatography with respective Rf values as 0.13, 0.22 and 0.60 respectively showing just a single spot each for all the solvents used. The extracts were subjected to antimicrobial screening using eight pathogenic bacteria species and three fungi with only the chloroform extract exhibiting activity on the selected test organisms. The three extracts from the sample were subjected to structural elucidation using a combination of some spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, UV-VIS, H1-NMR, C13-NMR and GCMS. The spectral analysis suggested the presence of Coumarin-3-carboxamide, 8-allyl-N-(3-nitrophenyl) and 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-tributyl ester for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The constituents of these extracts such as Coumarin in chloroform extract could account for its potency in curing certain illnesses as coumarin is a well known natural product that has displayed a broad range of biological activities.
Phytochemical and Anti-Microbial Analysis of the Roots of Ficus Exasparata (Anwirinwa)
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-07-10
© Science Publishing Group
Onyema, Chukwuebuka ThankGod
Ajiwe, Vincent Ishmael
Nwankwo, Ogochukwu Obioma
Phytochemical and Anti-Microbial Analysis of the Roots of Ficus Exasparata (Anwirinwa)
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2014-07-10
2014-07-10
10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140203.11
© Science Publishing Group
Assessment of Chemistry of Soil Irrigated on Phuleli Canal
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.12
Phuleli canal in Hyderabad is main water supply source for both irrigation as well as human drinking purpose. Quality of the canal deteriorates while passing through Hyderabad city,2nd largest city of Sindh ,Pakistan because highly toxic effluent from plastic factories, illigale cattle pens ,slaughterhouses and munciple sewage water are directly discharge into the phuleli canal without any treatment. Soil is a basic requirement for supporting the life on earth, but all over the world soil fertility decreasing by different ways including waste water and solid waste. In Pakistan soil is polluted by different ways out of which untreated liquid waste is main cause of soil pollution. The sewage and industrial liquid waste released in canals and streams without any treatment, which used for irrigation by which soil get polluted. This study was carried out to find out the facts about soil pollution by sewage, in this purpose Phuleli canal was selected, this canal carry the liquid waste of Hyderabad and for the desired study different parameters were investigated.
Phuleli canal in Hyderabad is main water supply source for both irrigation as well as human drinking purpose. Quality of the canal deteriorates while passing through Hyderabad city,2nd largest city of Sindh ,Pakistan because highly toxic effluent from plastic factories, illigale cattle pens ,slaughterhouses and munciple sewage water are directly discharge into the phuleli canal without any treatment. Soil is a basic requirement for supporting the life on earth, but all over the world soil fertility decreasing by different ways including waste water and solid waste. In Pakistan soil is polluted by different ways out of which untreated liquid waste is main cause of soil pollution. The sewage and industrial liquid waste released in canals and streams without any treatment, which used for irrigation by which soil get polluted. This study was carried out to find out the facts about soil pollution by sewage, in this purpose Phuleli canal was selected, this canal carry the liquid waste of Hyderabad and for the desired study different parameters were investigated.
Assessment of Chemistry of Soil Irrigated on Phuleli Canal
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-09-02
© Science Publishing Group
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi
Baradi Waryani
Zulfiqar Ali Laghari
Zameer Ali Palh
Khalid Hussain Lashari
Khalida Faryal Almani
Gul- e- Rana
Abdul Waheed Mastoi
Assessment of Chemistry of Soil Irrigated on Phuleli Canal
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2014-09-02
10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.12
© Science Publishing Group
The Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Solution by Flavonoid (Catechin) Separated from Nypa Fruticans Wurmb Leaves Extract
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.11
The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid by flavonoids, separated from Nypa fruticans Wurmb leaves extract was studied using weight loss technique at 303K, 313K, 323K, 333K and 353K,. The constituents were separated by fractionation using Soxhlet apparatus after room temperature extraction with 70% acetone. The constituents were identified using standard functional group analysis (phytochemical screening) methods. The inhibitor concentrations of 0.1 g/L, 0.2 g/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.4 g/L and 0.5 g/L were used in 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M and 2M concentrations of acid solutions. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in temperature and inhibitor concentration. Thus, maximum inhibition efficiency of 74.48% was obtained at the optimum temperature (323K) and concentration (0.5 g/L) for the flavonoid constituent. The flavonoid (catechin) separated from Nypa fruticans Wurmb leaves extract were used separately as efficient corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in H2SO4.
The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid by flavonoids, separated from Nypa fruticans Wurmb leaves extract was studied using weight loss technique at 303K, 313K, 323K, 333K and 353K,. The constituents were separated by fractionation using Soxhlet apparatus after room temperature extraction with 70% acetone. The constituents were identified using standard functional group analysis (phytochemical screening) methods. The inhibitor concentrations of 0.1 g/L, 0.2 g/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.4 g/L and 0.5 g/L were used in 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M and 2M concentrations of acid solutions. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in temperature and inhibitor concentration. Thus, maximum inhibition efficiency of 74.48% was obtained at the optimum temperature (323K) and concentration (0.5 g/L) for the flavonoid constituent. The flavonoid (catechin) separated from Nypa fruticans Wurmb leaves extract were used separately as efficient corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in H2SO4.
The Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Solution by Flavonoid (Catechin) Separated from Nypa Fruticans Wurmb Leaves Extract
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-11-06
© Science Publishing Group
Nwaugbo Chinenye Michael
James Abosede Olubunmi
The Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Solution by Flavonoid (Catechin) Separated from Nypa Fruticans Wurmb Leaves Extract
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2014-11-06
2014-11-06
10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140204.11
© Science Publishing Group
Facile New Syntheses of Substituted Benzhydryl Derivatives Using Trichloroacetimidate C-C Bond Formation Method
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140205.11
An improved syntheses of substituted benzhydryl derivatives has been developed. This facile two-step procedure involves C-C bond formation from O-diphenylmethyltrichloroacetimidate and C-nucleophiles in the presence of TMSOTf. The C-nucleophiles include arenes, alkenes, alkene silylated C-nucleophiles and trimethylsiloxy alkenes to give a series substituted benzhydryl derivatives in excellent yields.
An improved syntheses of substituted benzhydryl derivatives has been developed. This facile two-step procedure involves C-C bond formation from O-diphenylmethyltrichloroacetimidate and C-nucleophiles in the presence of TMSOTf. The C-nucleophiles include arenes, alkenes, alkene silylated C-nucleophiles and trimethylsiloxy alkenes to give a series substituted benzhydryl derivatives in excellent yields.
Facile New Syntheses of Substituted Benzhydryl Derivatives Using Trichloroacetimidate C-C Bond Formation Method
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140205.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-12-05
© Science Publishing Group
Walid Fathalla
Facile New Syntheses of Substituted Benzhydryl Derivatives Using Trichloroacetimidate C-C Bond Formation Method
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2014-12-05
2014-12-05
10.11648/j.sjc.20140205.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140205.11
© Science Publishing Group
Physicochemical Characterisation, and Antioxidant Properties of the Seeds and Oils of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Garlic (Allium Sativum)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140206.11
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) were characterized with respect to their proximate composition, energy value, mineral content, anti-nutrient constituents, functional and antioxidants properties. Their seed oils were also extracted and characterised with respect to their physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles. The crude protein (CP), crude fibre(CF), ether extract (EE), ash and gross energy of ginger averaged 7.8, 6.2, 11.0, 9.0 g/100gDM and 385.6 kcal/100g respectively. The corresponding values for garlic were 27.7, 1.0, 2.5, 1.5 g/100gDM and 411.3 kcal/100g. K was the most abundant mineral followed by Mg, Na and Ca. Among the trace minerals, Mn was the most abundant and Zn, the least. A similar trend was found in garlic. The mean value for water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity(OAC) in ginger(410.0, 407.3%) respectively were lower than those of garlic (580.0, 630.9 %) while the foaming stability and emulsion stability(43.7 and 48.0%) were higher. Mean phytate and phytin-P content in ginger (27.1 & 7.6mg/g) were similar to those of garlic ( 23.7 & 6.7mg/g) respectively while the polyphenols (as tannic acid equivalent) and oxalate levels in ginger were generally lower than in garlic as indicated by very high CV(%) ranging from 139.3 to 118.4%. Diethylether extracted oils from ginger had acid value(%), free fatty acid(%), saponification value (mmKOH/g), peroxide value (mmKOH/g) and iodine value(Wij’s) of 4.1, 2.1, 90.9 2.31 and 17.1 respectively. The corresponding values for garlic were 2.8%, 1.4%, 92.1mmKOH/g, 5.8mmKOH/g and 10.9 Wij’s, respectively.The thin layer Gas chromatographic analysis of the seed oils revealed the presence of fatty acids varying from C2 to C18 with concentrations of individual fatty acids varying from 0.30 to 1.6%. Oleic, stearic, palmitic and lauric acids were the principal fatty acids contributing to 1.43, 1.5, 1.3 and 1.0% respectively in ginger while the corresponding values in garlic were 1.5, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.1%, respectively. Antioxidant potentials measured as total phenol g/100g, reducing power (OD700) and free radical scavenging ability(%) were higher in ginger(3.6, 1.0,14.4; respectively than in garlic (2.9,0.7,13.1).
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) were characterized with respect to their proximate composition, energy value, mineral content, anti-nutrient constituents, functional and antioxidants properties. Their seed oils were also extracted and characterised with respect to their physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles. The crude protein (CP), crude fibre(CF), ether extract (EE), ash and gross energy of ginger averaged 7.8, 6.2, 11.0, 9.0 g/100gDM and 385.6 kcal/100g respectively. The corresponding values for garlic were 27.7, 1.0, 2.5, 1.5 g/100gDM and 411.3 kcal/100g. K was the most abundant mineral followed by Mg, Na and Ca. Among the trace minerals, Mn was the most abundant and Zn, the least. A similar trend was found in garlic. The mean value for water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity(OAC) in ginger(410.0, 407.3%) respectively were lower than those of garlic (580.0, 630.9 %) while the foaming stability and emulsion stability(43.7 and 48.0%) were higher. Mean phytate and phytin-P content in ginger (27.1 & 7.6mg/g) were similar to those of garlic ( 23.7 & 6.7mg/g) respectively while the polyphenols (as tannic acid equivalent) and oxalate levels in ginger were generally lower than in garlic as indicated by very high CV(%) ranging from 139.3 to 118.4%. Diethylether extracted oils from ginger had acid value(%), free fatty acid(%), saponification value (mmKOH/g), peroxide value (mmKOH/g) and iodine value(Wij’s) of 4.1, 2.1, 90.9 2.31 and 17.1 respectively. The corresponding values for garlic were 2.8%, 1.4%, 92.1mmKOH/g, 5.8mmKOH/g and 10.9 Wij’s, respectively.The thin layer Gas chromatographic analysis of the seed oils revealed the presence of fatty acids varying from C2 to C18 with concentrations of individual fatty acids varying from 0.30 to 1.6%. Oleic, stearic, palmitic and lauric acids were the principal fatty acids contributing to 1.43, 1.5, 1.3 and 1.0% respectively in ginger while the corresponding values in garlic were 1.5, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.1%, respectively. Antioxidant potentials measured as total phenol g/100g, reducing power (OD700) and free radical scavenging ability(%) were higher in ginger(3.6, 1.0,14.4; respectively than in garlic (2.9,0.7,13.1).
Physicochemical Characterisation, and Antioxidant Properties of the Seeds and Oils of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Garlic (Allium Sativum)
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20140206.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-12-26
© Science Publishing Group
Aletor Oluwatoyin
Physicochemical Characterisation, and Antioxidant Properties of the Seeds and Oils of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Garlic (Allium Sativum)
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2014-12-26
2014-12-26
10.11648/j.sjc.20140206.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20140206.11
© Science Publishing Group
Synergism of Metal and Organocatalysis in Condensation Reactions of Aromatic Aldehydes with Anilines Affording Imines: Effect of Catalysts on the Base of a Supported Cerium(III) and Proline
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.11
Condensation reactions between 4-X-benzaldehydes (X = NO2, H, OCH3) and 4-Y-anilines (X = NO2, H, OCH3) catalyzed by new catalyst, i.e. Ce (III) supported on weakly acidic cation-exchanger resin of polyacrylate type and/or by proline as organocatalyst giving 4-Y-N-[(E)-(4-X-phenyl)methylidene]anilines, were studied. It was found that the both of the used catalysts, i.e. metal and organocatalyst, shortened reaction time, thus contributing to higher yields of products. The synergism between catalytic action of polymer supported Ce (III) and proline was found. It was observed that simultaneous application of metal and organocatalyst led to shorter reaction times. On the other hand, it was found that the synergic efficiency of the both applied catalysts depends on electron influence of the substituents X, Y present in 4-X-benzaldehyde and 4-Y-aniline, as well. Imines were prepared under catalysis by Ce (III), proline or by simultaneous use of both catalysts in the yields 97-99% and identified. For comparison, the above mentioned condensation reactions were carried out under classical catalysis by mineral acid with different, usually poor, results.
Condensation reactions between 4-X-benzaldehydes (X = NO2, H, OCH3) and 4-Y-anilines (X = NO2, H, OCH3) catalyzed by new catalyst, i.e. Ce (III) supported on weakly acidic cation-exchanger resin of polyacrylate type and/or by proline as organocatalyst giving 4-Y-N-[(E)-(4-X-phenyl)methylidene]anilines, were studied. It was found that the both of the used catalysts, i.e. metal and organocatalyst, shortened reaction time, thus contributing to higher yields of products. The synergism between catalytic action of polymer supported Ce (III) and proline was found. It was observed that simultaneous application of metal and organocatalyst led to shorter reaction times. On the other hand, it was found that the synergic efficiency of the both applied catalysts depends on electron influence of the substituents X, Y present in 4-X-benzaldehyde and 4-Y-aniline, as well. Imines were prepared under catalysis by Ce (III), proline or by simultaneous use of both catalysts in the yields 97-99% and identified. For comparison, the above mentioned condensation reactions were carried out under classical catalysis by mineral acid with different, usually poor, results.
Synergism of Metal and Organocatalysis in Condensation Reactions of Aromatic Aldehydes with Anilines Affording Imines: Effect of Catalysts on the Base of a Supported Cerium(III) and Proline
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-09-17
© Science Publishing Group
Eva Havránková
Patrik Pospíšil
Pavel Pazdera
Synergism of Metal and Organocatalysis in Condensation Reactions of Aromatic Aldehydes with Anilines Affording Imines: Effect of Catalysts on the Base of a Supported Cerium(III) and Proline
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2014-09-17
2014-09-17
10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.11
© Science Publishing Group
Large Scale Process to Prepare Highly Pure Bosentan Monohydrate
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.12
Described is an improved process for the preparation of highly pure Bosentan monohydrate (>99.8% HPLC purity) 1 with pyrimidinone 8 and the dimer 9 impurities to less than 0.10% of HPLC analysis. The present work also provides processes for the preparation of pyrimidinone 8 and dimer 9 impurities.
Described is an improved process for the preparation of highly pure Bosentan monohydrate (>99.8% HPLC purity) 1 with pyrimidinone 8 and the dimer 9 impurities to less than 0.10% of HPLC analysis. The present work also provides processes for the preparation of pyrimidinone 8 and dimer 9 impurities.
Large Scale Process to Prepare Highly Pure Bosentan Monohydrate
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Amala Kompella
Srinivasu Kasa
Veera Swami Balina
Subhash Kusumba
Bhujanga Rao Kalisatya Adibhatla
Pulla Reddy Muddasani
Large Scale Process to Prepare Highly Pure Bosentan Monohydrate
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2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020601.12
© Science Publishing Group
A Comparative Study of Metachromasy Induced in Azure B by Anionic Polyelctrolytes
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.12
The interaction of two cationic dyes, namely, Azure B (AB) with an anionic polyelectrolyte, namely, sodium heparinate (NaHep) has been investigated by Spectrophotometric method. The polymer induced metachromasy in the dyes resulting in the shift of the absorption maxima of the dyes towards shorter wavelengths. The stability of the complexes formed between Azure B and sodium alginate was found to be greater than that formed between Azure B and sodium carboxymethylcellulose.This fact was further confirmed by reversal studies using alcohols, urea surfactants and electrolytes.The interaction parametersrevealed that binding between Azure B and anionic poloyelectrolytes was mainly due to electrostaticinteraction.
The interaction of two cationic dyes, namely, Azure B (AB) with an anionic polyelectrolyte, namely, sodium heparinate (NaHep) has been investigated by Spectrophotometric method. The polymer induced metachromasy in the dyes resulting in the shift of the absorption maxima of the dyes towards shorter wavelengths. The stability of the complexes formed between Azure B and sodium alginate was found to be greater than that formed between Azure B and sodium carboxymethylcellulose.This fact was further confirmed by reversal studies using alcohols, urea surfactants and electrolytes.The interaction parametersrevealed that binding between Azure B and anionic poloyelectrolytes was mainly due to electrostaticinteraction.
A Comparative Study of Metachromasy Induced in Azure B by Anionic Polyelctrolytes
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Nandini Ratnakar
A Comparative Study of Metachromasy Induced in Azure B by Anionic Polyelctrolytes
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13
13
2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.12
© Science Publishing Group
A Study of Effect of Dye Structure on Polyelectrolyte Induced Metachromasy
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.11
The interaction of two cationic dyes, namely, Azure B (AB) and Pinacyanol chloride (Pcyn) with an anionic polyelectrolyte, namely, sodium carrageenate (NaCar) has been investigated by Spectrophotometric method. The polymer induced metachromasy in the dyes resulting in the shift of the absorption maxima of the dyes towards shorter wavelengths. The stability of the complexes formed between Azure B and sodium carrageenate was found to be lesser than that formed between Pinacyanol chloride and sodium carrageenate. This fact was further confirmed by reversal studies using alcohols, urea surfactants and electrolytes. The interaction parameters revealed that binding between Azure B and sodium carrageenate was mainly due to electrostatic interaction while that between Pinacyanol chloride and carrageenate is found to involve both electrostatic and hydrophobic forces. The effect of the structure of the dye and its relation to metachromasy has been discussed.
The interaction of two cationic dyes, namely, Azure B (AB) and Pinacyanol chloride (Pcyn) with an anionic polyelectrolyte, namely, sodium carrageenate (NaCar) has been investigated by Spectrophotometric method. The polymer induced metachromasy in the dyes resulting in the shift of the absorption maxima of the dyes towards shorter wavelengths. The stability of the complexes formed between Azure B and sodium carrageenate was found to be lesser than that formed between Pinacyanol chloride and sodium carrageenate. This fact was further confirmed by reversal studies using alcohols, urea surfactants and electrolytes. The interaction parameters revealed that binding between Azure B and sodium carrageenate was mainly due to electrostatic interaction while that between Pinacyanol chloride and carrageenate is found to involve both electrostatic and hydrophobic forces. The effect of the structure of the dye and its relation to metachromasy has been discussed.
A Study of Effect of Dye Structure on Polyelectrolyte Induced Metachromasy
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2014-09-23
© Science Publishing Group
Nandini Ratnakar
A Study of Effect of Dye Structure on Polyelectrolyte Induced Metachromasy
2
6
7
7
2014-09-23
2014-09-23
10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.s.2014020602.11
© Science Publishing Group
Electrocatalytic Reduction of 2, 2, 2–Trichloro-1, 1-Bis (4-Chlorophenyl) Ethanol (Dicofol) in Acetonitrile-Aqueous Solution Using Cyanocobalamin as a Catalyst
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.11
This paper reports on the catalytic behaviour of cyanocobalamin (VB12) towards the reduction of polyhalogenated organic pollutant 2, 2, 2–trichloro-1,1-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethanol (dicofol) in acetonitrile-aqueous solution containing 0.1M KNO3 supporting electrolyte. Dicofol is a persistent, toxic organochlorine acaricide used in agriculture and horticulture to control spider mites and soft-bodied mites. Due to the chronic toxicity, bioaccumulation and carcinogenity, determination of persistent organochlorine pesticides like dicofol has become very important. The available methods are disfavored as they lack necessary simplicity, inexpensiveness and environmentally friendliness for routine analysis, and consequently, electrochemical methods have shown to be possible alternatives. Cyanocobalamin being one of the most nucleophilic species known in aqueous solution can undergo nucleophilic reactions which are efficient for dehalogenation of various organic halides. Direct reduction of cyanocobalamin exhibited a quasi-reversible two-electron reduction with the oxidation state of the central cobalt species going from +3 to +1 and E½ of 0.696 ± 0.009 V. Dicofol exhibited a single two-electron reduction peak at -1.182±0.029 V vs SCE. The E½ was -1.074 V and the diffusion coefficient was 2.21x10-5 cm2s-1. Addition of dicofol to solution of cyanocobalamin resulted in a large reduction peak at around the reduction peak potential of cyanocobalamin (-0.732±0.018V versus SCE for six scan rates). This makes it clear that when cyanocobalamin is adsorbed on pyrolytic graphite electrode, it causes the lowering of overpotential for the reductive decomposition of dicofol by approximately 0.45 V and therefore ΔG was about 1½ times lowered. The decrease in ΔG implies that electrocatalysis is more kinetically favourable compared to direct electrochemical activation of carbon–halogen bonds.
This paper reports on the catalytic behaviour of cyanocobalamin (VB12) towards the reduction of polyhalogenated organic pollutant 2, 2, 2–trichloro-1,1-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethanol (dicofol) in acetonitrile-aqueous solution containing 0.1M KNO3 supporting electrolyte. Dicofol is a persistent, toxic organochlorine acaricide used in agriculture and horticulture to control spider mites and soft-bodied mites. Due to the chronic toxicity, bioaccumulation and carcinogenity, determination of persistent organochlorine pesticides like dicofol has become very important. The available methods are disfavored as they lack necessary simplicity, inexpensiveness and environmentally friendliness for routine analysis, and consequently, electrochemical methods have shown to be possible alternatives. Cyanocobalamin being one of the most nucleophilic species known in aqueous solution can undergo nucleophilic reactions which are efficient for dehalogenation of various organic halides. Direct reduction of cyanocobalamin exhibited a quasi-reversible two-electron reduction with the oxidation state of the central cobalt species going from +3 to +1 and E½ of 0.696 ± 0.009 V. Dicofol exhibited a single two-electron reduction peak at -1.182±0.029 V vs SCE. The E½ was -1.074 V and the diffusion coefficient was 2.21x10-5 cm2s-1. Addition of dicofol to solution of cyanocobalamin resulted in a large reduction peak at around the reduction peak potential of cyanocobalamin (-0.732±0.018V versus SCE for six scan rates). This makes it clear that when cyanocobalamin is adsorbed on pyrolytic graphite electrode, it causes the lowering of overpotential for the reductive decomposition of dicofol by approximately 0.45 V and therefore ΔG was about 1½ times lowered. The decrease in ΔG implies that electrocatalysis is more kinetically favourable compared to direct electrochemical activation of carbon–halogen bonds.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of 2, 2, 2–Trichloro-1, 1-Bis (4-Chlorophenyl) Ethanol (Dicofol) in Acetonitrile-Aqueous Solution Using Cyanocobalamin as a Catalyst
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-01-20
© Science Publishing Group
Wanjau Tabitha Wangui
Geoffrey Njuguna Kamau
Mwaniki Silas Ngari
Muya Catherine Njambi
Electrocatalytic Reduction of 2, 2, 2–Trichloro-1, 1-Bis (4-Chlorophenyl) Ethanol (Dicofol) in Acetonitrile-Aqueous Solution Using Cyanocobalamin as a Catalyst
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10
10
2015-01-20
2015-01-20
10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.11
© Science Publishing Group
Improvement of Dyeing and Weighting Properties of Silk Via Grafting with Acrylic (AA) and Glycidyl Methacrylate (GMA)
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.12
Copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and /or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with silk was carried out using H2O2/Cu2+reduced system. The results revealed that increasing H2O2 concentrations enhance polymerization up to 0.078 meq/l and also decreased the (TC) and (GY). Presences of Cu+2 ions up to 5 mmol/l accelerate the polymerization of (GY), (GE) and (TC). Increasing GMA and AA concentrations within the range studied were accompanied by enhancing (GY) in contrast with the (HP), (GY), (TC), and (GE) while the (HP) decrease. Crease recovery angle increased from 233o to 324o in the dry state. Dyeability as well as weighting and moisture regain properties were also improved.
Copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and /or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with silk was carried out using H2O2/Cu2+reduced system. The results revealed that increasing H2O2 concentrations enhance polymerization up to 0.078 meq/l and also decreased the (TC) and (GY). Presences of Cu+2 ions up to 5 mmol/l accelerate the polymerization of (GY), (GE) and (TC). Increasing GMA and AA concentrations within the range studied were accompanied by enhancing (GY) in contrast with the (HP), (GY), (TC), and (GE) while the (HP) decrease. Crease recovery angle increased from 233o to 324o in the dry state. Dyeability as well as weighting and moisture regain properties were also improved.
Improvement of Dyeing and Weighting Properties of Silk Via Grafting with Acrylic (AA) and Glycidyl Methacrylate (GMA)
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
S. H. Abdel Fattah
A. M. Ramadan
S. M. Abo El-Ola
M. Abdelkreem
Improvement of Dyeing and Weighting Properties of Silk Via Grafting with Acrylic (AA) and Glycidyl Methacrylate (GMA)
3
1
17
17
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150301.12
© Science Publishing Group
Nanosized NiFe2O4/ Active Carbon Composite as Efficient Adsorbent for Azo Dyes and Colours
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.13
Much attention has been paid on nanomaterials in recent years due to their fundamental and technological applications. The physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials have been enhanced because of their surface-to-volume ratio. Spinel ferrite with the general formula of MFe2O4 (M is a divalent cation) have attracted much attention because of their interesting properties. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanocrystalline is one of the most important ferrites among other ferrites because of most promising applications in storage devices, microwave devices, gas sensors, ferrofluids, catalysts and adsorbent. The NiFe2O4 nanocrystalline has been synthesized by various methods such as co-precipitation, sonochemical process, polymeric precursor techniques, mechanical alloying, sol–gel, pulsed wire discharge, shock wave, reverse micelles, hydrothermal and ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal processes.In this study NiFe2O4 nanoparticels have been prepared by co-precipitation method over active carbon. The composite nanosized NiFe2O4/active carbon has been used to remove a number of Azo dyes, such as Alizarine Yellow R and Methyl Orange, from water. The study showed that this composite has a high adsorptive activity for these dyes and its tendency for removal of anionic dye and cationic azo dye was higher than the other. The effect of pH on the rate of the adsorption of the dyes by this ferrite composite was also investigated. The adsorption of these azo dyes on free active carbon and free nanoscaled NiFe2O4 was also examined and compared with that of NiFe2O4/ active carbon composite. The obtained results revealed that this composite is a superior adsorbent compared with either NiFe2O4 or active carbon alone.
Much attention has been paid on nanomaterials in recent years due to their fundamental and technological applications. The physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials have been enhanced because of their surface-to-volume ratio. Spinel ferrite with the general formula of MFe2O4 (M is a divalent cation) have attracted much attention because of their interesting properties. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanocrystalline is one of the most important ferrites among other ferrites because of most promising applications in storage devices, microwave devices, gas sensors, ferrofluids, catalysts and adsorbent. The NiFe2O4 nanocrystalline has been synthesized by various methods such as co-precipitation, sonochemical process, polymeric precursor techniques, mechanical alloying, sol–gel, pulsed wire discharge, shock wave, reverse micelles, hydrothermal and ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal processes.In this study NiFe2O4 nanoparticels have been prepared by co-precipitation method over active carbon. The composite nanosized NiFe2O4/active carbon has been used to remove a number of Azo dyes, such as Alizarine Yellow R and Methyl Orange, from water. The study showed that this composite has a high adsorptive activity for these dyes and its tendency for removal of anionic dye and cationic azo dye was higher than the other. The effect of pH on the rate of the adsorption of the dyes by this ferrite composite was also investigated. The adsorption of these azo dyes on free active carbon and free nanoscaled NiFe2O4 was also examined and compared with that of NiFe2O4/ active carbon composite. The obtained results revealed that this composite is a superior adsorbent compared with either NiFe2O4 or active carbon alone.
Nanosized NiFe2O4/ Active Carbon Composite as Efficient Adsorbent for Azo Dyes and Colours
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.13
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-04-09
© Science Publishing Group
Ghobad Ranjeh
Mahdi Radmanesh
Anooshirvan Kiafar
Nanosized NiFe2O4/ Active Carbon Composite as Efficient Adsorbent for Azo Dyes and Colours
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34
2015-04-09
2015-04-09
10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.13
© Science Publishing Group
Density Functional Theory on the Polymerization of Diaminofluorene
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.11
Density- functional theory (DFT) calculations on 2,7-diaminofluorene in order to understand the various possible mechanisms of growth, there are two possible mechanisms on it which involve the coupling of cationic radicals with another cationic radical or with a neutral oligomer. The electrochemical properties of this oligomer is understood, but until now there is very little known about the nature of the intermediates and the transition states leading to polymerization. The initial oxidation, forming stable intermediates, releasing protons and further oxidations are studied in terms of the charges distributions, energies changes in the geometry and vibrational frequencies have been calculated using DFT (B3LYP). Dramatic differences have been observed in the infrared band intensities of the cations compared to their neutral parents. Hydrogen bonding between DAF molecules in the crystal structure the direct comparison of theoretical calculations with experiment, so Hartree-Fock (HF) and Becke-Perdew density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are used as benchmarks for the semiempirical and molecular mechanics results.
Density- functional theory (DFT) calculations on 2,7-diaminofluorene in order to understand the various possible mechanisms of growth, there are two possible mechanisms on it which involve the coupling of cationic radicals with another cationic radical or with a neutral oligomer. The electrochemical properties of this oligomer is understood, but until now there is very little known about the nature of the intermediates and the transition states leading to polymerization. The initial oxidation, forming stable intermediates, releasing protons and further oxidations are studied in terms of the charges distributions, energies changes in the geometry and vibrational frequencies have been calculated using DFT (B3LYP). Dramatic differences have been observed in the infrared band intensities of the cations compared to their neutral parents. Hydrogen bonding between DAF molecules in the crystal structure the direct comparison of theoretical calculations with experiment, so Hartree-Fock (HF) and Becke-Perdew density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are used as benchmarks for the semiempirical and molecular mechanics results.
Density Functional Theory on the Polymerization of Diaminofluorene
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
Fuad A. Asswadi
Ali H. Aldhamri
Fathy A. Abeed
Density Functional Theory on the Polymerization of Diaminofluorene
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2
22
22
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.11
© Science Publishing Group
Parameter Optimization for Metal (Mn, Cu, Ni) Digestion from Cactus opuntia Leaf
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.12
Cactus is a member of the Cactaceae family, which was originated in Mexico and grows in many other parts of the world, such as Africa, Australia and the Mediterranean basin. Cactus is generally known as a plant has great economical value, which occurs in the dry zone of north Ethiopia, mostly in south tigray and east tigray. It is a popular fruit all over tigray. Heavy metals are natural components of the earth’s crust and they can enter the water and food cycles through a variety of chemical and geochemical processes. Living organisms require trace amounts of some heavy metals, including Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn. Excessive levels of these metals, however, can be detrimental to living organisms. This paper was focus on level of the metals and to investigate the effect of digestion temperature and time on the concentration metals. The method was developed by adjusting reagent volume and by varying the time and temperature, then the digested sample was run into atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Sample leaf collected from Kidane Mhiret (KM), the concentration of metals with respect to time was found in the order of Cu>Mn>Ni but, with respect to temperature Ni>Mn>Cu. Therefore, in the leaf of cactus in KM, Mn abundantly existed as the micronutrients. At the MK the concentration of metals with respect to time was found in the order of Ni >Cu >Mn but, with respect to temperature Mn>Cu>Ni. Therefore, in the leaf of cactus in MK, Mn abundantly existed as the micronutrients.
Cactus is a member of the Cactaceae family, which was originated in Mexico and grows in many other parts of the world, such as Africa, Australia and the Mediterranean basin. Cactus is generally known as a plant has great economical value, which occurs in the dry zone of north Ethiopia, mostly in south tigray and east tigray. It is a popular fruit all over tigray. Heavy metals are natural components of the earth’s crust and they can enter the water and food cycles through a variety of chemical and geochemical processes. Living organisms require trace amounts of some heavy metals, including Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn. Excessive levels of these metals, however, can be detrimental to living organisms. This paper was focus on level of the metals and to investigate the effect of digestion temperature and time on the concentration metals. The method was developed by adjusting reagent volume and by varying the time and temperature, then the digested sample was run into atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Sample leaf collected from Kidane Mhiret (KM), the concentration of metals with respect to time was found in the order of Cu>Mn>Ni but, with respect to temperature Ni>Mn>Cu. Therefore, in the leaf of cactus in KM, Mn abundantly existed as the micronutrients. At the MK the concentration of metals with respect to time was found in the order of Ni >Cu >Mn but, with respect to temperature Mn>Cu>Ni. Therefore, in the leaf of cactus in MK, Mn abundantly existed as the micronutrients.
Parameter Optimization for Metal (Mn, Cu, Ni) Digestion from Cactus opuntia Leaf
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-03-02
© Science Publishing Group
Hayelom Dargo Beyene
Medhin Gebresilassie Kebedew
Parameter Optimization for Metal (Mn, Cu, Ni) Digestion from Cactus opuntia Leaf
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2
27
27
2015-03-02
2015-03-02
10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150302.12
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Metal Complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Sn(II), Co(II), Sb(III) AND Fe(III) Containing Bidentate Schiff Base of Smdtc
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.11
A series of transition metal complexes of Cu(II), Ni(III) Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Sb(III) and Fe(III)Containing Bidentate Schiff base, [NI-(4-chloro-benzylidene)-hydrazecarbodithioicacid methyl ester] derived from the condensation of S- methyldithiocarbazate and P-chlorobenzaldehyde were synthesized and characterized by IR, UV- Vis., and some physical measurements. IR spectral studies show the binding sites of the Schiff base ligand with the metal ion. Molar conductance data and magnetic susceptibility measurements give evidence for monomeric and neutral nature of the complexes.
A series of transition metal complexes of Cu(II), Ni(III) Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Sb(III) and Fe(III)Containing Bidentate Schiff base, [NI-(4-chloro-benzylidene)-hydrazecarbodithioicacid methyl ester] derived from the condensation of S- methyldithiocarbazate and P-chlorobenzaldehyde were synthesized and characterized by IR, UV- Vis., and some physical measurements. IR spectral studies show the binding sites of the Schiff base ligand with the metal ion. Molar conductance data and magnetic susceptibility measurements give evidence for monomeric and neutral nature of the complexes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Metal Complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Sn(II), Co(II), Sb(III) AND Fe(III) Containing Bidentate Schiff Base of Smdtc
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-04-22
© Science Publishing Group
Abdul Alim
Md. Kudrat-E-Zahan
Md. Masuqul Haque
MTH Tarafder
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Metal Complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Sn(II), Co(II), Sb(III) AND Fe(III) Containing Bidentate Schiff Base of Smdtc
3
3
39
39
2015-04-22
2015-04-22
10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.11
© Science Publishing Group
Comparative Chemical Constituents of some Cassia Species and their Pharmacognistic Importance in South Eastern Nigeria
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.12
An assessment and investigation into three species of Cassia namely Cassia alata Linn., Cassia occidentalis Linn. and Cassia sieberiana DC. belonging to the family of Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinoideae) was carried out with the aim of identifying and quantifying the bioactive components of these ornamental shrubs. The alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid, phenol and tannin contents of the vegetative and reproductive parts of these plants viz. the leaves, stems, roots and pods were screened and compared. All the plant parts investigated contained appreciable amount of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins ranging from (1.24 ± 0.06% - 4.06 ± 0.51%), (1.18 ± 0.0% - 2.68 ± 0%) and (2.20 ± 0.03% - 4.28 ± 0%) respectively. Tannin contents on the plant parts were equally high (1.12 ± 0.01% - 1.54 ± 0.01%), while the phenol contents ranged from (0.13 ± 0% - 0.36 ± 0%) respectively. These analytical results suggest the plants have a significant role in phyto-medicine. The importance of these plants was discussed in line with the role they play in ethno-medicinal life of the people.
An assessment and investigation into three species of Cassia namely Cassia alata Linn., Cassia occidentalis Linn. and Cassia sieberiana DC. belonging to the family of Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinoideae) was carried out with the aim of identifying and quantifying the bioactive components of these ornamental shrubs. The alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid, phenol and tannin contents of the vegetative and reproductive parts of these plants viz. the leaves, stems, roots and pods were screened and compared. All the plant parts investigated contained appreciable amount of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins ranging from (1.24 ± 0.06% - 4.06 ± 0.51%), (1.18 ± 0.0% - 2.68 ± 0%) and (2.20 ± 0.03% - 4.28 ± 0%) respectively. Tannin contents on the plant parts were equally high (1.12 ± 0.01% - 1.54 ± 0.01%), while the phenol contents ranged from (0.13 ± 0% - 0.36 ± 0%) respectively. These analytical results suggest the plants have a significant role in phyto-medicine. The importance of these plants was discussed in line with the role they play in ethno-medicinal life of the people.
Comparative Chemical Constituents of some Cassia Species and their Pharmacognistic Importance in South Eastern Nigeria
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Awomukwu, Daniel Azubuike
Nyananyo, Bio Louis
Ikpeama, Ahamefule Ifeanyichukwu
Adieze, Charles Ugochukwu
Comparative Chemical Constituents of some Cassia Species and their Pharmacognistic Importance in South Eastern Nigeria
3
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49
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.12
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis of New Curcumin Analogues from Kulit Lawang Oils Using the Conventional Method and Microwave
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.13
Kulit lawang oils are essential oils that are widely available in the Moluccas and oil major component contain eugenol and safrole. Safrole can be converted into value-added products that curcumin analogues. The purpose of this research is to synthesize new compounds curcumin analogues from kulit lawang oils. The steps being taken is isolation safrole, safrole isomerization and oxidation isosafrole produce piperonal. The method synthesis curcumin analogues with piperonal precursor with two methods: conventional and microwave. Results safrole isolation from skin oils mace using alkaline extraction method for 5 hours yield 19.30% were is characterized by GCMS, FTIR and 1H-NMR. Isosafrole proceeds reaction isomerization safrole without the use of solvents for 6 hours at a temperature of 120 ° C obtained yield 77.56% with two products cis-isosafrole (15.4%) and trans-isosafrole (69.34%) were characterized by GC, FTIR and 1H-NMR. Precursors piperonal which was resulting obtained from the oxidation reaction isosafrol using KMnO4 at temperature < 30 °C obtained yield 65.63% were characterized by GCMS, FTIR and 1H-NMR. Results synthesis curcumin analogues (1,5-Bis-benzo [1,3] dioxol-5-yl-penta-1,4-dien-3-one) in the conventional method using 10% NaOH catalyst for 3 hours at a temperature of 25 °C be obtained yield 78.43% and synthesized using microwave at 140 watts for 2 minutes obtained yield 53.3%.
Kulit lawang oils are essential oils that are widely available in the Moluccas and oil major component contain eugenol and safrole. Safrole can be converted into value-added products that curcumin analogues. The purpose of this research is to synthesize new compounds curcumin analogues from kulit lawang oils. The steps being taken is isolation safrole, safrole isomerization and oxidation isosafrole produce piperonal. The method synthesis curcumin analogues with piperonal precursor with two methods: conventional and microwave. Results safrole isolation from skin oils mace using alkaline extraction method for 5 hours yield 19.30% were is characterized by GCMS, FTIR and 1H-NMR. Isosafrole proceeds reaction isomerization safrole without the use of solvents for 6 hours at a temperature of 120 ° C obtained yield 77.56% with two products cis-isosafrole (15.4%) and trans-isosafrole (69.34%) were characterized by GC, FTIR and 1H-NMR. Precursors piperonal which was resulting obtained from the oxidation reaction isosafrol using KMnO4 at temperature < 30 °C obtained yield 65.63% were characterized by GCMS, FTIR and 1H-NMR. Results synthesis curcumin analogues (1,5-Bis-benzo [1,3] dioxol-5-yl-penta-1,4-dien-3-one) in the conventional method using 10% NaOH catalyst for 3 hours at a temperature of 25 °C be obtained yield 78.43% and synthesized using microwave at 140 watts for 2 minutes obtained yield 53.3%.
Synthesis of New Curcumin Analogues from Kulit Lawang Oils Using the Conventional Method and Microwave
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.13
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-05-12
© Science Publishing Group
Imanuel Berly Delvis Kapelle
Tun Tedja Irawadi
Meika Syahbana Rusli
Djumali Mangunwidjaja
Zainal Alim Mas’ud
Synthesis of New Curcumin Analogues from Kulit Lawang Oils Using the Conventional Method and Microwave
3
3
56
56
2015-05-12
2015-05-12
10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.13
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.13
© Science Publishing Group
Nulceophilic Displacements at Carbonyl Compounds
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.14
The nucleophilic displacements at carbonyl center are remarkable. Mainly stepwise mechanism was found in these reactions. The stepwise mechanism with rate-limiting addition of the nucleophilie to the carbonyl group to form zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate was a common type of mechanism. Such as, Dey et al. [1] proposed the pyridinolyses of α-chloroacetanilides proceed via a stepwise mechanism with rate-limiting addition of the nucleophile to the carbonyl group to form zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T±). In some cases concerted mechanism was found. Oh and coworkers [9] reported that a concerted mechanism with a hydrogen bonded cyclic transition state for the aminolysis of aryl N-allyl thiocarbamates with benzylamines in acetonitrile The mechanism change from stepwise to concerted was also found in some cases. It was concluded that the change of the amine from benzylamines to anilines causes a shift of the aminolysis mechanism from a concerted to a stepwise process. This paper includes an exclusive review of literature from 1997 to 2015.
The nucleophilic displacements at carbonyl center are remarkable. Mainly stepwise mechanism was found in these reactions. The stepwise mechanism with rate-limiting addition of the nucleophilie to the carbonyl group to form zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate was a common type of mechanism. Such as, Dey et al. [1] proposed the pyridinolyses of α-chloroacetanilides proceed via a stepwise mechanism with rate-limiting addition of the nucleophile to the carbonyl group to form zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T±). In some cases concerted mechanism was found. Oh and coworkers [9] reported that a concerted mechanism with a hydrogen bonded cyclic transition state for the aminolysis of aryl N-allyl thiocarbamates with benzylamines in acetonitrile The mechanism change from stepwise to concerted was also found in some cases. It was concluded that the change of the amine from benzylamines to anilines causes a shift of the aminolysis mechanism from a concerted to a stepwise process. This paper includes an exclusive review of literature from 1997 to 2015.
Nulceophilic Displacements at Carbonyl Compounds
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.14
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-05-27
© Science Publishing Group
Shuchismita Dey
Nulceophilic Displacements at Carbonyl Compounds
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61
61
2015-05-27
2015-05-27
10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.14
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.14
© Science Publishing Group
Synthesis of Myristicin Ketone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone from Myristicin
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.15
The synthesis of myristicin ketone from myristicin has been achieved through conversion of allyl group to ketone. Myristicin was isolated from nutmeg oil. The reaction of myristicin with mercury acetate in aqueous tetrahydrofuran, followed by in situ reduction of the mercurial intermediate by alkaline solution sodium borohydride produced myristicin alcohol. Myristicin alcohol was oxidized with PCC at 40 0C for 90 minutes, followed by purified with saturated potassium disulphite yield myristicin ketone (3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanone (68.32%).
The synthesis of myristicin ketone from myristicin has been achieved through conversion of allyl group to ketone. Myristicin was isolated from nutmeg oil. The reaction of myristicin with mercury acetate in aqueous tetrahydrofuran, followed by in situ reduction of the mercurial intermediate by alkaline solution sodium borohydride produced myristicin alcohol. Myristicin alcohol was oxidized with PCC at 40 0C for 90 minutes, followed by purified with saturated potassium disulphite yield myristicin ketone (3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanone (68.32%).
Synthesis of Myristicin Ketone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone from Myristicin
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.15
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-06-12
© Science Publishing Group
Hanoch Julianus Sohilait
Healthy Kainama
Synthesis of Myristicin Ketone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone from Myristicin
3
3
66
66
2015-06-12
2015-06-12
10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.15
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150303.15
© Science Publishing Group
Estimation of the Biochemical Parameters in Baby Powdered Milk
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.11
This paper deals with the study of important biochemical parameters such as protein, lactose and acidity of baby (0-6 months) powdered milk of different brands available in the market. The percentage of protein, lactose and acidity were determined by using biochemical methods.
This paper deals with the study of important biochemical parameters such as protein, lactose and acidity of baby (0-6 months) powdered milk of different brands available in the market. The percentage of protein, lactose and acidity were determined by using biochemical methods.
Estimation of the Biochemical Parameters in Baby Powdered Milk
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.11
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-07-20
© Science Publishing Group
Lokonuzzaman Ahmmed
Md. Nazrul Islam
M. Saidul Islam
Md. Ruhul Amin
Md. Sher Ali
Estimation of the Biochemical Parameters in Baby Powdered Milk
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71
71
2015-07-20
2015-07-20
10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.11
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.11
© Science Publishing Group
Comparison of Acetylation and Alkali Treatments on the Physical and Morphological Properties of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composite
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.12
This work studied the comparison of the effects of acetylation and alkali treatments on the physical and morphological properties of raffia palm fibre polyester composites. The clean raffia palm fibres obtained from raffia palm tree were pre-treated using acetylation and alkali (mercerization) methods. The treated fibres were dried, ground and incorporate into polyester resin at various fibre loads of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The treated fibre composite samples were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D638 using Instron model 3369. The microhardness test was done using microhardness tester (LECO/M700AT). The scanning electron micrographs of the samples were taken using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) machine, model EVO/MA 10. The results of the analyses showed that the composites of the acetylated fibre improved the properties of the composites for ultimate tensile strength, better than the composites of alkali(mercerized) treated fibre, while the latter gave better modulus of elasticity and extension at break. Both the treatment methods showed increase in microhardness for the composites as fibre loads increases, but the acetylated fibre composites gave better results at each of the fibre loads of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, studied. The SEM of the acetylated fibre composites, especially the 5% fibre load, showed better fibre-matrix interfacial bonding than the alkali treated fibre composites.
This work studied the comparison of the effects of acetylation and alkali treatments on the physical and morphological properties of raffia palm fibre polyester composites. The clean raffia palm fibres obtained from raffia palm tree were pre-treated using acetylation and alkali (mercerization) methods. The treated fibres were dried, ground and incorporate into polyester resin at various fibre loads of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The treated fibre composite samples were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D638 using Instron model 3369. The microhardness test was done using microhardness tester (LECO/M700AT). The scanning electron micrographs of the samples were taken using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) machine, model EVO/MA 10. The results of the analyses showed that the composites of the acetylated fibre improved the properties of the composites for ultimate tensile strength, better than the composites of alkali(mercerized) treated fibre, while the latter gave better modulus of elasticity and extension at break. Both the treatment methods showed increase in microhardness for the composites as fibre loads increases, but the acetylated fibre composites gave better results at each of the fibre loads of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, studied. The SEM of the acetylated fibre composites, especially the 5% fibre load, showed better fibre-matrix interfacial bonding than the alkali treated fibre composites.
Comparison of Acetylation and Alkali Treatments on the Physical and Morphological Properties of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composite
doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.12
Science Journal of Chemistry
2015-08-19
© Science Publishing Group
Anike David Chukwudi
Onuegbu Theresa Uzoma
Ugochukwu-Aniefuna Anthonia Azuka
Ezuh Cyprian Sunday
Comparison of Acetylation and Alkali Treatments on the Physical and Morphological Properties of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composite
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77
77
2015-08-19
2015-08-19
10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.12
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=125&doi=10.11648/j.sjc.20150304.12
© Science Publishing Group